In 2023, Mali had the lowest score in the political stability and absence of violence or terrorism index in West Africa, at minus 2.73 points. Therefore, the country was considered completely politically unstable. In that year, all the West African countries recorded negative index values.

South Africa's GDP was estimated at just over 403 billion U.S. dollars in 2024, the highest in Africa. Egypt followed, with a GDP worth around 380 billion U.S. dollars, and ranked as the second-highest on the continent. Algeria ranked third, with about 260 billion U.S. dollars. These African economies are among some of the fastest-growing economies worldwide. Dependency on oil For some African countries, the oil industry represents an enormous source of income. In Nigeria, oil generates over five percent of the country’s GDP in the third quarter of 2023. However, economies such as the Libyan, Algerian, or Angolan are even much more dependent on the oil sector. In Libya, for instance, oil rents account for over 40 percent of the GDP. Indeed, Libya is one of the economies most dependent on oil worldwide. Similarly, oil represents for some of Africa’s largest economies a substantial source of export value. The giants do not make the ranking Most of Africa’s largest economies do not appear in the leading ten African countries for GDP per capita. The GDP per capita is calculated by dividing a country’s GDP by its population. Therefore, a populated country with a low total GDP will have a low GDP per capita, while a small rich nation has a high GDP per capita. For instance, South Africa has Africa’s highest GDP, but also counts the sixth-largest population, so wealth has to be divided into its big population. The GDP per capita also indicates how a country’s wealth reaches each of its citizens. In Africa, Seychelles has the greatest GDP per capita.

Mauritius is classified as the most democratic country in Africa. As of 2023, Mauritius' democracy was given **** points, ranking as the only country in the whole continent as fully democratic. The index is based, according to the source, on the electoral process and pluralism, the government functions, political participation, and culture as well as civil liberties. Many Sub-Saharan and North African political systems are among the least democratic countries in the world. Burundi has the most authoritarian regime in Africa, with a score of **** points, while countries such as Botswana, Cabo Verde, South Africa, Namibia, and Lesotho fell within the "hybrid regimes", with a score ranging from **** points to **** points, meaning that they experience, for example, elections with irregularities, widespread corruption, and harassment of journalists. Democracy and freedom of speech in Sub-Saharan Africa One of the main key indicators of democracy is the ability of individuals to express their opinions freely. African countries varied strongly when it came to freedom of speech, for instance, countries Mauritius, Namibia, and Cabo Verde had high scores in both the democracy index and the civic space openness index in the last years. On the other hand, countries like Djibouti and Equatorial Guinea had relatively low scores in the same indices. Furthermore, in the last few years, several Sub-Saharan African countries faced a huge decline in the freedom index as well, with * out of the ** African countries with the largest decline in the freedom index being from this region. Africa divided: which region had more democracy? North African countries showed poor scores in the democracy index as well. Two-thirds of the countries in this region had a score below * points, indicating authoritarian rule. Even the countries with the highest scores in this region have relatively low scores compared to countries in the Sub-Saharan region.

According to the Global Peace Index 2024, Yemen was the least peaceful country in the world with an index value of 3.45. The Middle Eastern country has been plagued by civil war for over a decade between Houthi rebels and the government, backed by the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. All the countries with the lowest scores in the Global Peace Index are ridden by war and violence. The Russia-Ukraine war While most of the countries on the list of the least peaceful countries are found in the Global South, the Russia-Ukraine war, together with the war in Gaza, has probably received the highest attention, at least in Western countries. The full-scale war started in February 2022 when Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Many Western countries responded by implementing sanctions on Russia. Russia and Ukraine are the 7th and 5th least peaceful countries in the world, respectively. Conflicts around the world Though one might get the impression that the number of conflicts worldwide is increasing, it actually declined somewhat since 2013. Today, most of the conflicts are defined as violent crises, whereas 16 of the 21 conflicts defined as wars are ongoing in Sub-Saharan Africa.

This dataset provides values for CORRUPTION RANK reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

This dataset provides values for GDP reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Seychelles had the largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in Africa as of 2024. The value amounted to 21,630 U.S. dollars. Mauritius followed with around 12,330 U.S. dollars, whereas Gabon registered 8,840 U.S. dollars. GDP per capita is calculated by dividing a country’s GDP by its population, meaning that some of the largest economies are not ranked within the leading ten. Impact of COVID-19 on North Africa’s GDP When looking at the GDP growth rate in Africa in 2024, Libya had the largest estimated growth in Northern Africa, a value of 7.8 percent compared to the previous year. Niger and Senegal were at the top of the list with rates of 10.4 percent and 8.3 percent, respectively. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the impact on the economy was severe. The growth of the North African real GDP was estimated at minus 1.1 percent in 2020. However, estimations for 2022 looked much brighter, as it was set that the region would see a GDP growth of six percent, compared to four percent in 2021.
Contribution of Tourism Various countries in Africa are dependent on tourism, contributing to the economy. In 2023, travel and tourism were estimated to contribute 182.6 billion U.S. dollars, a clear increase from 96.5 in 2020 following COVID-19. As of 2024, South Africa, Mauritius, and Egypt led tourism in the continent according to the Travel & Tourism Development Index.

Abstract

Estache and Goicoechea present an infrastructure database that was assembled from multiple sources. Its main purposes are: (i) to provide a snapshot of the sector as of the end of 2004; and (ii) to facilitate quantitative analytical research on infrastructure sectors. The related working paper includes definitions, source information and the data available for 37 performance indicators that proxy access, affordability and quality of service (most recent data as of June 2005). Additionally, the database includes a snapshot of 15 reform indicators across infrastructure sectors.

This is a first attempt, since the effort made in the World Development Report 1994, at generating a database on infrastructure sectors and it needs to be recognized as such. This database is not a state of the art output—this is being worked on by sector experts on a different time table. The effort has however generated a significant amount of new information. The database already provides enough information to launch a much more quantitative debate on the state of infrastructure. But much more is needed and by circulating this information at this stage, we hope to be able to generate feedback and fill the major knowledge gaps and inconsistencies we have identified.

Geographic coverage

The database covers the following countries: - Afghanistan - Albania - Algeria - American Samoa - Andorra - Angola - Antigua and Barbuda - Argentina - Armenia - Aruba - Australia - Austria - Azerbaijan - Bahamas, The - Bahrain - Bangladesh - Barbados - Belarus - Belgium - Belize - Benin - Bermuda - Bhutan - Bolivia - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Botswana - Brazil - Brunei - Bulgaria - Burkina Faso - Burundi - Cambodia - Cameroon - Canada - Cape Verde - Cayman Islands - Central African Republic - Chad - Channel Islands - Chile - China - Colombia - Comoros - Congo, Dem. Rep. - Congo, Rep. - Costa Rica - Cote d'Ivoire - Croatia - Cuba - Cyprus - Czech Republic - Denmark - Djibouti - Dominica - Dominican Republic - Ecuador - Egypt, Arab Rep. - El Salvador - Equatorial Guinea - Eritrea - Estonia - Ethiopia - Faeroe Islands - Fiji - Finland - France - French Polynesia - Gabon - Gambia, The - Georgia - Germany - Ghana - Greece - Greenland - Grenada - Guam - Guatemala - Guinea - Guinea-Bissau - Guyana - Haiti - Honduras - Hong Kong, China - Hungary - Iceland - India - Indonesia - Iran, Islamic Rep. - Iraq - Ireland - Isle of Man - Israel - Italy - Jamaica - Japan - Jordan - Kazakhstan - Kenya - Kiribati - Korea, Dem. Rep. - Korea, Rep. - Kuwait - Kyrgyz Republic - Lao PDR - Latvia - Lebanon - Lesotho - Liberia - Libya - Liechtenstein - Lithuania - Luxembourg - Macao, China - Macedonia, FYR - Madagascar - Malawi - Malaysia - Maldives - Mali - Malta - Marshall Islands - Mauritania - Mauritius - Mayotte - Mexico - Micronesia, Fed. Sts. - Moldova - Monaco - Mongolia - Morocco - Mozambique - Myanmar - Namibia - Nepal - Netherlands - Netherlands Antilles - New Caledonia - New Zealand - Nicaragua - Niger - Nigeria - Northern Mariana Islands - Norway - Oman - Pakistan - Palau - Panama - Papua New Guinea - Paraguay - Peru - Philippines - Poland - Portugal - Puerto Rico - Qatar - Romania - Russian Federation - Rwanda - Samoa - San Marino - Sao Tome and Principe - Saudi Arabia - Senegal - Seychelles - Sierra Leone - Singapore - Slovak Republic - Slovenia - Solomon Islands - Somalia - South Africa - Spain - Sri Lanka - St. Kitts and Nevis - St. Lucia - St. Vincent and the Grenadines - Sudan - Suriname - Swaziland - Sweden - Switzerland - Syrian Arab Republic - Tajikistan - Tanzania - Thailand - Togo - Tonga - Trinidad and Tobago - Tunisia - Turkey - Turkmenistan - Uganda - Ukraine - United Arab Emirates - United Kingdom - United States - Uruguay - Uzbekistan - Vanuatu - Venezuela, RB - Vietnam - Virgin Islands (U.S.) - West Bank and Gaza - Yemen, Rep. - Yugoslavia, FR (Serbia/Montenegro) - Zambia - Zimbabwe

Kind of data

Aggregate data [agg]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Response rate

Sector Performance Indicators

Energy The energy sector is relatively well covered by the database, at least in terms of providing a relatively recent snapshot for the main policy areas. The best covered area is access where data are available for 2000 for about 61% of the 207 countries included in the database. The technical quality indicator is available for 60% of the countries, and at least one of the perceived quality indicators is available for 40% of the countries. Price information is available for about 41% of the countries, distinguishing between residential and non residential.

Water & Sanitation Because the sector is part of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), it enjoys a lot of effort on data generation in terms of the access rates. The WHO is the main engine behind this effort in collaboration with the multilateral and bilateral aid agencies. The coverage is actually quite high -some national, urban and rural information is available for 75 to 85% of the countries- but there are significant concerns among the research community about the fact that access rates have been measured without much consideration to the quality of access level. The data on technical quality are only available for 27% of the countries. There are data on perceived quality for roughly 39% of the countries but it cannot be used to qualify the information provided by the raw access rates (i.e. access 3 hours a day is not equivalent to access 24 hours a day).

Information and Communication Technology The ICT sector is probably the best covered among the infrastructure sub-sectors to a large extent thanks to the fact that the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has taken on the responsibility to collect the data. ITU covers a wide spectrum of activity under the communications heading and its coverage ranges from 85 to 99% for all national access indicators. The information on prices needed to make assessments of affordability is also quite extensive since it covers roughly 85 to 95% of the 207 countries. With respect to quality, the coverage of technical indicators is over 88% while the information on perceived quality is only available for roughly 40% of the countries.

Transport The transport sector is possibly the least well covered in terms of the service orientation of infrastructure indicators. Regarding access, network density is the closest approximation to access to the service and is covered at a rate close to 90% for roads but only at a rate of 50% for rail. The relevant data on prices only cover about 30% of the sample for railways. Some type of technical quality information is available for 86% of the countries. Quality perception is only available for about 40% of the countries.

Institutional Reform Indicators

Electricity The data on electricity policy reform were collected from the following sources: ABS Electricity Deregulation Report (2004), AEI-Brookings telecommunications and electricity regulation database (2003), Bacon (1999), Estache and Gassner (2004), Estache, Trujillo, and Tovar de la Fe (2004), Global Regulatory Network Program (2004), Henisz et al. (2003), International Porwer Finance Review (2003-04), International Power and Utilities Finance Review (2004-05), Kikukawa (2004), Wallsten et al. (2004), World Bank Caribbean Infrastructure Assessment (2004), World Bank Global Energy Sector Reform in Developing Countries (1999), World Bank staff, and country regulators. The coverage for the three types of institutional indicators is quite good for the electricity sector. For regulatory institutions and private participation in generation and distribution, the coverage is about 80% of the 207 counties. It is somewhat lower on the market structure with only 58%.

Water & Sanitation The data on water policy reform were collected from the following sources: ABS Water and Waste Utilities of the World (2004), Asian Developing Bank (2000), Bayliss (2002), Benoit (2004), Budds and McGranahan (2003), Hall, Bayliss, and Lobina (2002), Hall and Lobina (2002), Hall, Lobina, and De La Mote (2002), Halpern (2002), Lobina (2001), World Bank Caribbean Infrastructure Assessment (2004), World Bank Sector Note on Water Supply and Sanitation for Infrastructure in EAP (2004), and World Bank staff. The coverage for institutional reforms in W&S is not as exhaustive as for the other utilities. Information on the regulatory institutions responsible for large utilities is available for about 67% of the countries. Ownership data are available for about 70% of the countries. There is no information on the market structure good enough to be reported here at this stage. In most countries small scale operators are important private actors but there is no systematic record of their existence. Most of the information available on their role and importance is only anecdotal.

Information and Communication Technology The report Trends in Telecommunications Reform from ITU (revised by World Bank staff) is the main source of information for this sector. The information on institutional reforms in the sector is however not as exhaustive as it is for its sector performance indicators. While the coverage on the regulatory institutions is 100%, it varies between 76 and 90% of the countries for more of the other indicators. Quite surprisingly also, in contrast to what is available for other sectors, it proved difficult to obtain data on the timing of reforms and of the creation of the regulatory agencies.

Transport Information on transport institutions and reforms is not systematically generated by any agency. Even though more data are needed to have a more comprenhensive picture of the transport sector, it was possible to collect data on railways policy reform from Janes World Railways (2003-04) and complement it with

This dataset provides values for GDP reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

In 2019, Ghana recorded a score of 59.22 on a scale from 0 to 100, where 100 is the best possible performance in doing business. The country ranked highest compared to other West African nations. Côte d'Ivoire and Cape Verde followed with scores of 58 and 55.95, respectively. Guinea Bissau achieved 42.85 score points, representing the lowest in comparison to the other West African countries.

Current state of the democratic consolidation in the newly implemented democracies. Topics: Political activities: discussions, convince friends, work in community, political meeting, contact politicians, work for party; meaning of democracy; democracy best form of government; democracy in (country) best; respect for individual human rights; importance of freedom and equality; Left-Right self placement; meaning of "Left" and "Right; membership in organisations and political parties; satisfaction with democracy; tolerance against: minority opinion, extremist demonstrations, free speech, too much freedom, critics on the way of life, right to own opinion, foreign critics; free market economy: right/wrong for country; satisfaction with free market; economic situation during present government, next year and compared to the socialist/communist regime; country´s economic situation during present government, next year and compared to the socialist/communist regime; conditions of workers, peasants, middle class, entrepreneurs during present government and compared to the socialist/communist regime; corruption during present government; public safety during present government, next year and compared to the socialist/communist regime; income differences right/wrong; one´s own financial situation compared to that of parents and neighbours; speed of change; satisfaction with present government and with the socialist/communist regime; communism good idea; better performance in: education, economy, poverty, black market, inflation, unemployment, public security, participation, corruption, public health, representation of interests, crime; pride in citizenship; pride to live in country; citizenship; women care of house; accept homosexuals; abortion; trust in institutions; medical care: self/governmental; income limits; government protects citizens; ecology vs. economy; conflicts: rich/poor, law-abiding/-breaker, speak language/not; (in Germany: conflicts between East/West), left/right, young/old, church moral/not, nationalists/others; police force against demonstrators; sentence against protestors, law against demonstrators, troops against strikes; big interests vs. all the people; trust in government; election best way to choose government; need for parliament; vote in last parliamentary election; vote intention; government responsible for providing job, health care, living standard for old and unemployed people, reduce income differences; governmental priorities; actions against bad governmental and local decisions; living conditions in western country; democracy in country: needs western development, never consolidated, same as in western countries, consolidation difficult process, notyet accomplished; Russia: country has own, difficult way; democracy problem will be solved; national political situation; change in political situation; state of democracy; parties: need of parties, no difference between parties, provide participation, for leaders´ interests; development since the end of the socialist/communist regime; characteristics of capitalist and socialist economy: strike, freedom, inequality, technical progress, wealth, selfishness, power, profit, justice, scarcity, humane, progress, planning, efficacy, repress, corruption; capitalist economy best; capitalist economy solves problems; management of industrial enterprises; close to party; political protest; one-person vs. multi-person system; interest in government; politicians against peoples´ interference; everybody can have say; better not get involved in politics; no trust in politicians; politicians seek views of people; people excl from power; make fortune get in politics; politicians only interested when trouble; participation is duty; satisfaction with changes: workers, engineers, artists, scientists, clerks, peasants, miners, entrepreneurs, politicians, army officers, policemen, leaders communist party; country where the living is better, better equality, people greater influence; importance in life: everybody voice in public matters, work for all, equality, everybody well-off, no arbitrary will, no big income differences, no state interference, live without worries, rest/entertain, free organisations, free speech, learn/access to culture; partner work outside; partner work full-/part-time; religion at birth; degree of religiosity; main language; in Russia: nationality; since when in neighbourhood; relations with neighbours; paid for work; reasons for not being paid; work full-/part-time; monthly income compared to average; percent of savings; one´s own social class and that of the parents; entrepreneur in family; family produce agricultural goods; easy replacement for job; work overtime/extra work; income of extra work; region; Germany: size of household and persons over 18 years, East-West socialization; weighting.

Judgement on questions of foreign policy and security policy. Topics: judgement on the current economic situation as well as the change of the situation since reunification for the part of the country in which the respondent lives (East or West); expected economic situation for one´s part of the country; satisfaction with democracy in the Federal Republic; party preference (Sunday question); certainty of one´s voting decision; most important political controversies for the voting decision; judgement on one´s own current economic situation and change since reunification; expected development of one´s own economic situation; attitude to selected statements on world security, stationing nuclear weapons, American culture influence on German culture, armament, national consciousness and NATO (scale); sympathy scale for the French, Persians, Turks, English, Chinese, Americans, Israelis, Poles, Swiss, Russians and Japanese; importance of good relations of the Federal Republic with selected European neighbors and some non-European countries; sympathy scale for leading politicians such as Yeltsin, Hussein, Kohl, Walesa, Major, Havel, Genscher, Mitterand, Gorbachev and Bush; countries presenting the greatest threat to Germany and assessment of the size of this threat; difference in interests in foreign policy of the USA and the Federal Republic; trust in the USA in coping with problems in world politics; attitude to security policy, armament, NATO, jeopardy to peace, weapons purchase, coping with conflict and soldiers as potential murderers (scale); attitude to the Federal German Armed Forces in the current form as mixture of persons liable for military service or as a professional army; preferred number of soldiers in the Federal German Armed Forces; assessment of the probability of war in Germany in the next ten years; attitude to current defense expenditures in the Federal Republic; most reliable partner of Germany in case of a military conflict; preference for leadership powers or equal rights of all nations to protect world peace; most impressive events in world politics of late; assessment of the threat potential from immigration, military conflicts in the East, business competition, drug trade, terrorism, third world conflicts, spread of nuclear weapons, religious fanaticism, communism, environmental catastrophes, armament, world economic crisis or Russian troops in Germany; country one feels is capable of a nuclear first strike; sympathy scale for the CDU/CSU, SPD, FDP, the Greens, the Republican and the PDS; self-classification on a left-right continuum; attitude to questions of military policy and security policy such as necessity of a country´s own military forces for sovereignty of the country, including British and French nuclear weapons in disarmament, necessity of the NATO and modern fighter planes such as ´Jaeger 90´, non-involvement in other countries, conflict-free solution of disputes between countries, protection of German culture from foreign influences and justification of the war against Iraq (scale); judgement on the care of the government for the citizens; preferred areas for reductions in the Federal Budget; attitude to financial sacrifices by Germans to improve living conditions in Eastern Europe; attitude to European unification, world-wide deployment of the Federal German Armed Forces and renunciation of claims to territory regarding Eastern European countries; attitude to reduction in nuclear weapons; comparison of civil rights and liberties in the Federal Republic with other countries; stress from maneuvers and low-flying aircraft; necessity of defense preparedness of the Federal German Armed Forces; damage to German standing from arms exports; NATO as provider of peace; judgement on the recognition of the independence of Croatia and Slovenia by the Federal Government; election participation as citizen duty; inevitability of wars; citizen orientation of the politicians; most important future tasks of NATO; NATO relationship with the former East Bloc; general sense of security; comprehensibility of the world; postmaterialism (Inglehart index); dogmatism and rigidity (scale) by means of pairs of terms; attitude to reduction of military disarmament and current withdrawal of American troops from the Federal Republic; judgement on the troop strength of the Federal German Armed Forces after the planned troop reduction; expected increase in security in the world; attitude to military aid for other countries; judgement on American influence on the Federal Republic; judgement on the ability of German foreign policy to achieve; attitude to deployment of NATO outside of the NATO area; attitude to a strong Federal German Armed Forces without specific military danger from outside; perceived personal influence on foreign and defense policy; personal readiness for risk; attitude to intervention by Germany in affairs of world politics; war as necessary means to protect national...

EGYPT @ CROCODILE DELIGHT IN BIODIVERSITY HERITAGE SITE OF AFRICA IS AFRICAN SAFARI DELIGHTJewel and Jenita mol Mango plant for this International Day of Biological & Biodiversity on May 22 ,THE KING CROCODILE OF EGYPT LIVED IN THE NILE RIVER BIODIVERSITY SITES EGYPT IS CROCODILE GOD'S OWN COUNTRYEGYPT BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM IS MAKING THE COUNTRY A CROCODILE GOD'S OWN COUNTRY, NILE CROCODILE SITES & CROCODILE SPACE ECOSYSTEM IS THE E@ CROCODILE IN THE BIODIVERSITY HERITAGE SITE OF AFRICAN CONTINENT WHERE E IS EGYPT COUNTRYTHE E@ CROCODILE IN THE BIODIVERSITY HERITAGE SITE OF AFRICAN CONTINENT WHERE E IS EGYPT COUNTRY EGYPT IS CROCODILE GOD'S OWN COUNTRY IS THE STORY - E@ CROCODILE IN THE BIODIVERSITY HERITAGE SITE & ECOSYSTEM WHERE E @ IS EGYPT COUNTRYSOBEK CROCODILE THE KING OF NILE RIVER & NILE RIVER THE GIFT OF EGYPT BIODIVERSITY & ECOSYSTEM HAD KOM OMBO TEMPLE, CROCODILE CITY ARISINOEThe NUBIANS , NILOTIC, FELLAH, URBAN People in the Egyptian Community Worshiped Crocodile in the the city of Faiyum in Egypt is known as the "Crocodile City" because it was the center of the ancient Egyptian crocodile god, Sobek. The city is located in the Faiyum Oasis, which was a major center for the worship of Sobek and in temple. The crocodile cult at Fayoum in Egypt, centered around the city of Crocodilopolis (Arsinoe), further emphasizes the cultural importance of these creatures in ancient Egypt. Crocodiles were regarded as sacred beings, with temples and rituals dedicated to their worship . E @ Crocodile Biodiversity & Ecosystem where E is ENTRY OF TWO CROCODILE TRESPASSERS IN CROCODILE TERRITORY The Temple of Kom Ombo in Egypt is known as the Crocodile Temple because it's dedicated to Sobek, the crocodile god. The temple is also dedicated to Haroeris, the falcon god. Crocodile mummies are found in many Egyptian tombs, and were an important part of ancient Egyptian religion and rituals. The mummies were created by crocodile priests who wrapped the crocodiles in the same material and care as human mummies. These ancient crocodile mummies are so well-preserved, they almost look alive. Archaeologists have unearthed the remains of 10 mummified crocodiles from an Egyptian tomb that are so well-preserved, one scientist said it's "like almost a real crocodile just lying there in front of you is making EGYPT BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM A CROCODILE GOD'S COUNTRY AND THIS CROCODILE FAMILY WILL OVERCOME HUMANS LIKE THEY HAD OVERCOME DINOSAURS IN FUTURE DEPEND ON THE CONSERVATION & PROTECTION OF CROCODILE NOW DONE BY COUNTRIES ACROSS THE WORLDThe Divine God Animals of Egypt are Sobek, crocodile-headed god of the Nile; Sekhmet, leonine goddess of war; Anubis, jackal god of the underworld; and Hathor, mother goddess with a cow's horns , Bastet was the goddess of protection, pleasure, and the bringer of good health. She had the head of a cat and a slender female body, Seth beast not a animals . Where Sobek was a crocodile-headed god with several important connotations, including his association with the colour green. The worship of Sobek peaked in the Middle Kingdom (c. 2055 -1650 BC), whose name is seen lent to several Twelfth and Thirteenth Dynasty Pharaohs such as Sobeknefru and Sobekhotep I –IV. Nile crocodiles is associated with the sacred and Nile crocodiles and is often represented as a crocodile-headed humanoidSUMMARY- EGYPT IS CROCODILE GOD'S OWN COUNTRY BIODIVERSITY & ECOSYSTEME @ BIODIVERSITY HERITAGE SITE IN AFRICAN CONTINENTTHE E@ CROCODILE IN THE BIODIVERSITY HERITAGE SITE OF AFRICAN CONTINENT WHERE E IS EAST AFRICA THE BEST More International travel to east African safari than the south Africa and west Africa even though Africa is the best for safari Tourist . The National park & animals conservation projects are less in west Africa compared to South Africa and East Africa where the largest number of national parks are in East Africa compared to south Africa and west Africa . In Kenya there is 24 National park , Tanzania there is 22 national parks and in west Africa Zambia there is 21 national park and south Africa there is 20 national parks , in west Africa Ivory coast and Nigeria there is 8 national park each making east Africa the best for safari tourist . In east Africa the infrastructure for tourist is far more better than west and south Africa making east Africa the best as they advertise more than the west . Compared to the land area , the land areas used for conservation is more in east Africa than in west so this make East Africa the best than south and west making East or West East Africa the best where E @Stands for east African tourist safari E @ BIODIVERSITY HERITAGE SITE IN AFRICAN CONTINENT WHERE E IS EAST AFRICAN NILE CROCODILE E @ BIODIVERSITY HERITAGE SITE IN AFRICAN CONTINENT WHERE E IS EAST AFRICAN NILE CROCODILE & SOBEKSPACE ECOSYSTEM & DATABASE TECHNOLOGY ANALYSE AFRICA BIODIVERSITY BY THE E @ NILE CROCODILE HABITAT & THE E @ BIODIVERSITY HERITAGE SITEEGYPT CROCODILE GOD'S OWN COUNTRY BIODIVERSITY & ECOSYSTEMRESEARCHING SPACE ECOSYSTEM FOR E @ BIODIVERSITY HERITAGE SITE (BHS) FOR E @ CROCODILE DIVERSITY , E @ HABITAT DIVERSITY & E @ ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY IN AFRICA. THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE ECOSYSTEM FOR SPACE DATABASE AND TECHNOLOGY WILL DEVELOP THE E @ AFRICAN BIODIVERSITY DATA BASE THAT MONITORS & CONTROL THE E @ BIODIVERSITY HERITAGE SITE (BHS) FOR E @ CROCODILE DIVERSITY , E @ HABITAT DIVERSITY & E @ ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY IN AFRICASPACE ECOSYSTEM & SPACE DATABASE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPING THE E @ BIODIVERSITY HERITAGE SITE IS THE CONVERSION OF AFRICA DIVERSE DIGITAL DATA BASE TO AFRICA SPACIAL BIODIVERSITY DATA BASE ECOSYSTEM . The Conversion of Digital to Spacial Maps connecting the Space Ecosystem is a vision of Future like Vision 2050 Developing African countries from Developing to a Developed Country Achieving sustainable development in the field of Climatic change, Energy for all, Food for all, etc .The conversion will shape up the economy of African countries in large scale cultivation, Cultivation of Bare land, Automated Machinery & technology , Saving large quantity of energy and fuel for the future . The Conversion to Spacial ecosystem 3 D maps will develop remote area of land like forest, water ways, water falls where large number of species inhabitant like crocodile and the conservation and reproduction of the habitat is the main aim of many organization like World Wildlife organization is due to Crocodile are important to the ecosystem The World Wildlife organization had many project and one such is E @ Crocodile in the Biodiversity Heritage site where E @ Stands for Infinite Number of Crocodile Projects as e∞ is equal to infinity in which e is constant considering a crocodile and ∞ is variable considering the project .This is because e is a number greater than 1, and when multiplied by itself an infinite number of times, it results in a number that is extremely large. so E @ Crocodile s infinity e∞ , Absolute infinity Ω ω & Infinity series( Σ ) like Crocodile is the beginning and the end in the book of revelation as Crocodile is the earth for million of years from Dinosaurs period to the ancient world E @ Crocodile Biodiversity & Ecosystem where E is Infinity ProjectsINFINITY OF E @CROCODILE IN THE BHS IS THE BEGINNING & END OF THE THINGS WHERE E IS INFINITY OF CROCODILE PROJECT ALL ALONG AFRICA Secret of Art is Infinity - Aaron’s crocodile eat the Egyptian magicians Pharaoh crocodile" make the God the Great by the Crocodile The theme for World Wildlife Day (WWD) 2024 was "Connecting People and Planet: Exploring Digital Innovation in Wildlife Conservation". The day was celebrated on March 3, 2024 . The theme for World Wildlife Day (WWD) 2025 is "Wildlife Conservation Finance: Investing in People and Planet". The theme emphasizes the importance of investing in wildlife to ensure a resilient future for people and the planet.The March 3 and 4 day highlighted the loss of biodiversity and the need for digital innovation in wildlife conservation and that digital conservation and in future this digital conservation is used for raising funds in the projects in 2025 in the Wildlife Conservation Finance: Investing in People and Planet and E @ Crocodile in the Biodiversity Heritage site in the African continent is given below is the digital conservation of crocodile & Planet for year 2024 and 2025 E @ Crocodile Biodiversity & Ecosystem where E is Electronic governance of Crocodile Site in Egypt & AfricaE @ Crocodile in the Biodiversity heritage site where E @ means electronic governance' of African crocodile site is using information and communication technologies (ICTs) (such as Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing) at various levels of the government and the public sector and beyond, for the purpose of enhancing governance.MASSACRED IN CROCODILE ISLANDS RAMREE - INDONESIA WORLD WAR 2 THE ART OF WORLD BIODIVERSITY IS PEACE AND NOT CONFLICT - THE ART OF PEACE IS UNITY & NOT SEPARATION ,THE ART OF WAR IS THE WAR THAT IS LAST RESORT FOR PEACE WHEN DIALOGUE & DIPLOMACY FAIL. WAR IS DESTRUCTION, BIODIVERSITY LOSS IS THE HISTORICAL CROCODILES WAR IN THE MANGROVE SWAMPS OF RAMREE ISLANDS. MY HEART WILL GO ON FOR NILE CROCODILE HABITAT- The Message of My Hear will Go on is the is that - I Know my heart will go on" uses the metaphor of the heart continuing to beat in response to strong emotions, like love or fear convey the idea that Emotions remains strong and persistent, even through challenges and separation when in a crocodile encounter In Wild is fear and when in Swimming with Crocodile In 'Cage of Death' In Australian is fun and joy . "We'll stay forever in many way" & reassures that Human and crocodile bond is unbreakable even in the fear emotion while in a crocodile territory . it is one of hope and resilience in the face of loss and adversity. it is the ability to withstand adversity and bounce back from difficult life

This dataset provides values for CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

This dataset provides values for INTEREST RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

The period between 1950 and 1973, known as the "Golden Age of capitalism" in the west, was the most prosperous period in Europe's modern history. The economic boom in the post-war period saw GDP grow by an average of almost four percent in Western and Eastern Europe, and almost five percent in the south. Although the west was the most technologically advanced of the three, this period did see a significant amount of catching up in the other two regions, whose rapid industrialization and urbanization changed the lives of its citizens forever. Recession hits the west The recession of 1973-1975 brought this economic and industrial growth to an end, however, as conflict in the Middle East saw oil prices skyrocket. Virtually all of Western Europe's industrial powers went into recession, and this had a detrimental knock-on effect in Poland and Romania due to their indebtedness to the west. While the recession ended in most countries by 1976, factors such as unemployment, inflation, and industrial output often remained high until the 1980s. The 1980s and 1990s also saw the rapid economic growth of countries such as Ireland and Finland. However, growth was much slower in these decades for most western economies than it had been in the 1950s and1960s. Collapse of communism The 1970s marked the beginning of the economic decline in Eastern Europe, as the command economies of the East Bloc could not maintain pace with the capitalist west and failed to adapt to the challenges that emerged in this period. Communism in Eastern Europe eventually ended around the early 1990s, and the largest power, the Soviet Union, was dissolved. This resulted in severe economic hardships in the former communist states, and recovery in the former-Soviet states did not begin until the late 1990s. The effects of communism's collapse in Europe was so severe that GDP in the east actually fell by an average of 0.9 percent per year between 1973 and 1998

BackgroundMalnutrition remains one of the most pressing health challenges, particularly in developing nations across Africa, placing a significant burden on both public health agencies and the affected countries. In countries such as Gabon, Gambia, Mauritania, Liberia, and Nigeria, the burden of malnutrition exacerbates public health systems, strains economic resources, and hinders sustainable development, underscoring the urgent need for coordinated efforts at national and international levels. This study aimed to determine the scope and underlying factors contributing to the elevated incidence of malnutrition in West African countries, specifically Gabon, Gambia, Liberia, Mauritania, and Nigeria.MethodThis study employed a quantile regression model to examine the determinants of malnutrition at various quantiles of interest across the Western African countries under consideration to facilitate focused policy measures and intervention strategies aimed at decreasing the prevalence.ResultsFor the lower quantiles (0.1 and 0.25), which indicate severe malnutrition, significant variables included the child’s weight [quantile = 0.1, 95% CI(0.0063, 0.0103), quantile = 0.25, 95% CI(0.0054, 0.0107)], mother’s education level [No education: quantile = 0.1, 95% CI(−49.7471, −32.1376), quantile = 0.25, 95% CI(−38.1513, −22.4438) Primary: quantile = 0.1, 95% CI(−24.8095, −5.7693), quantile = 0.25, 95% CI(−19.5273, −6.3424) Higher: quantile = 0.1, 95% CI(5.6499, 40.3274), quantile = 0.25, 95% CI(21.8158, 40.278)], drinking water source [Natural Sources: quantile = 0.1, 95% CI(0.6877, 24.384),Piped: quantile = 0.1, 95% CI(25.578, 45.2368), quantile = 0.25, 95% CI(22.2782, 34.8212), Bottle/Sachet: quantile = 0.25, 95% CI(3.438, 98.1675)], toilet type [Flush: quantile = 0.25, 95% CI(2.2598, 18.3457),Other: quantile = 0.1, 95% CI(8.7863, 24.504), quantile = 0.25, 95% CI(7.0995, 20.1119)], household wealth index [Poorest: quantile = 0.1, 95% CI(−52.5112, −16.9197), quantile = 0.25, 95% CI(−48.3804, −23.0633),Poorer: quantile = 0.1, 95% CI(−38.8744, −4.7586), quantile = 0.25, 95% CI(−34.6993, −9.1766), Middle: quantile = 0.25, 95% CI(−28.9491, −6.5834)], health care visits [No: quantile = 0.1, 95% CI(−19.293, −3.6393), quantile = 0.25, 95% CI(−17.2342, −5.6411)], consumption of fortified foods and tubers [No: quantile = 0.1, 95% CI(−36.3898, −12.0378), quantile = 0.25, 95% CI(−17.8127, −1.2374)], anemia status [Anemic: quantile = 0.1, 95% CI(−15.9326, −1.1929), quantile = 0.25, 95% CI(−12.3361, −1.5516)], mosquito net usage [No: quantile = 0.1, 95% CI(−22.0323, −0.8033), quantile = 0.25, 95% CI(−13.8107, 1.1366)], child’s age [0 to 12 months: quantile = 0.1, 95% CI(81.6424, 105.7155), quantile = 0.25, 95% CI(61.4817, 78.5194),12 to 24 months: quantile = 0.1, 95% CI(0.5592, 24.933), 24 to 36 months: quantile = 0.1, 95% CI(7.9128, 40.2828)] and gender [Female: quantile = 0.1, 95% CI(4.5351, 17.9783), quantile = 0.25, 95% CI(5.0076, 15.4735)], and recent fever [No: quantile = 0.1, 95% CI(11.5663, 29.5984), quantile = 0.25, 95% CI(7.0313, 20.8918)]. Residence type was significant for the 0.25 quantile but not the 0.1 quantile [Rural: quantile = 0.25, 95% CI(−14.7051, −2.1455)]. At higher quantiles (0.75, 0.85, 0.9, and 0.95), factors such as the use of mosquito nets, formula feeding, and access to piped water remain significant, while socioeconomic determinants like maternal education and wealth index lose their influence. Common variables across all quantiles were mother’s age, child’s age (0 to 12 months), child’s gender, and recent fever.ConclusionThese findings underscore the critical role of primary health care interventions in identifying and managing malnutrition, particularly among lower quantiles where severe malnutrition dominates. High-risk groups, such as teenagers and low-income mothers, should receive targeted support, including prenatal classes and counseling. Community caregivers can monitor at-risk individuals and ensure timely referrals, while collaborations with nonprofits can improve access to food and supplements. Promoting community food gardens, clean water access, and public workshops can further aid prevention and education efforts.

As of February 2025, Nigeria had 107 million internet users - the highest number reported all over Africa. Meanwhile, Egypt ranked second with over 96 million users. The majority of web traffic in leading digital markets in Africa originated from mobile devices - in Nigeria, one of the countries with the largest number of internet users worldwide, 86.2 percent of web traffic was generated via smartphones and roughly 13.3 percent via PC devices. This is due in part to the fact that mobile connections are much cheaper and do not require the infrastructure that is needed for traditional desktop PCs with fixed-line internet connections. Anticipating remarkable growth: Africa's internet user surge and projected milestones The projected trend for Africa indicates a consistent rise in internet users from 2024 to 2029. It will have a collective addition of 337.3 million users (equivalent to a growth of 51.79 percent). Following fifteen successive years of growth, the user count is anticipated to reach a record high of 1.1 billion by 2029. Furthermore, the online penetration rate on the continent was 43 percent – which was below the global average, measured at around 68 percent. Unveiling internet trends The region has witnessed a steady increase in internet users over the years. In January 2024, Southern Africa stood out as the African region with the most substantial internet penetration rate, reaching approximately 73.1 percent. The proportion of individuals accessing the internet in this part of Africa and Northern Africa surpassed the global average (66.2 percent). Moreover, Morocco boasted an impressive internet penetration of about 91 percent, securing its position as Africa's foremost country. Libya held the second position with a penetration rate of approximately 88 percent, followed closely by Seychelles at around 86.7 percent.

Judgement on American and Soviet policies. The respondent´s image of the USA. Attitude to selected countries.

Topics: most important problems of the country; attitude to England, France, Sweden, the Netherlands, China, America, Germany and the Soviet Union; desired East-West orientation of one´s own country; judgement on Soviet foreign policy and the peace efforts of the great powers; assessment of the danger of war; comparison of the successes of the East with those of the West; attitude to American or Soviet aid for other countries and to extension of trade with the East; judgement on utilization of Soviet and American aid by the countries in Africa and Asia; judgement on American economic and military relations with other countries; expected result of the peaceful competition between the great powers; expected effects of American trade policy on one´s own country; attitude to unification of Europe and to peaceful use of atomic energy; attitude to American as well as Soviet nuclear weapons tests; preference for a European cooperation on peaceful use of nuclear energy; atomic energy as curse or blessing; judgement on the disarmament efforts; attitude to the conflicts of the earlier colonial powers England, France and The Netherlands with their former possessions; judgement on the American stand in these conflicts; attitude to socialism and communism; attitude to capitalism (scale, split); change of one´s own attitude to capitalism in the last few years (only FRG); attitude to designation of the American economic system as ´everyone´s capitalism´; desired agreement of the economic system of one´s own country with that of the USA; attitude to selected areas of American life; knowledge about race problems in the USA; party preference; union membership (not in France).

Interviewer rating: social class and willingness of respondent to cooperate (not in GB); number of contact attempts.

In the Federal Republic the following was additionally encoded: identification of interviewer; age of interviewer and sex of interviewer; city size.

In Great Britain the following additional questions were posed: employment of household help; possession of a car; possession of a radio; house ownership.

Additionally encoded were: length of interview; number of contact attempts; presence of other persons during the interview; willingness of respondent to cooperate; degree of difficulty of the interview.

Questions on foreign policy and security policy. Judgement on nuclear weapon tests and disarmament questions. Comparison of USA and USSR.

Topics: Most important problems of the country; satisfaction with the standard of living; best friend and greatest enemy of the country; attitude to France, USA, Great Britain, the Soviet Union and China; preferred East-West-orientation of the country; agreement of national interests with the interests of the Soviet Union or the interests of the USA; judgement on American and Soviet foreign policy as well as on their peace efforts; comparison of the scientific, economic and military strength of the two world powers; preference for the Soviet Union or for North America as major military power; expected winner in the contest of the economic systems; willingness to make an increased European defense contribution to the NATO; estimate of the danger of a Soviet attack; comparison between Soviet citizens and Americans concerning the liberties available and the fair share in the prosperity of the country; perceived rapproachment of the two world powers; attitude to an agreement between the USA and the Soviet Union on abolition of nuclear weapons tests and expected effect on the standard of living; USA or USSR as forerunner of disarmament agreements; knowledge about the prohibition of underground nuclear tests within the scope of such an agreement; attitude to a nuclear-weapon-free zone in Europe; attitude to a unification of Western Europe; desired attitude of a European Community to the United States; perceived influence of organizations and associations in the country; attitude to increased American private investments in the country and to a European foreign aid; perceived rapproachment of the Soviet Union and Red China as well as assessment of the development of the Soviet-Chinese conflict; most probable cause and possible circumstances of a nuclear war; knowledge about the UN membership of one´s country; attitude to the UN and to a UN military force; assessment of the treatment of non-whites in France, America, in the Soviet Union and in South Africa (in Great Britain also asked about the treatment in one´s own country); knowledge about race problems in the USA and influence of this knowledge on the image of America; interest in international politics; especially admired politician in Western Europe; listening to foreign radio stations; trade union membership; party preference.

Interviewer rating: social class of respondent.

Also encoded were: duration of interview; number of contact attempts; willingness of respondent to cooperate; size of city; date of interview (FRG only).

In Italy the following questions were also asked: daily papers read; change in election behavior compared to the year before; radio ownership and frequency ranges; place of interview.