As of October 2021, single-family dwelling units made up over 81 percent of the housing stock in the United States. The size of single-family housing units has steadily risen since the start of the 21st century.

The U.S. multifamily housing market has experienced a significant increase in supply over the past 10 years. In 2023, the number of units completed reached 450,000 units, marking a notable increase from the previous year's 368,000 units. This uptick comes after a period of a spike in multifamily construction starts. Nevertheless, forecasts suggest a decline in future supply as construction starts decline in 2024 and 2025. Despite these fluctuations, multifamily housing remains a significant share of the U.S. housing stock. Multifamily buildings are a popular choice among renters, with approximately 21 million American households occupying a rental home in a residential building with more than two units.

HUD's Real Estate Assessment Center conducts physical property inspections of properties that are owned, insured or subsidized by HUD, including public housing and multifamily assisted housing. About 20,000 such inspections are conducted each year to ensure that assisted families have housing that is decent, safe, sanitary and in good repair. This page provides a full historical view of the results of those inspections, providing point-in-time property scores. Results are available for download as a comma-delimited dataset. Separate datasets are available for public housing and for multifamily assisted properties. The results represent the inspections conducted from 2001 through January 2015. The dataset includes property identifiers and location information.

Detailed descriptions of the inspection processes can be found in Federal Register notices 66 FR 59084 for public housing and 65 FR77230 for Office of Housing programs.

Making these inspection details available will enable researchers, advocacy groups and the general public to 1) better understand the physical condition of the HUD-assisted housing stock, as well as changes in the stock over time; 2) hold providers accountable for housing quality; and 3) plan for future affordable housing needs.

Graph and download economic data for Housing Inventory Estimate: Total Housing Units in the United States (ETOTALUSQ176N) from Q2 2000 to Q1 2025 about inventories, housing, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for New Privately-Owned Housing Units Started: Units in Buildings with 5 Units or More (HOUST5F) from Jan 1959 to May 2025 about 5-unit structures +, housing starts, privately owned, housing, and USA.

The U.S. multifamily vacancy rate increased slightly in 2023, after reaching one of the lowest levels on record in 2022. Approximately *** percent of multifamily homes were vacant in the fourth quarter of 2023. Despite the increase, this figure was notably lower than the long-term historical average. U.S. multifamily housing sector Multifamily housing, refers to a housing type where multiple apartments are contained within one housing unit, or when several buildings form a larger complex. Construction of such houses has been on the rise, as the industry struggles to meet housing demand. The average size of such a housing unit was ***** square feet. Popularity among investors Multifamily housing accounted for almost ** percent of the housing stock in the United States in 2021. This type of real estate is popular among investors because it tends to generate a steady cash flow, and be easy to obtain financing for.

The majority of the housing stock in the United States is single-family detached houses. Of the total 133.2 million housing units in 2023, about 85.3 million were detached homes and 8.2 million were attached single-family homes. In comparison, roughly 32.6 million units were in multifamily buildings.

Russia Residential Housing Stock: Average Apartment Area data was reported at 55.300 sq m in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 54.900 sq m for 2016. Russia Residential Housing Stock: Average Apartment Area data is updated yearly, averaging 50.800 sq m from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2017, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 55.300 sq m in 2017 and a record low of 47.700 sq m in 1995. Russia Residential Housing Stock: Average Apartment Area data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Russian Federation – Table RU.EE004: Residential Housing Stock: Average Apartment Area.

The drastic need for apartments has led to an expansion for apartment and condominium construction contractors over the past five years. Still, changing interest rates have led to years of expansion and contractions for contractors. Overall, revenue has been increasing at a CAGR of 3.8% to total an estimated $91.8 billion through the end of 2025, including an estimated 2.2% increase in 2025. Low interest rates amid the pandemic led residential investment to swell, which included apartment complexes. As inflationary concerns and interest rate hikes lingered, many contractors delayed construction, leading to a contraction in 2023 as housing starts sank. Profit has risen slightly as materials price inflation has cooled and contractors have been able to adjust their rates, passing along higher prices to customers. This has also been a driver of revenue growth. Multifamily complexes are still very much needed as young professionals and immigrants move to major cities, leading to growth in 2025. Home prices are set to see slower growth in the coming years than in the previous five, causing a shift in the housing market back to homeownership. Also, continued rate cuts will incentivize home construction. Mortgage rates have remained stubbornly high in the face of cuts to the federal funds rate, however. Elevated mortgage rates will keep buying a house out of reach for many, pushing more people to rent. Apartment construction is set to continue to account for the growing population in the US. Affordable housing complexes remain crucial in many large cities and will be needed as more people enter. Rental vacancies will continue threatening contractors, as many consumers may split housing with roommates and fulfill current stock to save money. Overall, industry revenue is forecast to expand at a CAGR of 1.8% to total an estimated $100.5 billion through the end of 2030.

Multifamily Portfolio datasets (section 8 contracts) - The information has been compiled from multiple data sources within FHA or its contractors. HUD oversees more than 22,000 privately owned multifamily properties, and more than 1.4 million assisted housing units. These homes were originally financed with FHA-insured or Direct Loans and many are supported with Section 8 or other rental assistance contracts. Our existing stock of affordable rental housing is a critical resource for seniors and families who otherwise would not have access to safe, decent places to call home.

Despite the pandemic's broader economic disruptions, low interest rates in 2020 initially fueled a housing market boom driven by work-from-home orders and a shift toward residential construction. This surge was a lifeline for builders amid economic turbulence. However, the tide turned in 2022 and 2023 as the Federal Reserve's interest rate hikes curbed housing investments, dampening consumer enthusiasm and slowing residential construction activity. Low housing stock and rate cuts late in 2024 led to growth in single-family housing starts, boosting revenue. Single-family home development climbed in more affordable and less densely populated areas in 2024, but new multifamily developments have plummeted. Industry revenue has been climbing at a CAGR of 0.8% over the past five years to total an estimated $233.5 billion in 2025, including an estimated increase of 0.2% in 2025 alone. The initial boom in 2020 and 2021 led to one of the most significant expansions in home-building in recent memory, yet interest rate hikes soon tempered this growth. As smaller-scale developers struggled with escalating construction costs and regulatory hurdles, larger, financially robust companies like DR Horton, Lennar and PulteGroup managed to thrive and expand their operations. These larger companies maximized their market share, leveraging their resources to navigate the challenging economic climate and maintain momentum despite the pressures of rising material costs and labor shortages. These rising material costs and labor shortages have driven up purchase and wage costs, contributing to profit declines over the past five years. Expected interest rate cuts will boost housing developers. Developers will benefit from these favorable conditions, especially those who strategically invest in less densely populated areas to meet the growing appetite for affordable housing. Rate cuts will also provide relief to smaller housing developers more sensitive to interest rate fluctuations. Sustainability also looms on the horizon, with tax incentives and energy-efficient building standards encouraging developers to explore eco-friendly construction. Still, rising material costs and labor shortages will continue to stifle profit growth and increase housing prices. Larger companies will continue to gain market share, strategically developing homes near areas with strong job growth near new large manufacturing facilities. Industry revenue is forecast to expand at a CAGR of 1.4% to total an estimated $250.6 billion through the end of 2030.

Russia Residential Housing Stock: Average Apartment Area: Four & More Rooms data was reported at 106.900 sq m in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 105.600 sq m for 2016. Russia Residential Housing Stock: Average Apartment Area: Four & More Rooms data is updated yearly, averaging 93.200 sq m from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2017, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 106.900 sq m in 2017 and a record low of 77.300 sq m in 1995. Russia Residential Housing Stock: Average Apartment Area: Four & More Rooms data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Russian Federation – Table RU.EE004: Residential Housing Stock: Average Apartment Area.

Building Permits in the United States decreased to 1394 Thousand in May from 1422 Thousand in April of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Building Permits - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

A large stock of multifamily buildings in the Northeast and Midwest uses hot water or steam for space heating. Typically, residents do not pay for heat directly (i.e., heating fuel serves a central plant and use is not submetered). Losses from these systems are typically high, and a significant number of apartments are overheated much of the time. This is often evidenced by open windows on winter days. Controls and distribution are often faulty, and improving them can be more cost effective than replacing boilers. Thermostatic radiator valves (TRVs), which have been in use for many decades, are one potential strategy to combat this problem. They are commonly used in Europe and in other markets such as commercial buildings, but have not been widely accepted by the residential retrofit market in the northeastern United States. Anecdotal evidence suggests that heating systems engineers and contractors have a variety of opinions about their effectiveness, illustrating a lack of consensus on this potentially important energy efficiency measure. A review of the limited available literature revealed that, in one study, heating fuel savings as high as 15% was achieved through TRV retrofits. In this project, the U.S. Department of Energy Building America team, Advanced Residential Integrated Energy Solutions, sought to better understand the current usage of TRVs by key market players in steam and hot water heating and to conduct limited experiments on the effectiveness of new and old TRVs as a means of controlling space temperatures and reducing heating fuel consumption. The project included a survey of industry professionals, a field experiment comparing old and new TRVs, and cost-benefit modeling analysis using BEopt (Building Energy Optimization software). Radiator and apartment space temperature data were collected and analyzed for two similar apartment units in a building that underwent a one-pipe steam TRV retrofit. Space temperature comparisons were made across the pre- and post-TRV installation heating periods and between rooms equipped with old or new TRVs in an attempt to show the comparative effectiveness of each vintage of TRV. Analyses of the heating fuel utility bills before and after the building-wide TRV installation were conducted to quantify potential savings. The results of the field experiment and utility bill analysis did not show energy savings at either the unit or the building-wide level. The results provided inconclusive answers to the original study questions but provided valuable insight into common steam system imbalance and resident behavior issues that are critical to address in conjunction with TRV retrofits. Specific issues identified included steam distribution imbalance, possible TRV sensor location issues, a persistent window-opening habit, and a failure to optimize the boiler control set points as part of the TRV retrofit. The lack of heating fuel savings underscored the need to include whole steam system commissioning alongside or as a prerequisite to TRVs. Failed air vents and uneven steam main venting are critical to address either in conjunction with or before a TRV installation. Monitoring existing space temperatures before a retrofit strategy is chosen would allow the consultant and building owner to better assess the potential benefits of a whole-building TRV retrofit, selective installation of TRVs in some units, or simply balancing the steam distribution venting. Further gaps in the understanding of underlying processes that allow TRVs to function effectively were also identified and are presented as opportunities for future research.

Russia Residential Housing Stock: Average Apartment Area: Two-Room data was reported at 48.900 sq m in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 48.600 sq m for 2016. Russia Residential Housing Stock: Average Apartment Area: Two-Room data is updated yearly, averaging 45.900 sq m from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2017, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 48.900 sq m in 2017 and a record low of 44.700 sq m in 1995. Russia Residential Housing Stock: Average Apartment Area: Two-Room data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Russian Federation – Table RU.EE004: Residential Housing Stock: Average Apartment Area.

Russia Residential Housing Stock: Average Apartment Area: Three-Room data was reported at 66.100 sq m in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 65.600 sq m for 2016. Russia Residential Housing Stock: Average Apartment Area: Three-Room data is updated yearly, averaging 61.400 sq m from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2017, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 66.100 sq m in 2017 and a record low of 59.300 sq m in 1995. Russia Residential Housing Stock: Average Apartment Area: Three-Room data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Russian Federation – Table RU.EE004: Residential Housing Stock: Average Apartment Area.

Out of a total of 7.8 million housing units in New York City, approximately 3.6 million units were single family detached homes and 350 unites were single family attached homes in 2021. Unlike single family homes which were mostly owner occupied, housing in multifamily buildings was predominantly renter occupied. In buildings with 50 or more housing units, one million out of 1.3 million units were rented.

Apartment and residential status. Housing costs. Settlement structural and social structural context of the dwelling and its evaluation. Economic background. Neighbourhood and integration. Mobility. Apartment and residential status. Housing costs. Settlement structural and social structural context of the dwelling and its evaluation. Economic background. Neighbourhood and integration. Mobility.

Topics: 1. Housing: size of place; living in the centre or outside; residential location; duration of living in the place of residence; satisfaction with the place of residence (scalometer); duration of living in the current dwelling; location and size of the place of residence of the last dwelling; residential status of the last dwelling; residential status of the current dwelling.

1. Housing costs and equipment: tenants were asked: assessment of rental costs; owners were asked: type of ownership acquisition (old stock, new construction, inheritance); state subsidies (KfW, housing subsidies from the federal states, municipal subsidies, home ownership allowance); again all: living space; number of living spaces; assessment of apartment size; equipment of the apartment; equipment of the apartment corresponds to the needs; construction period; modernisation or renovation of the house since 1990; type of house; structural condition of the building; handicapped-accessible access to the house: elevator in the house; overcoming stairs for access to the apartment; existence of ramps for overcoming stairs.

2. Satisfaction with the dwelling, the immediate living environment, the neighbourhood, the environmental conditions and the street scene or the external design of the residential area (scalometer).

3. Residential area and social structure: description of the residential environment and the residential area; structure of the residential area (old buildings, newer houses or pure new housing); one- or two-family houses or larger apartment blocks; assessment of the structural condition of the residential area; measures for the redesign and improvement of the residential area in recent years; change in the appearance of the street in the residential area in recent years; facilities within walking distance in the residential area (stop for public transport, shopping facilities for daily needs, doctors/therapy facilities, day-care centre/kindergarten, children´s playgrounds, primary schools, open all-day schools, facilities for young people and the elderly, restaurants/ pubs, parks or green areas, woods, fields or meadows, cultural facilities, swimming pool and sports facilities, citizens´ meeting place, district office); changes in the above-mentioned areas in recent years (scalometer); preferred use of fallow land: new car parks or green spaces, new buildings or maintenance of old buildings, community centres or local shops, expansion of the road network or bicycle paths, improvement of public space or investment by private operators; image of the current residential area; importance of living conditions in the place of residence: Split 1: Offer of work and earning opportunities, offer of training places and apprenticeships, offer of further education in adult education centres, library or family/city centre, administration and service centre close to the citizens, citizen participation in planning for the future of the place of residence, shopping opportunities for everyday needs and for durable consumer goods, provision of buses, trams and other public transport, upgrading and condition of road network, parking for cars, play facilities for children, day nurseries/kindergartens/full-time schools, provision of doctors, hospitals and therapeutic facilities, care facilities and care services for the elderly, Split 2: Swimming pools and sports facilities, public parks and green areas, excursion possibilities in the surrounding area, gastronomy, theatres, museums, etc., facilities/leisure facilities for young people, quiet residential area, healthy residential environment without air pollution or soil pollution, integration of minorities, safety in road traffic, protection against crime, design and cleanliness of buildings, streets and squares, sufficient housing supply; satisfaction with the aforementioned living conditions at the place of residence (scalometer); subjectively perceived population composition in the residential area.

4. Neighbourhood and integration: relationship between Germans and foreigners in the residential envir...

Global societal material stocks such as buildings and infrastructure accumulated rapidly within recent decades, along with population growth. Material stocks constitute the physical basis of most socio-economic activities and services, such as mobility, housing, health, or education. The dynamics of stock growth, and its relation to the population that demands those services, is an essential indicator for long-term societal resource use and patterns of emissions. The creation of societal material stock creates path dependencies for future resource use, with an important impact on how the transformation towards sustainable societies can succeed.

This dataset features detailed maps of material stock and population for Germany on a 30m grid. The data is based on recent maps of material stock and building volume (compare to Haberl et al. 2021, doi: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05642), recent and historic census data, and a time series of Landsat TM, ETM+, and OLI Earth Observation data.

Temporal extent

The data contains annual maps from 1985 to 2018.

Data format and units

Per German federal state, the data come in tiles of 30x30km. The projection is EPSG:3035. The images are compressed GeoTiff files (*.tif). There is a mosaic in GDAL Virtual format (*.vrt), which can readily be opened in most Geographic Information Systems. Please consider the generation of image pyramids before using *.vrt files.

All image data has 34 bands, where band 1 is data for 1985, and band 34 is data for 2018.

The dataset features

• population (Scaled by 100 to reduce data storage size. Divide by 100 to get people per cell)
• mass (in tons) of …
  • total material stock
    • … material stock in buildings
      • … in commercial and industrial buildings
      • … in multi-family residential buildings
      • … in single-family residential buildings
      • … in high-rise buildings
      • … in lightweight buildings
    • … material stock in road infrastructure
    • … material stock in rail infrastructure
    • … material stock in other infrastructure

Material stock in high-rise and lightweight buildings is not featured in the corresponding publication due to its overall negligible amount. It is, however, included here for completeness.

Further information

For further information, please see the publication or contact Franz Schug (fschug@wisc.edu). Visit our website to learn more about our project MAT_STOCKS - Understanding the Role of Material Stock Patterns for the Transformation to a Sustainable Society.

Corresponding publication

Schug, F., Frantz, D., Wiedenhofer, D., Virág, D., Haberl, H., van der Linden, S., Hostert, P. (in rev.): High-resolution mapping of 33 years of material stock and population growth in Germany. Journal of Industrial Ecology

Funding

This research was funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (MAT_STOCKS, grant agreement No 741950).

Global societal material stocks such as buildings and infrastructure accumulated rapidly within recent decades, along with population growth. Material stocks constitute the physical basis of most socio-economic activities and services, such as mobility, housing, health, or education. The dynamics of stock growth, and its relation to the population that demands those services, is an essential indicator for long-term societal resource use and patterns of emissions. The creation of societal material stock creates path dependencies for future resource use, with an important impact on how the transformation towards sustainable societies can succeed.

This dataset features detailed maps of material stock and population, as well as the distribution of jobs, for Austria on a 30m grid. The data is based on recent maps of material stock and building volume (compare to Haberl et al. 2021, doi: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05642, data: https://zenodo.org/record/4522892), recent and historic census data, and a time series of Landsat TM, ETM+, and OLI Earth Observation data.

Temporal extent

The data contains annual maps from 1985 to 2018.

Data format and units

Per Austrian federal state, the data come in tiles of 30x30km. The projection is EPSG:3035. The images are compressed GeoTiff files (*.tif). There is a mosaic in GDAL Virtual format (*.vrt), which can readily be opened in most Geographic Information Systems. Please consider the generation of image pyramids before using *.vrt files.

All image data has 34 bands, where band 1 is data for 1985, and band 34 is data for 2018.

The dataset features

• population (Scaled by 100 to reduce data storage size. Divide by 100 to get people per cell)
• jobs (Scaled by 100 to reduce data storage size. Divide by 100 to get jobs per cell)
• mass (in tons) of …
  • total material stock
    • material stock in buildings
      • in commercial and industrial buildings
      • in multi-family residential buildings
      • in high-rise buildings
      • in single-family residential buildings
      • in lightweight buildings
    • material stock in road infrastructure
    • material stock in rail infrastructure
    • material stock in other infrastructure

Further information

For further information, please see the publication or contact Franz Schug (fschug@wisc.edu). Visit our website to learn more about our project MAT_STOCKS - Understanding the Role of Material Stock Patterns for the Transformation to a Sustainable Society.

Funding

This research was funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (MAT_STOCKS, grant agreement No 741950).