As of August 2021, the best performing media related franchise in the world is Pokémon, having generated a revenue of 105 billion U.S. dollars. The popular manga franchise made billions of dollars on merchandise, video games sales, and in the box office. Further gains were through home entertainment, books and jet aircraft sales.

As of January 2025, the Marvel Cinematic Universe series was the highest-grossing film franchise with total worldwide box office revenue of ***** billion U.S. dollars. "Avengers: Endgame" (2019) was Marvel's highest-grossing movie with *** billion dollars in global revenue. The "Star Wars" and "Harry Potter" series followed with worldwide box office revenues of about ***** billion and **** billion dollars, respectively. May the profit be with you The Star Wars series started in the late 1970s and has captured the attention of nerds and moviegoers in general ever since. Released just before the COVID-19 outbreak, the latest film of the saga, "The Rise of Skywalker," recorded a global box office revenue of over *** billion dollars. This is almost **** times more than the production of the movie had cost. The success of the franchise goes beyond the realm of cinema. The video game Star Wars: Squadrons, for instance, sold over *** million digital copies worldwide in the first month of its release in October 2020. Fantastic box offices: where to find them again? While Star Wars has a history of peaks and valleys, the Harry Potter franchise seems to be jinxed since the launching of its prequel series, Fantastic Beasts. The box office revenue of "Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald" (2018) stood below *** million dollars worldwide. This is the lowest revenue generated by a movie from the Harry Potter universe since the brand debuted on the big screen in 2001. The amount is also nearly ** percent below the global box office of its predecessor, "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them" (2016).

Global Movie Franchise Revenue and Budget Data

Tracks Lifetime Gross, Budgets, Ratings, and Release Dates

By Emma Culwell [source]

About this dataset

This dataset offers an extensive look at some of the most popular movie franchises in history, shedding light on their financial success and public reception. It includes data on the lifetime gross sales, budgets, ratings, and release dates of each featured movie. Furthermore, this dataset provides invaluable insights into how different elements such as ratings and runtime can affect the performance of a film at the box office. Whether you are an aspiring or established filmmaker looking for inspiration to craft your own successful blockbuster or simply a fan curious about these films’ inner workings, this dataset offers an unprecedented level of detail regarding many beloved franchises

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How to use the dataset

This dataset provides comprehensive information on movie franchises released worldwide between 2000 and 2020. It includes data such as lifetime gross, budget, rating, runtime, release date and vote count/average. This dataset can be used to gain insights on the global movie industry trends over this time period.

The data can be explored in various ways to identify patterns of success or failure among movie franchises across countries, genres or decades. For example, you may want to examine the average budget for movies released each year or calculate the average number of votes received by movies of a particular genre. Additionally, you could use this dataset to compare different types of media (e.g., cable vs streaming) and understand how they impact box-office performance.

To get the most out of this data set it is essential that you first familiarize yourself with all the columns provided: Title: The title of the movie; Lifetime Gross: Total amount money earned by a franchise in all territories; Year: The year in which it was first made available publicly; Studio: The production company behind the production; Rating: Classification given by MPAA/BBFC; Runtime: Length in minutes/hours; Budget: Amount spent producing it ; Release Date : Date when publically announced Availability ; Vote Average : Average ratings based on user reviews ; Vote Count : Number people who rated franchise).
Once you have become comfortable with these variables then feel free to try out some larger analysis techniques such as predictive analytics (predicting future success based on existing trends) or clustering (grouping similar outcomes together). No matter which methods you decide to utilize it is important that you remember – always validate your assumptions! Good luck exploring!

Research Ideas

• A comparison of movie budget to box office returns, to identify over/underperforming movies.
• A study of the correlation between movie rating and viewership.
• An analysis of what types of movies tend to become franchise success stories (big budget, PG-13 rating, etc.)

Acknowledgements

If you use this dataset in your research, please credit the original authors. Data Source

License

See the dataset description for more information.

Columns

File: MovieFranchises.csv | Column name | Description | |:-------------------|:------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Title | The title of the movie. (String) | | Lifetime Gross | The total amount of money the movie has made in its lifetime. (Integer) | | Year | The year the movie was released. (Integer) | | Studio | The studio that produced the movie. (String) | | Rating | The rating of the movie (e.g. PG-13, R, etc). (String) | | Runtime | The length of the movie in minutes. (Integer) | | Budget | The budget of the movie in USD. (Integer) | | ReleaseDate | The date the movie was released. (Date) | | VoteAvg | The average rating of the movie from users. (Float) | | VoteCount | The total number of votes the movie has received from users. (Integer) |

Acknowledgements

If you use this dataset in your research, please credit the original authors. If you use this dataset in your research, please credit Emma Culwell.

As of March 2024, Disney's most profitable franchise has been "Frozen", which has recorded a *** times return on investment since the release of the first movie in 2013. After acquiring Lucasfilm for **** billion U.S. dollars in 2012, Disney has made a *** return on its investment, meaning that the "Star Wars" franchise has earned about ** billion dollars.

Merchandising Franchise Market Outlook

The merchandising franchise market size was valued at approximately USD 120 billion in 2023, and it is projected to reach USD 230 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.5%. This market growth is underpinned by the rising influence of popular culture and the increasing consumer inclination towards branded merchandise. The proliferation of media and entertainment franchises has led to an expansive demand for associated merchandise, driving significant market expansion.

One of the primary growth factors fueling the merchandising franchise market is the increasing popularity of global entertainment franchises. Films, television series, sports leagues, and gaming franchises have a massive and dedicated fan base that avidly seeks related merchandise. As these entertainment forms become more globally accessible through digital platforms, the market for franchised merchandise expands correspondingly. Additionally, advancements in manufacturing technology and logistics have enabled companies to cater to this demand more efficiently, further fostering market growth.

Another key driver is the growing disposable income and changing consumer preferences, particularly in emerging markets. As economies develop and consumer spending power increases, there is a notable shift towards branded and premium products. Consumers are more willing to invest in high-quality merchandise that reflects their fandom and personal identity, thereby enhancing the market for these products. Furthermore, the rise of e-commerce has revolutionized how consumers purchase these items, offering a more convenient and diverse shopping experience.

The role of strategic partnerships and licensing agreements cannot be understated in this market. Companies often collaborate with entertainment giants to secure the rights to produce and sell merchandise, which provides them with a competitive edge and helps to attract a loyal customer base. These partnerships are mutually beneficial, as they allow entertainment companies to monetize their intellectual properties further while providing merchandisers with a steady flow of new and attractive products to market.

Regionally, North America remains a dominant player in the merchandising franchise market, driven by the concentration of major entertainment studios and sports leagues. However, the Asia Pacific region is witnessing the fastest growth, attributed to a burgeoning middle class and the rapid adoption of Western entertainment. European markets also show significant potential, driven by a strong cultural affinity for branded goods and strong retail networks.

Product Type Analysis

The merchandising franchise market is segmented by product type into apparel, toys, home décor, accessories, and others. Apparel is one of the most significant segments within this market. Branded clothing items such as t-shirts, hoodies, and caps featuring popular characters or logos are immensely popular among fans. The ability to wear their fandom acts as a form of personal expression for many consumers, thus driving the demand in this segment. Moreover, collaborations between high fashion brands and entertainment franchises have elevated the status of such apparel in the fashion world, contributing to its growth.

The toys segment is another substantial component of the merchandising franchise market. Action figures, dolls, and playsets from popular movies, TV shows, and video games are sought after by children and collectors alike. The emotional connection consumers, especially children, form with these characters drives the demand for toys. Furthermore, the collectibles market for limited edition and high-value toys has grown, adding another layer of demand. This segment is also buoyed by the cyclical release of new entertainment content, which continuously renews interest in associated toys.

Home décor products, including posters, bedding, furniture, and kitchenware, constitute a growing segment of the merchandising franchise market. Fans often seek to immerse themselves in their favorite worlds by incorporating themed items into their living spaces. The trend of thematic home décor is not only limited to children’s rooms but has also found a place in adult spaces, where subtle and stylish franchise-themed items have become popular. The expansion of themed retail stores has also helped in driving this segment.

Accessories such as bags, jewelry, and footwear represent another important segment. These items allow fans to carr

As of June 2025, "Avatar" (2009) was the most commercially successful movie of all time, grossing about 2.92 billion U.S. dollars at box offices across the globe. "Avengers: Endgame" (2019) and "Avatar: The Way of Water " (2022) followed, with revenues of around 2.8 billion and 2.32 billion dollars, respectively. Franchises and the pandemic impact In 2021, worldwide box office revenue grew by over 80 percent and reached 21.3 billion dollars. Yet the figure amounts to less than 51 percent of the value recorded in 2019, before the COVID-19 outbreak. Yet the success of "Spider-Man: No Way Home" (2021) suggests that the performance of major movie franchises at the box office may continue strong in a post-pandemic scenario. The format, which includes cases like the Marvel Cinematic Universe and Star Wars, has been a safe bet for Hollywood as it tends to pursue fans already interested in films part of consolidated brands. U.S. & Canada as a movie market Moviegoers in Canada and the U.S. usually turn to the largest players of this industry. North American cinema circuits such as AMC, Cineworld, Cinemark, and Cineplex have over 1.5 thousand sites spread across the two countries. Historically, movie genres like adventure and action attract most of the audience in the U.S. and Canada. Meanwhile, niches such as horror, romantic comedy (romcoms), and musicals rely largely on the most enthusiastic fans of each segment.

Entertainment Licensing Market Outlook

The global entertainment licensing market size reached USD 285.2 billion in 2023 and is expected to grow to USD 515.3 billion by 2032, exhibiting a CAGR of 6.8% during the forecast period. The robust growth of this market is driven by the increasing consumer demand for licensed merchandise and content, expanding digital platforms, and the rising popularity of global entertainment franchises.

One of the key factors driving the growth of the entertainment licensing market is the proliferation of digital platforms. With the advent of streaming services, online gaming, and e-commerce, content creators and licensors have unprecedented avenues to reach a global audience. Digital platforms enable seamless distribution and access to licensed content, fostering an environment where consumers can engage with their favorite entertainment properties more frequently and conveniently. This digital shift also allows for more effective and targeted marketing strategies, further boosting revenue streams for licensors.

Additionally, the sustained popularity of blockbuster franchises and characters in film, television, and gaming is a significant growth driver. Iconic entertainment properties generate a substantial demand for licensed products such as toys, apparel, and accessories. Companies capitalize on the enduring appeal of these franchises by continuously introducing new products and experiences, which helps in maintaining consumer interest and driving sales. Moreover, the expanding influence of social media and influencer marketing has amplified the reach and impact of these franchises, further enhancing market growth.

Another critical growth factor is the increasing consumer preference for personalized and unique entertainment experiences. Customization and limited edition merchandise have become popular trends among consumers who seek exclusive products that reflect their personal tastes and fandom. This trend has prompted licensors to innovate and diversify their product offerings to cater to niche markets. Furthermore, collaborations between entertainment properties and fashion brands or artists have given rise to high-demand, collectible items that contribute significantly to market expansion.

The concept of Film And Television Derivative works has become increasingly significant in the entertainment licensing market. These derivatives, which include spin-offs, sequels, and adaptations, allow content creators to extend the life and reach of popular franchises. By leveraging existing storylines and characters, licensors can create new content that appeals to both existing fans and new audiences. This strategy not only enhances the value of the original property but also opens up additional revenue streams through various licensing opportunities. As the demand for fresh and engaging content continues to rise, film and television derivatives play a crucial role in sustaining the growth of the entertainment licensing market.

Regionally, North America holds a prominent position in the entertainment licensing market, driven by the presence of major entertainment companies and a well-established consumer base. The region's well-developed infrastructure for content production and distribution, coupled with a strong culture of entertainment consumption, makes it a lucrative market for licensing activities. The Asia Pacific region is also witnessing rapid growth, fueled by the increasing disposable income of consumers, the rise of local content creators, and the growing popularity of international entertainment properties.

Product Type Analysis

The entertainment licensing market is segmented by product type into merchandise, publishing, digital content, music, and others. Merchandise licensing remains the dominant segment, accounting for a significant portion of the market revenue. This segment includes licensed toys, apparel, accessories, and more, which are driven by the continuous demand for tangible products related to beloved characters and franchises. The merchandise segment benefits from frequent collaborations between entertainment properties and popular retail brands, which helps in reaching a broader audience and ensuring product availability across various retail channels.

Publishing is another vital segment that encompasses licensed books, magazines, and comic publications. This segment thrives on the storytelling aspect of entertainment properties, allowin

Collectible Action Figure Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the collectible action figure market size reached USD 8.9 billion globally in 2024, demonstrating robust consumer demand and thriving collector communities worldwide. The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 7.4% from 2025 to 2033, with a projected value of USD 17.1 billion by the end of the forecast period. The primary growth factors driving this expansion include the increasing influence of pop culture, the proliferation of licensed entertainment franchises, and the rising popularity of online retail platforms. As per our latest research, these trends collectively underscore the marketÂ’s dynamic evolution and its appeal to a broad demographic spectrum.

One of the core growth drivers for the collectible action figure market is the unrelenting influence of global entertainment franchises, such as Marvel, DC, Star Wars, and various anime series. These franchises have cultivated massive fan bases that span generations and geographies, creating a sustained appetite for licensed collectibles. The synergy between blockbuster movie releases, streaming content, and merchandising has resulted in a continuous pipeline of new action figure launches that cater to both nostalgic collectors and new fans. As studios invest heavily in expanding cinematic universes and cross-media storytelling, the demand for officially licensed action figures is set to remain resilient, reinforcing the marketÂ’s upward trajectory.

Another significant factor fueling market growth is the increasing sophistication of manufacturing technologies and the advent of customization. Advancements in 3D printing, resin casting, and digital sculpting have enabled manufacturers to produce highly detailed, limited-edition figures that cater to discerning collectors. Customization options, such as personalized likenesses or bespoke accessories, have further elevated the appeal of collectible action figures, transforming them from mere toys into premium, artistic collectibles. These technological innovations have not only enhanced product quality but have also reduced production lead times, allowing brands to respond swiftly to emerging trends and consumer preferences.

The proliferation of digital commerce and online collector communities has also played a pivotal role in the growth of the collectible action figure market. E-commerce platforms and specialized online stores have democratized access to rare and exclusive figures, breaking down geographical barriers and enabling collectors to participate in global marketplaces. Social media, forums, and dedicated apps have fostered vibrant collector communities, where enthusiasts exchange knowledge, showcase collections, and drive secondary market activity. This digital transformation has expanded the marketÂ’s reach, increased transaction volumes, and provided brands with valuable insights into consumer behavior and emerging trends.

In recent years, the Art Toy movement has gained significant traction within the collectible action figure market. Art Toys, often characterized by their unique designs and limited production runs, are increasingly being recognized as a form of contemporary art. These toys appeal to both art enthusiasts and collectors, offering a blend of creativity and exclusivity. The rise of Art Toys is fueled by collaborations with renowned artists and designers, who bring their distinct styles to the world of collectibles. This trend not only diversifies the market but also attracts a new segment of consumers who value artistic expression and individuality in their collections. As the line between art and toys continues to blur, Art Toys are poised to become a staple in the collectible action figure landscape.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the collectible action figure market, driven by a strong culture of fandom, established retail infrastructure, and the presence of major entertainment studios. However, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region, fueled by rising disposable incomes, a burgeoning middle class, and the explosive popularity of anime and gaming franchises. Europe also demonstrates steady growth, supported by a rich tradition of toy collecting and a growing market for vintage and limited-edition figures. Each region exhibits unique consumer p

The Global Capsule Toy Market was valued at USD 620.19 Million in 2021 and is expected to reach USD 1,172.02 Million by the end of 2033, growing at a CAGR of 5.83% between 2025 to 2033.

North America accounted for market share of 23.37% in 2024.
Europe accounted for market share of 16.51% in 2024.
Asia Pacific accounted for market share of 54.84% in 2024.
South America accounted for market share of 2.36% in 2024.
Middle East accounted for market share of 1.91% in 2024.

Drivers of the Market

Rising Pop Culture Influence and Collectible Culture Is Driving Growth in the Global Capsule Toy Market

One of the strongest and most consistent drivers of growth in the global capsule toy market is the increasing influence of pop culture and the growing consumer interest in collectible items. This trend has created a deep emotional and aspirational value associated with capsule toys, turning them from mere novelty items into highly sought-after collectibles. As a result, manufacturers and marketers are capitalizing on this shift to expand their consumer base and enhance brand engagement. Pop Culture Licensing and Media Tie-ins Are Increasing Product Appeal Capsule toys often feature characters and themes from widely recognized pop culture franchises such as anime, movies, video games, cartoons, and comics. Popular franchises like Pokémon, Marvel, Disney, Hello Kitty, and Dragon Ball Z are frequently represented in capsule toy offerings. The emotional attachment and brand loyalty that fans have for these franchises significantly increase the perceived value of the toys, leading to higher demand. For instance,

Licensing continues to be a dominant force in the toy industry, with licensed products now accounting for a record 32% of the global market. While major movie franchises like Star Wars, Harry Potter, and Marvel continue to drive sales.

The fusion of pop culture influence and collectible culture has become a critical driver for the global capsule toy market. By tapping into emotional connections, brand nostalgia, and the human desire to collect, capsule toy makers have created a sustainable demand cycle. As long as entertainment franchises continue to captivate audiences and collectible culture remains strong, this driver will continue to fuel market expansion across both traditional and digital retail environments.

Restraint of the Market

Growing environmental concerns and anti-plastic sentiment are restraining the growth of the global capsule toy market

A significant restraint on the growth of the global capsule toy market is the increasing environmental scrutiny surrounding single-use plastics and non-biodegradable packaging, which are core components of most capsule toys. These toys are typically encased in small plastic shells and made from synthetic materials that contribute to plastic waste and pollution. With heightened public awareness of climate change, ocean pollution, and landfill overflows, both consumers and regulators are placing mounting pressure on industries that rely heavily on disposable plastic products. Governments in many countries are now implementing bans or restrictions on single-use plastics, and regulatory compliance is becoming more stringent, especially in Europe, North America, and parts of Asia. For instance,

Every day, the equivalent of 2,000 garbage trucks full of plastic are dumped into the world's oceans, rivers, and lakes. Plastic pollution is a global problem. Every year 19-23 million tonnes of plastic waste leaks into aquatic ecosystems, polluting lakes, rivers and seas.

This shift in environmental consciousness is impacting the market on multiple levels. Consumers particularly younger generations and parents are becoming more eco-conscious and may avoid purchasing products perceived as environmentally harmful. Retailers and shopping centers, especially those with sustainability commitments, may also be reluctant to host capsule toy vending machines unless they meet environmental standards. Additionally, the cost of transitioning to eco-friendly materials such as biodegradable capsules or recyclable toy components can be high, especially for small and mid-sized manufacturers with limited R&D budgets. Overall, while Japan showcases high recycling rates on paper, the underlying reality of low-quality plastic waste and overdependence on incineration or landfill reflects broader global challenges. This highli...

Action Figure Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global action figure market size reached USD 9.2 billion in 2024, exhibiting robust momentum with a CAGR of 6.1% during the forecast period. This growth trajectory is expected to propel the market to a projected value of USD 15.5 billion by 2033. The primary growth factor continues to be the expanding fan base for entertainment franchises, coupled with increasing investment from manufacturers in innovative designs and premium collectibles. The action figure market is benefiting from a surge in cross-generational appeal, with both children and adult collectors fueling demand across diverse product segments.

One of the key growth drivers for the action figure market is the enduring influence of global entertainment franchises. Major film and television releases, particularly within the superhero, fantasy, and sci-fi genres, have consistently driven spikes in demand for collectible and standard action figures. The proliferation of streaming services and digital media platforms has further amplified the reach and impact of these franchises, resulting in a wider and more engaged consumer base. Manufacturers are capitalizing on this trend by securing licensing agreements with popular intellectual properties, ensuring a steady pipeline of new product launches that resonate with both new and long-time fans.

Another significant factor contributing to market expansion is the evolution of consumer preferences toward premiumization and customization. Collectors and enthusiasts are increasingly seeking high-quality, limited-edition, and highly detailed action figures that offer greater value and exclusivity. This shift has prompted manufacturers to invest in advanced materials, improved articulation, and intricate paintwork, elevating the overall product offering. Furthermore, the rise of social media communities and online marketplaces has facilitated greater exposure and accessibility, making it easier for consumers to discover, trade, and purchase unique action figures from across the globe.

The integration of technology into action figures is also playing a pivotal role in shaping the market landscape. Features such as augmented reality (AR), interactive components, and app connectivity are redefining the traditional play experience and attracting a tech-savvy audience. These innovations are not only enhancing the play value for children but are also appealing to adult collectors who appreciate the fusion of nostalgia and modernity. As brands continue to experiment with digital enhancements, the action figure market is poised to capture new segments of consumers and sustain its growth trajectory well into the next decade.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific market is emerging as a powerhouse, driven by rising disposable incomes, a burgeoning youth population, and the growing influence of Japanese anime and gaming culture. North America remains a cornerstone for the industry, benefiting from a strong collector community and established retail infrastructure. Meanwhile, Europe is witnessing steady growth, particularly in countries with a rich tradition of comic and pop culture fandoms. As global connectivity increases and consumer tastes continue to diversify, the action figure market is expected to see robust expansion across all major regions.

In addition to action figures, the market for Statues and Figurines is experiencing a parallel surge in demand. These items, often crafted from materials like resin and metal, cater to collectors who appreciate the artistry and permanence of such pieces. Unlike action figures, which are typically designed for play, statues and figurines are primarily intended for display, offering intricate detailing and a sense of sophistication. This segment is particularly appealing to adult collectors and fans of specific franchises, who seek to showcase their passion through high-quality, static representations of beloved characters. As the market for action figures continues to grow, the complementary demand for statues and figurines is expected to rise, driven by the same consumer enthusiasm for pop culture and collectibles.

Digital Content Business Models Market Outlook

The global digital content business models market size was valued at approximately USD 250 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 600 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 10.5% during the forecast period. This substantial growth is driven by the increasing demand for digital content across various sectors including media, entertainment, healthcare, and education. A significant factor fueling this expansion is the rapid advancement in internet infrastructure, which has facilitated seamless access to digital content worldwide. Furthermore, the proliferation of smart devices has made digital content more accessible, transforming how consumers interact with media and entertainment. The evolving consumption patterns and the willingness of consumers to pay for premium content have also played a crucial role in the market's expansion.

One of the primary growth factors for the digital content business models market is the widespread adoption of smartphones and the increasing penetration of the internet. As more consumers gain access to high-speed internet, the consumption of digital content, including video, audio, text, and images, has surged. This trend is particularly pronounced in emerging markets where the rapid expansion of internet infrastructure is making digital content more accessible to a broader audience. Additionally, the shift towards digital transformation in various industries, including education and healthcare, has further amplified the demand for digital content. Educational institutions and healthcare providers are increasingly leveraging digital platforms to deliver content and services, thereby creating new opportunities for digital content business models.

The evolution of consumer preferences and the need for personalized content have also driven the growth of the digital content business models market. Consumers today seek tailored content experiences, which has led to the development of sophisticated algorithms that can recommend content based on individual preferences and viewing habits. Subscription-based and freemium models have gained popularity as they offer consumers the flexibility to access a wide array of content while enabling providers to generate steady revenue streams. Moreover, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies has enhanced the ability of digital content providers to deliver more relevant and engaging content, thereby boosting user engagement and retention.

The increasing importance of content monetization strategies is another key factor contributing to the marketÂ’s growth. As the digital content landscape becomes more competitive, content providers are exploring innovative ways to monetize their offerings. Advertising-based models, for instance, have evolved with the introduction of programmatic advertising and native ads, which enable more targeted and effective advertising campaigns. Transaction-based models are also gaining traction, particularly in the gaming and entertainment sectors, where consumers are willing to pay for exclusive content and experiences. These varied monetization strategies allow content providers to diversify their revenue streams and cater to different consumer segments, thereby enhancing their market presence.

The rise of Online paid content is reshaping the digital content landscape, offering new revenue opportunities for content creators and providers. As consumers increasingly seek high-quality, exclusive content, the willingness to pay for such experiences is growing. This trend is particularly evident in sectors like media and entertainment, where platforms are offering premium subscriptions for ad-free and early access to content. The shift towards online paid content is also being driven by the need for sustainable monetization strategies in a highly competitive market. By offering unique and valuable content, providers can attract a dedicated subscriber base, ensuring a steady revenue stream and fostering long-term customer loyalty.

Regionally, North America and Europe continue to dominate the digital content business models market, driven by high internet penetration rates and a strong consumer base willing to pay for digital content. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period, propelled by the rapid adoption of digital technologies and the increasing popularity of streaming services. Countries like China, India, and Japan are emerging as key markets for digital content providers, offeri

Pop Culture Merchandise Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global pop culture merchandise market size reached USD 37.2 billion in 2024, reflecting a robust industry that continues to thrive on the back of growing fandom communities and evolving consumer preferences. The market is expected to register a CAGR of 8.7% from 2025 to 2033, culminating in a projected value of USD 77.4 billion by 2033. This impressive growth trajectory is primarily driven by the expanding influence of digital media, increasing consumer engagement with pop culture icons, and the proliferation of licensed merchandise across both traditional and digital retail channels.

One of the most significant growth factors propelling the pop culture merchandise market is the widespread adoption of digital streaming platforms and social media, which have fundamentally transformed the way fans interact with and consume entertainment content. The rise of global franchises in movies, TV shows, video games, and music has cultivated vast and loyal fan bases, creating a fertile ground for merchandise sales. Digital platforms facilitate instant access to content, enabling fans to stay connected with their favorite icons and trends, which in turn drives demand for related products such as apparel, collectibles, and accessories. Furthermore, the viral nature of social media trends allows for rapid dissemination of merchandise releases, often resulting in immediate spikes in sales and heightened brand visibility.

Another key driver of market growth is the increasing emphasis on personalization and exclusivity in pop culture merchandise. Consumers, particularly millennials and Generation Z, are seeking unique and limited-edition products that allow them to express their individuality and allegiance to specific fandoms. This trend has prompted brands and manufacturers to collaborate closely with content creators, artists, and influencers to develop exclusive merchandise lines that resonate deeply with target audiences. Limited-edition drops, collaborative collections, and event-exclusive items have become commonplace, fueling both demand and perceived value among collectors and enthusiasts. The growing prevalence of e-commerce platforms further complements this trend by enabling global access to exclusive products, regardless of geographic location.

Moreover, the integration of advanced technologies such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and blockchain is revolutionizing the pop culture merchandise landscape. Brands are leveraging AR and VR to create immersive shopping experiences, allowing consumers to visualize products in real-world settings before making a purchase. Blockchain technology, on the other hand, is being utilized to authenticate collectibles and ensure provenance, thereby addressing concerns related to counterfeiting and enhancing consumer trust. These technological advancements not only improve the overall customer experience but also open up new avenues for product innovation and differentiation in an increasingly competitive market.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the global pop culture merchandise market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, followed closely by Europe and Asia Pacific. The United States, in particular, remains a key hub for pop culture phenomena, with Hollywood, major sports leagues, and the music industry serving as primary sources of merchandise inspiration. However, Asia Pacific is witnessing the fastest growth, driven by a burgeoning middle class, rising disposable incomes, and a deep-rooted affinity for pop culture, especially in countries like Japan, South Korea, and China. This regional diversification is fostering a more dynamic and resilient global market, with each region contributing unique trends and consumer behaviors to the overall industry landscape.

Branded Entertainment has become an integral aspect of the pop culture merchandise market, as brands increasingly collaborate with entertainment franchises to create immersive and engaging experiences for consumers. This approach not only enhances brand visibility but also deepens consumer loyalty by aligning products with beloved characters and storylines. By integrating branded entertainment into merchandise strategies, companies can tap into the emotional connections fans have with their fav

Description This submission is categorized under "LGF/A US", but also applies to "LGF/B US", increasing $ ADV and borrow. RECOMMENDATION: SHORT Lions Gate with 40-70% upside driven by 1) untenable leverage, 2) 25%+ misses on OIBDA (EBITDA equivalent), and 3) a failed spin process. DESCRIPTION: LGF consists of two businesses: (i) Studio (~2/3 of revenue) that produces, distributes, and licenses movies and TV shows and (ii) Starz (~1/3 of revenue), which is an on-demand TV offering that caters to niche audiences. short interest api stock value calculator Black Scholes Calculator THESIS 1: LGF has an untenable ~5-6x OIBDA leverage, a content library that doesn’t generate enough cash to de-lever, and accounting that disincents debt paydown. Investors will become frustrated by high and rising leverage, falling reported FCF, and a rising cost of debt LGF’s studio content has soured and new releases have underperformed (last 2 Rambos lost money, Saw is 2 movies past “Saw the Final Chapter”, the last Hunger Games was released 8 years ago and the newly released prequel is underperforming HSX.com expectations, the last Expendables underperformed, etc.). LGF’s new releases are financed with production loans that LGF now cannot afford to repay and have therefore ballooned to all-time highs (~300% above long-term median). While production loans are non-recourse, management will admit that LGF cannot default on its production loans (and never has) given LGF’s new releases / survival are reliant upon new production loan issuances. Moreover, LGF’s accounting disincents production loan repayment given production loan paydown is treated as a use of FCF, meaning repayment leads to reporting troubling negative FCF for a highly overlevered business. Additionally, LGF has sizable term loan + bond balances from overpaying for Starz and other poor managerial decisions. Therefore, LGF is stuck in a precarious situation in which they have elevated leverage, no path for repayment, and a deteriorating content slate, which will prove increasingly troubling for investors. THESIS 2: LGF will miss on OIBDA by 25%+, leading to a de-rating Desperate to lower leverage and show growth, management gave an overly aggressive guide for LTM 1Q23-LTM 1Q24. To hit the guide, LGF released titles across all of its remaining functional franchises including (i) John Wick, (ii) a John Wick spin TV show, (iii) Expendables, (iv) Saw, and (v) Hunger Games. A box office unit economics analysis indicates that new content releases alone will not be enough to hit the Studio guide. Therefore, to temporarily hit numbers, management was forced to aggressively license content by signing longer-term deals (revenue derived from licensing is recognized immediately irrespective of contract length, so signing a 5-year deal allows more revenue to be pulled forward and recognized than a 2-year deal). This pull-forward led LGF to print revenue / OIBDA numbers that cannot be sustained. Despite LGF’s unsustainable release slate and licensing, St is projecting MSD % revenue and mid-teens % OIBDA growth off the elevated LTM 1Q24 figures, setting LGF up for 20-30% OIBDA misses. As LGF misses, investors will become disappointed and leverage levels will rise, exacerbating investor frustration. THESIS 3: desperate for a permanent solution to its overleverage and declining content slate, management is attempting a spin that will asset strip at bondholders’ expense. Bondholders have picked up on this, formed a bond group to block the spin, and are succeeding. A failed spin will disappoint bulls, leading to a SoTP valuation that implies 40-60% downside Nancy Pelosi Stock Trades Tracker Congress Stock Trades Tracker To address overleverage and a declining content slate, management is turning to corporate actions to find a permanent solution. Management is attempting to strip the assets of value (the Studio) from LGF, leaving bondholders behind with only the low-quality assets (Starz). This will allow management to pursue a sale of the de-levered Studio post-spin and more value to be captured by Studio equity holders. However, this contemplated spin trips a change in control provision that states the bonds must be refi’d out if “all or substantially all” of the assets change hands given the Studio represents just about all or substantially all of LGF’s FMV. Management is attempting to argue that “all or substantially all” of the BOOK VALUE is not changing hands and so the change in control provision is not triggered, but this argument is a stretch. A bond group has formed to fight management on this and there are data points to indicate that they are winning (management has alluded to concessions, bonds are being repurchased in the pubic markets, the spin has been delayed 3x, etc.). If the bonds have to be refi’d out, the spin destroys shareholder value given the cost of debt for the bonds rises 3x+ from the current 5.5% coupon closer to the bonds’ current mid- to high-teens...

Some of the biggest sports empires in the world own not only entire franchises, but also sports media and hospitality businesses. The most valuable global sports empire in 2024 was Liberty Media, worth an estimated 18.22 billion U.S. dollars. The mass media company owns Formula One and has partial ownership of the Drone Racing League. Kroenke Sports & Entertainment Kroenke Sports & Entertainment, although not the largest sports empire in the world, has control over multiple sports franchises, a football club, various stadiums, eSports teams, TV channels, sports magazines, and more. One of the teams from the company’s football club is Arsenal F.C., a professional football club based in North London. Despite having stakes in companies outside of the U.S., Kroenke Sports & Entertainment is based in Denver, Colorado. Fenway Sports Group Fenway Sports Group, the third largest sports empire in the world, is an American multinational sports conglomerate that owns numerous sports teams such as the Boston Red Sox and the Pittsburgh Penguins. The former team has won nine world championships and ranked as the one of the most valuable franchises in Major League Baseball as of 2023. Similar to Kroenke Sports & Entertainment, Fenway Sports Group is based in the United States.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Trading Card Game market size is USD 6614.2 million in 2024 and will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.80% from 2024 to 2031.

North America Trading Card Game market held 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 2645.68 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.0% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe Trading Card Game market accounted for a share of 30% of the global market size of USD 1984.26 million.
Asia Pacific Trading Card Game market held 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1521.27 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.8% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America Trading Card Game market held 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 330.71 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.2% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa Trading Card Game market held 2% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 132.58 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.5% from 2024 to 2031.
Sales are boosted by the element of chance and the possibility of finding valuable or uncommon cards in booster packs. Cards with limited editions are much more collectible and have higher investment potential.
By offering a simple and quick way to play and collect cards, digital TCGs draw in new players and broaden their market appeal. Global player bases are fostered via online platforms that enable trading, forums, and competitions.

Market Dynamics of Trading Card Game Market

Key Drivers of Trading Card Game Market

Rise of Pop Culture and Franchise-based Collectibles 

The increasing impact of worldwide entertainment franchises such as Pokémon, Yu-Gi-Oh! , and Magic: The Gathering is fueling the demand for trading card games. These franchises possess dedicated fan bases that span multiple generations, intertwining gameplay elements with collectible appeal. As pop culture continues to blend with gaming and collecting, trading cards enjoy sustained consumer enthusiasm, a sense of nostalgia, and a regular influx of franchise-related content updates.

Growth in Competitive Esports and Organized Play 

The emergence of esports and competitive gaming has led to greater visibility and credibility for trading card tournaments. Organized play formats, available both offline and online, offer players objectives that extend beyond mere collection—such as rankings, prize money, and corporate sponsorships. This community-centric competitive atmosphere boosts long-term player engagement and drives ongoing card acquisitions.

Expansion of Online Marketplaces and Digital Platforms 

The boom in online trading, digital card assessments, and virtual adaptations of card games (such as MTG Arena or Pokémon TCG Live) has significantly broadened the scope of the trading card game sector. Players can now engage, gather, or trade on a global scale without the necessity of local shops. This digital incorporation lowers entry barriers and enhances market growth, particularly among younger, technologically inclined individuals.

Restraints of Trading Card Game Market

High Entry Costs and Scalping Issues 

For newcomers or occasional players, the expense of assembling competitive decks or obtaining rare cards can be excessively high. As rare and limited-edition cards gain popularity as investment opportunities, prices in the secondary market are frequently inflated by resellers and scalpers. This trend discourages authentic players and collectors from joining or remaining active in the hobby, which poses a long-term risk to the growth of the community.

Oversaturation and Consumer Burnout 

The constant release of new expansions, reprints, and limited editions can create market saturation. When an abundance of products is launched within a short timeframe, consumers may feel inundated, leading to fatigue and a decline in purchasing excitement. Furthermore, this ongoing influx can diminish the value of older cards and frustrate collectors striving to keep pace with the newest releases.

Limited Appeal Beyond Niche Demographics 

Despite their mainstream achievements, trading card games generally attract specific demographics—often skewing towards younger males...

The officially licensed merchandise market is a dynamic and expansive sector, projected to experience robust growth over the forecast period (2025-2033). While precise market size figures for 2025 are unavailable, a reasonable estimate, considering the involvement of major players like Disney, Nike, and others and referencing publicly available data on similar markets, could place the 2025 market size at approximately $150 billion USD. This substantial value is driven by several key factors, including the enduring appeal of popular intellectual property (IP), the increasing influence of social media trends on consumer purchasing decisions, and the strategic partnerships between brands and licensors. The market's growth is further fueled by innovative product development, expanding e-commerce channels, and the global reach of popular entertainment franchises. Key segments within the market include apparel, toys, and collectibles, each exhibiting strong individual growth trajectories. The competitive landscape is highly fragmented, with a mix of large multinational corporations and specialized licensing agencies vying for market share. The geographic distribution of revenue is expected to be globally diverse, with established markets in North America and Europe alongside rapidly developing markets in Asia and Latin America. Despite the promising outlook, certain challenges exist. Maintaining the authenticity and quality of licensed products is crucial to retain consumer trust. Counterfeit merchandise remains a significant threat, requiring ongoing efforts to combat its production and distribution. Furthermore, shifting consumer preferences and the emergence of new technologies necessitate continuous adaptation and innovation by market participants. The integration of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) experiences, for instance, represents a potent opportunity to enhance engagement with licensed products, offering a fresh approach to marketing and sales. Successful companies will be those adept at navigating these challenges and capitalizing on emerging trends to maintain their position within this fiercely competitive but lucrative market.

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Online Movie Market Size 2025-2029

The online movie market size is valued to increase by USD 86.46 billion, at a CAGR of 33% from 2024 to 2029. Rising popularity of online video streaming services will drive the online movie market.

Market Insights

North America dominated the market and accounted for a 44% growth during the 2025-2029.
By Application - Website segment was valued at USD 6.25 billion in 2023
By Platform - Smartphones segment accounted for the largest market revenue share in 2023

Market Size & Forecast

Market Opportunities: USD 911.09 million 
Market Future Opportunities 2024: USD 86461.80 million
CAGR from 2024 to 2029 : 33%

Market Summary

The market has witnessed significant growth in recent years, driven by the increasing popularity of video streaming services and the desire for a superior customer experience in the movie industry. This shift towards digital consumption has led to a surge in demand for on-demand content, enabling viewers to access movies and TV shows from anywhere, at any time. However, the availability of pirated video content on online platforms poses a significant challenge for market players. One real-world business scenario illustrating the importance of the market is that of supply chain optimization. A major movie studio, for instance, can leverage digital distribution to reduce costs associated with physical DVD production, shipping, and retailer markups.
By partnering with streaming platforms, they can reach a wider audience and generate revenue through subscription fees and advertisements. This not only enhances operational efficiency but also provides a more convenient and cost-effective solution for consumers. In conclusion, the market is a dynamic and evolving landscape, characterized by the rise of video streaming services, the quest for a superior customer experience, and the challenges posed by piracy. As technology continues to advance and consumer preferences shift towards digital content, market players must adapt and innovate to stay competitive.

What will be the size of the Online Movie Market during the forecast period?

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The market continues to evolve at an unprecedented pace, with recent studies indicating a 25% year-on-year increase in streaming subscriptions worldwide. This trend is reshaping the media landscape, forcing traditional broadcasters and studios to reevaluate their product strategies. Compliance with data privacy regulations, such as GDPR and CCPA, is a significant concern for market players. As of 2022, over 60% of global internet users have streamed movies or TV shows online, with the US market accounting for nearly 30% of the total revenue.
The shift to digital content consumption is undeniable, offering significant opportunities for innovation and growth. Companies are investing in advanced technologies like AI and machine learning to improve user experiences, personalize recommendations, and optimize content delivery. The market is poised for continued expansion, making it an exciting space for businesses to explore.

Unpacking the Online Movie Market Landscape

In the dynamic the market, businesses leverage advanced technologies to deliver high-quality streaming experiences to consumers. Compared to traditional distribution methods, online platforms offer a 30% reduction in content delivery costs and a 50% faster time-to-market. Payment gateway integration ensures secure payment processing, while content delivery networks optimize video delivery for improved user experience. Peer-to-peer streaming and adaptive bitrate technology enhance streaming infrastructure efficiency. Recommendation algorithms and user profile management personalize content, driving higher user engagement and retention. Content moderation tools and digital rights management safeguard against copyright infringement. Web application frameworks, search indexing techniques, and metadata tagging standards facilitate easy content access. API integration services and server load balancing ensure seamless user experience during high-traffic events. Virtual and augmented reality support adds an immersive dimension to the movie-watching experience. Data analytics platforms provide valuable insights for business growth and ROI improvement.

Key Market Drivers Fueling Growth

The surge in the popularity of online video streaming services is the primary market driver, significantly influencing consumer preferences and industry growth.

Online video streaming has become a significant disruptor in the movie and entertainment industry, offering on-demand access to various types of video content, including movies and TV series, via the Internet. Both premium and free services are available from providers such as Netflix and Amazon Prime. The integration of online streaming platforms has led to a paradigm shift in the film

Anime And Comics PVC Figures Market Outlook

The global market size for Anime and Comics PVC Figures is projected to witness substantial growth, with its market value in 2023 estimated at $1.5 billion and anticipated to rise to $3.8 billion by 2032, reflecting a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.2%. This remarkable growth can be attributed to several factors including rising demand for collectible merchandise among fans, increasing global popularity of anime and comic franchises, and the growing culture of fandom and conventions.

One of the primary growth factors for the Anime and Comics PVC Figures market is the exponential rise in the popularity of anime and comic series worldwide. Streaming platforms and the internet have made these genres more accessible, leading to a burgeoning fan base. As a result, the demand for related merchandise, including PVC figures, has seen an unprecedented surge. Additionally, the expansion of anime and comic conventions has created a thriving market for these collectibles, driving producers to diversify their offerings to cater to a broader audience.

Another significant growth driver is the increasing disposable income, particularly among the younger demographics who are more inclined towards spending on entertainment and collectibles. The millennial and Gen Z populations are known for their strong affinity for anime and comics, and their growing purchasing power has significantly boosted the market. Furthermore, advancements in manufacturing technologies have enabled the production of high-quality, detailed, and affordable PVC figures, making them more accessible to a wider audience.

The role of social media and online communities cannot be understated when discussing the growth of this market. Platforms such as Instagram, Twitter, and various forums have allowed fans to share their collections, discuss their favorite series, and stay updated on new releases. This online presence has not only fueled interest in PVC figures but has also provided manufacturers with direct insights into consumer preferences and trends, enabling them to tailor their products accordingly. Collaborations between figure manufacturers and popular franchises have also propelled the market forward by creating exclusive, limited-edition figures that drive demand.

Action Figures have become a cornerstone in the world of collectibles, offering fans a tangible connection to their favorite characters and stories. These figures are not just toys; they are meticulously crafted representations that capture the essence of beloved heroes and villains from anime and comics. The appeal of Action Figures lies in their versatility and the ability to pose them in dynamic stances, making them ideal for display and photography. Collectors often seek out rare and limited edition Action Figures, which can become valuable over time. The market for these figures is continually expanding as new series and characters are introduced, fueling a cycle of anticipation and excitement among fans. Manufacturers are constantly innovating, incorporating new materials and technologies to enhance the realism and detail of Action Figures, ensuring they remain a sought-after commodity in the collectibles market.

From a regional perspective, the Asia Pacific region holds a dominant position in the market due to its deep-rooted culture of anime and manga consumption, particularly in countries like Japan and South Korea. North America and Europe are also significant markets, driven by the growing popularity of anime and comics in these regions and the presence of large-scale conventions and fan communities. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are emerging markets with considerable growth potential, as anime and comic franchises continue to penetrate these regions.

Product Type Analysis

When it comes to the product type segment of the Anime and Comics PVC Figures market, action figures hold a substantial share. These figures are often intricately designed and articulated, allowing for poseability which appeals greatly to both collectors and hobbyists. The popularity of action figures is reinforced by the frequent release of new series and characters from ongoing and new anime and comic franchises. Limited edition action figures, often released in conjunction with major events or anniversaries, also drive significant market activity.

Statues, another significant sub-segment, cater more to adult collectors who val

Tourism Vacation Franchising Market Outlook

The global market size for tourism vacation franchising was valued at approximately USD 120 billion in 2023 and is expected to surpass USD 210 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 6.5% over the forecast period. This substantial growth is driven by rising disposable incomes, increased openness to travel, and the growing preference for franchised travel solutions that offer brand reliability and customer trust.

One of the primary growth factors for the tourism vacation franchising market is the increasing disposable income of middle-class populations worldwide. This economic uplift enables more individuals and families to allocate funds for leisure and travel activities. Additionally, the rising popularity of experiential travel, where tourists seek unique and culturally enriching experiences, has significantly contributed to the growth of this market. Franchised travel agencies and tour operators are well-positioned to offer such curated experiences, thereby attracting a broader customer base.

Another significant driver is the growing trend of digital transformation in the travel industry. The adoption of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and mobile applications has revolutionized the way travel services are marketed and sold. Franchises that embrace these technological advancements offer enhanced customer experiences and streamlined operations, which in turn boosts their market appeal. Furthermore, the integration of online platforms and social media marketing has amplified the reach of franchise-based travel services, making them more accessible to a global audience.

The preference for brand reliability and standardized services is another crucial factor driving market growth. Travelers increasingly seek the assurance of quality and consistency, which franchised travel services are known to provide. Established franchises offer standardized service protocols, comprehensive support systems, and strong brand reputations, which foster customer trust and loyalty. This brand consistency is particularly appealing to millennial and Gen Z travelers who value reliability and are less inclined to take risks with unknown travel providers.

The role of Hotels, Resorts and Cruise Lines in the tourism vacation franchising market is pivotal, as they provide the essential infrastructure and services that support the entire travel ecosystem. These establishments not only offer accommodation but also enhance the overall travel experience with amenities such as fine dining, recreational activities, and entertainment options. The integration of hotels and resorts with franchised travel services ensures that travelers receive a consistent and high-quality experience, which is crucial for building brand loyalty. Moreover, cruise lines have become increasingly popular as they offer unique travel experiences that combine transportation and accommodation, allowing travelers to explore multiple destinations in a single trip. The synergy between franchised travel services and these hospitality providers is a key factor in the market's growth, as it enables seamless travel experiences that cater to diverse customer preferences.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific market is experiencing remarkable growth, primarily due to the rising middle-class population and the surge in outbound tourism from countries like China and India. The North American market remains robust, driven by a well-established travel industry infrastructure and high consumer spending on travel and leisure activities. Meanwhile, the European market is seeing steady growth, backed by the regionÂ’s rich cultural heritage and diverse travel offerings. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa regions are also emerging as significant markets due to improving economic conditions and increasing investment in tourism infrastructure.

Franchise Type Analysis

The tourism vacation franchising market can be segmented by franchise type, including travel agencies, tour operators, accommodation services, transportation services, and others. Travel agencies represent a significant portion of this market, as they serve as the primary point of contact for travelers seeking various travel-related services. Franchised travel agencies offer a range of services, from booking flights and hotels to planning comprehensive travel itineraries, ensuring a seamless travel experience for customers. This segment benefits greatly from br

As of early 2024, "Star Wars: Episode VII – The Force Awakens" (2015) remained the most successful Star Wars movie in the United States and Canada based on box office revenue. The seventh installment of the franchise grossed more than 936 million U.S. dollars, whereas the most recent release, "Star Wars: Episode IX: The Rise of Skywalker" (2019), ranked fourth at around 515 million dollars.

The Star Wars financial empire

Star Wars is one of the most successful multimedia franchises in cinematic history. Ever since the release of "Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope" in 1997, millions of viewers have flocked to the cinema to see their favorite characters in action. More than four decades, nine star-studded films, and a variety of prequels, sequels, and spin-offs later, the Star Wars multiverse ranks among the two highest-grossing movie franchises worldwide, with global box office takings of around 10.33 billion U.S. dollars. As of 2023, the science-fiction saga's seventh installment also maintained its spot among the five most profitable movies of all time.

The age of rising production costs

It is safe to say that visual innovation, special effects, and a high overall production standard are some of the main appeals of blockbuster movie franchises such as Star Wars and the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Unsurprisingly, this strive for visual and technological excellence is also reflected in production budgets. Data on the production costs of Star Wars movies showed that the filming of "Star Wars: Episode VIII – The Last Jedi" (2017) had cost an impressive 317 million U.S. dollars. Meanwhile, the production costs of "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides" (2011) reached nearly 380 million, making it the most expensive film production worldwide.