According to a survey conducted in 2020 in China, around ** percent of women with children in China worked full-time jobs, increasing from **** percent in 2018. In the meanwhile, about *** percent of surveyed mothers either worked part-time or run a sideline.

The marital and family labor force statistics (FM) database from the Current Population Survey reflects data published each year in the news release, Employment Characteristics of Families. At the present time, only data for persons are available in the FM database. Person data include employment status by marital status and presence and age of own children. For example, the FM database includes the labor force participation rate of mothers with children under age 6 (series FMUP1378865).

The Periodic Labor Force Survey conducted from July 2022 to June 2023 found that over ** percent of mothers in India quit or are out of the workforce. The labor force participation rate among rural mothers was higher than their urban counterparts. On average, the labor force participation was highest for mothers when the child was in the age***********************. Policy attention to childcare and maternity leave policies could help reduce the number of mothers out of the workforce.

Since 1990, the employment rate of women in the United States has stayed more or less steady, reaching a peak of 57.5 percent in 2000. In 1990, the female employment rate was 54.3 percent, and in 2024, the employment rate was 55.2. Women in the workforce There have historically been fewer women than men in the workforce. Additionally, women face many hurdles to equal treatment when they are employed, such as wage discrepancies, sexual harassment, and being expected to carry out the majority of household and family related tasks even while working full-time. Women have historically been the primary caregivers and homemakers through many cultures worldwide. Despite this, the number of women joining the workforce has increased globally. Women in history faced the additional barrier of not being able to attend university, which barred them from gaining an education and access to professional job. However, as our cultures have modernized, women have been granted equal access to university in many societies. In 2014 in the United States, the number of university degrees awarded to women exceeded that of men for the first time. In 2021, 39.1 percent of women had completed at least four years of university compared to 36.6 percent of men. Despite this, the unemployment rate of women in the United States has fluctuated significantly since 1990. In 2021, Nebraska was the state with the highest percentage of women participating in the civilian labor force, second to the District of Columbia. The wage gap Today, the wage gap is still a problem for women, although improvements have been made. There is no state in the U.S. where women earn more than men, but women in Vermont had the smallest wage gap to men in 2021. Additionally, there are no occupations in which women out-earn men, even in occupations that traditionally employ more women. A more detailed look at wage inequality in the United States can be found here.

United States Employment: Non Farm Payroll: sa: MoM data was reported at 177.000 Person th in Apr 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 228.000 Person th for Mar 2025. United States Employment: Non Farm Payroll: sa: MoM data is updated monthly, averaging 163.000 Person th from Feb 1939 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 1035 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,631.000 Person th in Jun 2020 and a record low of -20,471.000 Person th in Apr 2020. United States Employment: Non Farm Payroll: sa: MoM data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.G: Current Employment Statistics: Employment: Non Farm Payroll: Seasonally Adjusted.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of the presence and number of children on Brazilian women’s participation in the labor market and job quality. Data from Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego for six metropolitan regions were used in logistic regression models to assess whether women with and without children differ in terms of probabilities of labor market participation, precariousness of occupation, part-time work and self-employment. Results for men are also analyzed as a counterpoint. The presence of children, especially children of preschool age, significantly affects women's labor market access, reducing the likelihood of participation and increasing the odds of precarious work, part-time work and self-employment. For men, the results are less consistent and often the presence of children is not statistically significant. The conclusion is that gender roles need to be redefined to accommodate the different social roles played by women so that the penalties they face when seeking to reconcile work and family are alleviated.

We provide the data and code (in Matlab/Stata) for the project 'Grandmothers' Labor Supply'.The labor supply effects of becoming a grandmother are not well established in the empirical literature. We use high-quality administrative data from Austria to estimate the effect of grandmotherhood on the labor supply decision of older workers. Under the assumption that grandmothers cannot predict the exact date of conception of their grand-child, we identify the effect of the first grandchild on employment (extensive margin). Our Timing-of-Events approach shows that having a first grandchild increases the probability of leaving the labor market by 9 percent. This effect is stronger when informal childcare is more valuable to the mother, and when grandmothers live close to the grandchild. To assess the effect of an additional grandchild (intensive margin), we estimate the reduced-form effect of a twin-birth among the first grandchild on grandmothers’ labor supply. Our estimations show a significant effect of a further grandchild. Our results highlight the important influence of the extended family on the decisions of older workers and point to heterogeneity across institutional settings and families.

The study "Leaving the Shadows Behind? Effects of Domestic Workers Reform on Mothers' Formal Employment" attempts to answer the question: What happens when new labor regulations are implemented and enforced while a welfare cash transfer is already in place? It does so by analyzing the effects on employment and formality resulting from the introduction of Argentine National Law 26.844 ('Private Homes Employee's Regime') in April 2013, differentiated by the age of the domestic worker's youngest child. The data source for this analysis comes from the Argentinean National Household Survey (EPH, for its name in Spanish) for the period 2010-2015. The EPH is collected by the National Institute of Statistics (INDEC) and contains quarterly individual and household microdata for 32 urban areas representing 62 percent of the country's total population (Garganta and Gasparini, 2015). The EPH follows a rotation scheme in which a household in a certain area enters the sample for two quarters in a row, retires for the next two quarters, and returns for two more quarters. In this case, the panel structure of the survey was not exploited because of the small number of domestic workers sampled before and after the reform. As such, each quarterly observation is used as a repeated cross-section with standard errors clustered in the urban area. The final sample consists of women aged between 18 and 59 years who are Argentinean residents, mothers with children in the household, either single or married to an unregistered spouse and who self-identify as domestic workers. The former means that the woman states that domestic work is either her main activity or, if unemployed, that her last occupation is domestic work. The EPH contains detailed self-reported information on domestic workers living in their own dwellings, including their household and job characteristics. Domestic workers who co-reside with their employers are excluded from this analysis because they represent a small number of observations in the sample and because no household information is available for them. The sample also excludes workers who (if employed) have been working for the same employer for more than 25 years, and those who work for over 50 hours per week. The previous is an attempt to make the groups of domestic workers with children below 18 years old and with children 18 years old or above more comparable. Methods The data used in this study were obtained from sources in the public domain: EPH. “Microdatos y Documentos 2003–2015.” & " “Microdatos y Documentos 2016–2018.” https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Institu cional- Indec- BasesDeDatos. Data files at the Individual and Household level were downloaded from the National Institute of Statistics (INDEC) and processed using Stata 14. See directions to download these data in the README.

Trends in employment activity by family type, between April and June 2012 and April to june 2021

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

This project examined the psychological processes and demographic variables which predict the decisions women make about returning to work after they have their first child. A cohort survey of 413 women was carried out - questionnaire surveys were conducted in pregnancy and at six and 12 months post-partum. In addition, a sub-sample of 52 women took part in semi-structured interviews (not included in this dataset), where work plans, attitudes and beliefs were explored. The aims of this research were threefold: to examine the psychological processes and demographi variables behind women's decisions about work and childcare after they have their first child; to explore changes in attitudes, beliefs, norms and identity as a function of becoming a mother and beginning a new pattern of work and/or childcare; and to look at the impact of employment/childcare choices on family relationships and psychological well-being.
Main Topics:

The dataset contains coded responses to the three questionnnaires. The first questionnaire (Time 1) was conducted in the later stages of the respondent's pregnancy, Time 2 was conducted when the child was six months old, and Time 3 around the time of the child's first birthday. The data cover pregnancy, motherhood, attitudes to childcare and working mothers, health, employment issues and domestic roles.

Standard Measures
Likert scales were used in the questionnaires.

Labor force, female (% of total labor force) in Indonesia was reported at 39.36 % in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Indonesia - Labor force, female - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

In France, as in the US, a mother's labor market participation is influenced by the sex composition of her two eldest siblings. This paper shows that it is also affected by the sex composition of the eldest siblings of the other mothers living in the same close neighborhood. Using the sex composition of neighbors' eldest siblings as an instrumental variable, we identify a significant elasticity of own labor market participation to neighbors' participation. We present supportive evidence by comparing the estimates under two regimes for family benefits (pre- and post-1994 reform) and using quarter of birth as an alternative instrument. (JEL J16, J22)

Employment rate of parents living with dependent children as a couple or lone parent by age of the youngest child in the UK.

In a survey conducted by Milieu Insight on working women in Singapore conducted on April 2024, ** percent of respondents stated that they would like to see flexible work hours or remote work options be implemented in their workplace to better support working mothers. In comparison, ** percent stated that they would like to see the implementation of parental support groups or networks in their workplace.

According to a survey conducted in South Korea for the time period of 2023, only eight percent of respondents stated that they returned to work after maternity leave. 15 percent took childcare leave after finishing their maternity leave.

United States Non Farm Payroll Nowcast: sa: MoM: Contribution: Labour Market: Unemployment Insurance: Covered Employment data was reported at 0.649 % in 12 May 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.367 % for 05 May 2025. United States Non Farm Payroll Nowcast: sa: MoM: Contribution: Labour Market: Unemployment Insurance: Covered Employment data is updated weekly, averaging 0.124 % from Jan 2020 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 277 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.756 % in 03 Feb 2025 and a record low of 0.000 % in 16 Jan 2023. United States Non Farm Payroll Nowcast: sa: MoM: Contribution: Labour Market: Unemployment Insurance: Covered Employment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Employment: Non Farm Payroll.

United States Non Farm Payroll Nowcast: sa: MoM: Contribution: Labour Market: Unemployment Insurance: Unemployment Rate: sa data was reported at 0.029 % in 12 May 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.876 % for 05 May 2025. United States Non Farm Payroll Nowcast: sa: MoM: Contribution: Labour Market: Unemployment Insurance: Unemployment Rate: sa data is updated weekly, averaging 0.123 % from Jan 2020 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 277 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 40.397 % in 06 Apr 2020 and a record low of 0.000 % in 28 Apr 2025. United States Non Farm Payroll Nowcast: sa: MoM: Contribution: Labour Market: Unemployment Insurance: Unemployment Rate: sa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Employment: Non Farm Payroll.

We randomly offered a childcare subsidy, an equivalent cash grant, or both to mothers of three-to-five-year-old children. The childcare subsidy substantially increased labor supply and earnings of single mothers, highlighting the importance of time constraints for them. Among couples, childcare did not affect mothers’ labor market outcomes but instead increased fathers’ salaried employment. At the household level, childcare led to higher income, consumption and improved child development. Cash grants positively affected mothers’ labor supply and income irrespective of the household structure, suggesting the general importance of credit constraints for women’s business development.

We estimate the effect of early child development on maternal labor force participation. Mothers of poorly developing children may remain at home to care for their children. Alternatively, mothers may enter the labor force to pay for additional educational and health resources. Which action dominates is the empirical question we answer in this paper. We control for the potential endogeneity of child development by using an instrumental variables approach, uniquely exploiting exogenous variation in child development associated with child handedness. We find that a one unit increase in poor child development decreases maternal labor force participation by approximately 10 percentage points. (JEL J13, J16, J22)

These are aggregate files of labor force participation for mothers, fathers, and women not living with own children. Read ReadMe.txt file first for definitions and codes. Generated using the Current Population Survey monthly files from ipums.org. These files are meant to encourage discussion and analysis of labor force participation of mothers in comparison to fathers and women without own children in their home.