Abstract

The 2006 Myanmar Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) is a major nation-wide survey of Central Statistical Organization.

Geographic coverage

National

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Multi-stage stratified random sample Sample Size: 32000 Households

Myanmar MM: Proportion of People Living Below 50 Percent Of Median Income: % data was reported at 6.700 % in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 9.000 % for 2015. Myanmar MM: Proportion of People Living Below 50 Percent Of Median Income: % data is updated yearly, averaging 7.850 % from Dec 2015 (Median) to 2017, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9.000 % in 2015 and a record low of 6.700 % in 2017. Myanmar MM: Proportion of People Living Below 50 Percent Of Median Income: % data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Myanmar – Table MM.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. The percentage of people in the population who live in households whose per capita income or consumption is below half of the median income or consumption per capita. The median is measured at 2017 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) using the Poverty and Inequality Platform (http://www.pip.worldbank.org). For some countries, medians are not reported due to grouped and/or confidential data. The reference year is the year in which the underlying household survey data was collected. In cases for which the data collection period bridged two calendar years, the first year in which data were collected is reported.;World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see http://pip.worldbank.org.;;The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than 2000 household surveys across 169 countries. See the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) for details (www.pip.worldbank.org).

Abstract

The 1997 Myanmar Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) was conducted in forty-five townships of fourteen States and Divisions. Presented in this report are data on household size and income and expenditure pattern of Myanmar household at Union, State and Division level and key city level. The statistics provided in this report are based on the responses of 254 70 sample households: 10610 urban households and 14860 rural households, selected nation-wide and interviewed during November, 1997.

1997 HIES covers the whole of Myanmar with the following objectives: (1) To investigate into the changes in the level and patterns of consumption, spending and expenditures of households in accordance with the changing economy of Myanmar, (2) To assess the levels of living of the households, and (3) To be able to compute the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for all the cities and the. CPI which represents the whole country.

Analysis unit

• Union, Urban and Rural levels
• State and Division levels
• Selected townships level

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The 1997 HIES of Myanmar covered all States and Divisions but not all townships. Survey sampling method was used to select sample townships, wards, villages and households. The sampling frame was based on the list of townships, wards and village tracts for 1994 obtained from General Administration Department. The sample design used was stratified three-stage random sampling design. (1) Stratification used was natural stratification. Yangon and Mandalay Divisions were each divided into 2 strata and the remaining divisions were formed into 12 strata totaling 16 strata. Yangon Division was divided into 2 strata comprising townships in Yangon City and other townships. Mandalay Division was also divided into 2 strata comprising townships in Mandalay City and other townships. (2) First-stage sampling was based on townships. First-stage unit was a township and from the list of townships in each stratum, sample townships were selected by simple random sampling. (3) Second-stage sampling was based on wards and village tracts. Second-stage unit was a ward for the urban part of the sample township and a village tract for the rural part of the sample township. The sampling frame at this stage was prepared by listing all the wards in the urban part of the township to be surveyed an.d the village tracts in the rural part of the township to be surveyed. 25% of the number of wards and 10% of the village tracts: were sampled by simple random sampling in each sample township. (4) Third-stage sampling was based on households. Third-stage unit was a household and sample households were selected by simple random sampling from the list of households in each sample ward and in each sample village tract. The sampling frame at this stage was prepared by listing all households in each of the selected wards or village tracts.

Cleaning operations

The field supervisors and the enumerators undertook the checking, editing and coding of the filled up questionnaire forms after the interviews were completed. It took about three days, starting from 28 November 1997 to 30 November 1997. Although, checking and editing of the filled up forms was carried out everyday after the interviews, the overall editing, call-backs and coding of the edited forms were done during those three days. The completed forms were brought back to CSO after 30 November 1997 and manual editing and coding of the remaining forms continued till they were ready for data entry. Manual data verification and data validation by computer were done thoroughly before the computer did any tabulation.

Abstract

The MPLCS 2015 is a comprehensive study of how people in Myanmar live. It is a joint analysis conducted by a technical team from the Ministry of Planning and Finance, Government of Myanmar, and the Poverty and Equity Global Practice of the World Bank. It collects data on the occupations of people, how much income they earn, and how they use this to meet the food, housing, health, education, and other needs of their families.

The Myanmar Poverty and Living Conditions Survey has the following objectives: - Put forward trends in poverty between 2004/05, 2009/10 and 2015 - Present a measure of poverty that reflects the situation of poverty in Myanmar in 2015 at the national, urban/rural and agro-zone - Conduct analysis about the situation and nature of poverty in Myanmar that informs policy choices and strategies.

Geographic coverage

National coverage. The survey is a representative of the Union Territory, four agro-zones, and urban/rural areas.

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals
• Agricultural parcel and crops
• Consumption items

Universe

The survey covered only the usual household residents, excluding people living in hotels/motels/guesthouses, military camps, police camps, orphanages/homes for the aged, religious centers, boarding schools/colleges/universities, correctional facilities/prisons, hospitals, camps/hostels for workers, and homeless/other collective quarters.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The MPLCS sample design was developed based on the sampling frame from the April 2014 Census pre-enumeration listing data. In addition to providing statistically representative estimates at the national level, the sample was designed so that representative estimates were derived for each of four agro-ecological zones (Hills and Mountains, Dry Zone, Coastal and Delta), for the urban/rural levels overall, and specifically Yangon and surrounding area. The data are not representative at the state or region level.

The sample primary sampling units (PSUs) for this sample are the enumeration areas (EAs) defined for the 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census. There are 304 EAs and 3648 sample households.

A stratified multi-stage sample design is used for the MLPCS 2015. The stratum are agro--ecological zone and rural/urban. The classification of the EAs in the 2014 Myanmar Census of Population and Housing frame by urban and rural stratum was based on the administrative structure of the hierarchical geographic areas in Myanmar; all EAs in administrative areas defined as wards are considered urban, and all EAs in village tracks are classified as rural. The distribution of the households in the 2014 Myanmar Census of Population and Housing frame by region, urban and rural stratum, based on the preliminary Census data.

Sampling deviation

A total of 14 sample EAs selected for the MPLCS could not be enumerated, mostly because of security problems.

Refer to MPLCS 2014/15 Survey Conduct and Quality Control Report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The MPLCS questionnaire builds from earlier household expenditure and living conditions surveys conducted in Myanmar, in particular, the Integrated Household Living Conditions Assessment (IHCLA-I, 2005 and IHLCA-II, 2010) and the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (between 1989 and 2012) and WORLD BANK's LIVING STANDARD surveys. The MPLCS brings all these previous household surveys together into a single survey and provides one comprehensive source of living conditions information.

The MPLCS 2014/2015 household questionnaire consists of 13 modules. 1. Roster 2. Education and literacy 3a. Health status 3b. Health care 4. Labor and employment 5a. International migration (current household members) 5b. Remittances (former household members and others) 6. Housing 7. Household assets/durables 8a. Household consumption in the last 7 days 8b. Non-food consumption expenditure in the last 30 days 8c. Non-food consumption expenditure in 6 and 12 months 9. Non-farm enterprises 10a. Parcel roster 10b. Inputs 10c. Labor 10d. Harvest and crop disposition 10e. Livestock 10f. Agricultural machinery and equipment 10g. Aquaculture and fisheries 11a. Loans/credit 11b. Financial inclusion 12. Food security/subjective assessment of well-being 13. Shocks and coping strategies

Sampling error estimates

Tables with calculated sampling errors and confidence intervals for the most important survey estimates, the different sources of non-sampling error presented in MPLCS 2015 Survey Conduct and Quality Control Report section 5.

Data appraisal

For detail of data quality control and measurement, see in MPLCS 2015 Survey Conduct and Quality Control Report section 3.5.

Myanmar Household Expenditure: Monthly Average (MA): Urban data was reported at 202,155.320 MMK in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 113,320.510 MMK for 2006. Myanmar Household Expenditure: Monthly Average (MA): Urban data is updated yearly, averaging 69,657.080 MMK from Dec 1989 (Median) to 2012, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 202,155.320 MMK in 2012 and a record low of 1,947.750 MMK in 1989. Myanmar Household Expenditure: Monthly Average (MA): Urban data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Statistical Organization. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Myanmar – Table MM.H005: Household Expenditure Survey: Monthly Household Expenditure: Urban.

Myanmar MM: Income Share Held by Highest 10% data was reported at 31.700 % in 2015. Myanmar MM: Income Share Held by Highest 10% data is updated yearly, averaging 31.700 % from Dec 2015 (Median) to 2015, with 1 observations. Myanmar MM: Income Share Held by Highest 10% data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Myanmar – Table MM.World Bank.WDI: Poverty. Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles.; ; World Bank, Development Research Group. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm).; ; The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than one thousand six hundred household surveys across 164 countries in six regions and 25 other high income countries (industrialized economies). While income distribution data are published for all countries with data available, poverty data are published for low- and middle-income countries and countries eligible to receive loans from the World Bank (such as Chile) and recently graduated countries (such as Estonia) only. See PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/WhatIsNew.aspx) for definitions of geographical regions and industrialized countries.

Myanmar MM: Income Share Held by Lowest 20% data was reported at 7.300 % in 2015. Myanmar MM: Income Share Held by Lowest 20% data is updated yearly, averaging 7.300 % from Dec 2015 (Median) to 2015, with 1 observations. Myanmar MM: Income Share Held by Lowest 20% data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Myanmar – Table MM.World Bank.WDI: Poverty. Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percentage shares by quintile may not sum to 100 because of rounding.; ; World Bank, Development Research Group. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm).; ; The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than one thousand six hundred household surveys across 164 countries in six regions and 25 other high income countries (industrialized economies). While income distribution data are published for all countries with data available, poverty data are published for low- and middle-income countries and countries eligible to receive loans from the World Bank (such as Chile) and recently graduated countries (such as Estonia) only. See PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/WhatIsNew.aspx) for definitions of geographical regions and industrialized countries.

Myanmar MM: Income Share Held by Highest 20% data was reported at 45.700 % in 2015. Myanmar MM: Income Share Held by Highest 20% data is updated yearly, averaging 45.700 % from Dec 2015 (Median) to 2015, with 1 observations. Myanmar MM: Income Share Held by Highest 20% data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Myanmar – Table MM.World Bank.WDI: Poverty. Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percentage shares by quintile may not sum to 100 because of rounding.; ; World Bank, Development Research Group. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm).; ; The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than one thousand six hundred household surveys across 164 countries in six regions and 25 other high income countries (industrialized economies). While income distribution data are published for all countries with data available, poverty data are published for low- and middle-income countries and countries eligible to receive loans from the World Bank (such as Chile) and recently graduated countries (such as Estonia) only. See PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/WhatIsNew.aspx) for definitions of geographical regions and industrialized countries.

Myanmar MM: Survey Mean Consumption or Income per Capita: Total Population: Annualized Average Growth Rate data was reported at 1.280 % in 2017. Myanmar MM: Survey Mean Consumption or Income per Capita: Total Population: Annualized Average Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 1.280 % from Dec 2017 (Median) to 2017, with 1 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.280 % in 2017 and a record low of 1.280 % in 2017. Myanmar MM: Survey Mean Consumption or Income per Capita: Total Population: Annualized Average Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Myanmar – Table MM.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. The growth rate in the welfare aggregate of the total population is computed as the annualized average growth rate in per capita real consumption or income of the total population in the income distribution in a country from household surveys over a roughly 5-year period. Mean per capita real consumption or income is measured at 2017 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) using the Poverty and Inequality Platform (http://www.pip.worldbank.org). For some countries means are not reported due to grouped and/or confidential data. The annualized growth rate is computed as (Mean in final year/Mean in initial year)^(1/(Final year - Initial year)) - 1. The reference year is the year in which the underlying household survey data was collected. In cases for which the data collection period bridged two calendar years, the first year in which data were collected is reported. The initial year refers to the nearest survey collected 5 years before the most recent survey available, only surveys collected between 3 and 7 years before the most recent survey are considered. The coverage and quality of the 2017 PPP price data for Iraq and most other North African and Middle Eastern countries were hindered by the exceptional period of instability they faced at the time of the 2017 exercise of the International Comparison Program. See the Poverty and Inequality Platform for detailed explanations.;World Bank, Global Database of Shared Prosperity (GDSP) (http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/brief/global-database-of-shared-prosperity).;;The comparability of welfare aggregates (consumption or income) for the chosen years T0 and T1 is assessed for every country. If comparability across the two surveys is a major concern for a country, the selection criteria are re-applied to select the next best survey year(s). Annualized growth rates are calculated between the survey years, using a compound growth formula. The survey years defining the period for which growth rates are calculated and the type of welfare aggregate used to calculate the growth rates are noted in the footnotes.

Myanmar Migrant Assessment (MMA), is a comprehensive survey aimed at understanding the impacts and processes of migration in Myanmar amidst political instability, armed conflict, economic disruptions, and climatic shocks. Drawing its sample from the Myanmar Household Welfare Survey (MHWS), the MMA targeted households with members who had migrated within the past decade or relocated entirely since January 2021. Conducted via phone interviews between June and July 2023, the MMA surveyed 4,296 households, focusing on various aspects including migration, employment, and remittances. Migrants, as defined by the MMA, are household members who departed for over two months due to employment, marriage, safety concerns, or educational pursuits. Out of the surveyed households, 5,455 migrants were identified, with 3,505 still away from home and 1,487 having returned.

Myanmar MM: Proportion of Population Spending More Than 10% of Household Consumption or Income on Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure: % data was reported at 14.355 % in 2015. Myanmar MM: Proportion of Population Spending More Than 10% of Household Consumption or Income on Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure: % data is updated yearly, averaging 14.355 % from Dec 2015 (Median) to 2015, with 1 observations. Myanmar MM: Proportion of Population Spending More Than 10% of Household Consumption or Income on Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure: % data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Myanmar – Table MM.World Bank.WDI: Poverty. Proportion of population spending more than 10% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure.; ; World Health Organization and World Bank. 2019. Global Monitoring Report on Financial Protection in Health 2019.; Weighted average;

Myanmar MM: Income Share Held by Fourth 20% data was reported at 20.600 % in 2015. Myanmar MM: Income Share Held by Fourth 20% data is updated yearly, averaging 20.600 % from Dec 2015 (Median) to 2015, with 1 observations. Myanmar MM: Income Share Held by Fourth 20% data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Myanmar – Table MM.World Bank.WDI: Poverty. Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percentage shares by quintile may not sum to 100 because of rounding.; ; World Bank, Development Research Group. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm).; ; The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than one thousand six hundred household surveys across 164 countries in six regions and 25 other high income countries (industrialized economies). While income distribution data are published for all countries with data available, poverty data are published for low- and middle-income countries and countries eligible to receive loans from the World Bank (such as Chile) and recently graduated countries (such as Estonia) only. See PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/WhatIsNew.aspx) for definitions of geographical regions and industrialized countries.

Myanmar MM: Income Share Held by Third 20% data was reported at 15.000 % in 2015. Myanmar MM: Income Share Held by Third 20% data is updated yearly, averaging 15.000 % from Dec 2015 (Median) to 2015, with 1 observations. Myanmar MM: Income Share Held by Third 20% data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Myanmar – Table MM.World Bank.WDI: Poverty. Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percentage shares by quintile may not sum to 100 because of rounding.; ; World Bank, Development Research Group. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm).; ; The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than one thousand six hundred household surveys across 164 countries in six regions and 25 other high income countries (industrialized economies). While income distribution data are published for all countries with data available, poverty data are published for low- and middle-income countries and countries eligible to receive loans from the World Bank (such as Chile) and recently graduated countries (such as Estonia) only. See PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/WhatIsNew.aspx) for definitions of geographical regions and industrialized countries.

Wealth indicators comparing MHWS (pooled sample and weighted) and ICS and MLCS survey findings, in percentage of households.

Myanmar MM: Income Share Held by Lowest 10% data was reported at 3.000 % in 2015. Myanmar MM: Income Share Held by Lowest 10% data is updated yearly, averaging 3.000 % from Dec 2015 (Median) to 2015, with 1 observations. Myanmar MM: Income Share Held by Lowest 10% data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Myanmar – Table MM.World Bank.WDI: Poverty. Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles.; ; World Bank, Development Research Group. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm).; ; The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than one thousand six hundred household surveys across 164 countries in six regions and 25 other high income countries (industrialized economies). While income distribution data are published for all countries with data available, poverty data are published for low- and middle-income countries and countries eligible to receive loans from the World Bank (such as Chile) and recently graduated countries (such as Estonia) only. See PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/WhatIsNew.aspx) for definitions of geographical regions and industrialized countries.

Adult population (aged 18–74 years) characteristics in the MHWS (weighted) and MLCS (weighted), in percentage.

Monthly average of violent events and experience of any violence during survey period, at township level and relative to population size.

Abstract

An estimated 723,000 Rohingya refugees have fled violence in Myanmar’s Rakhine state since August 25, 2017. Most of the newly-arrived refugees rely on humanitarian assistance, having left with few possessions and exhausted their financial resources during the journey. The monsoon season began in May and continues into September, threatening the vast majority of refugees living in makeshift shelters and settlements highly vulnerable to floods and landsides. To understand the priority needs of the refugees, a Multi-Sector Needs Assessment (MSNA), comissioned by UNHCR and with technical support from REACH, was conducted at the household level in 31 refugee sites (3,171 households were surveyed). Translators Without Borders supported in questionnaire translation and enumerator training. This survey identified a number of areas where the basic needs of Rohingya refugees are being met. At the same time, this assessment has identified continuing service gaps in the Rohingya response. For example, the majority of households do not believe there is enough light at night to safely access latrines, and WASH facilities are generally perceived as dangerous areas for girls under age 18. In terms of access to protection services, only a small number of households report members making use of children and women friendly spaces. Despite widespread distribution coverage of key non-food items such as kitchen sets, demand for these items remains high, and refugees are spending the greatest portion of their limited financial resources on basic items including food, clothing and fuel. Findings suggest that there are uncertainties around actions to prepare for cyclones. The mahjis remain almost the sole focal point for communication and complaints with refugees, reflecting their continued prominent position within refugee communities. Finally, the median household debt is twice the median household income for the 30 days prior to data collection, with only two-fifths of households reporting any source of income at all.

Geographic coverage

31 refugee sites in the upazilas of Ukhiya and Teknaf in Cox's Bazar district.

Analysis unit

Households and individuals

Sampling procedure

Data was collected via a household survey, conducted in 31 of the 34 refugee sites open at the time of data collection (data collection did not take place in Camp 4 and Camp 20 Extension since these camps were empty at the time of study design; data collection was aborted in Kutupalong Refugee Camp due to security concerns). The sample frame was developed to yield household-level results that were representative at the camp level at a 95% confidence level with 10% margin of error at the camp level, and 95% confidence level with 5% margin of error at aggregate level for all camps. For several indicators, data were collected on individuals within the household, rather than at the household level. Since sampling took place at the household level, data for these indicators is indicative and not statistically representative.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Questionnaire has the following sections: - general information - health - food assistance - site management - direct observation

Cleaning operations

Data was anonymized with recoding and local supression.

Marginal effects of probit regression analyses of attrition (1–4) among all survey respondents, and among replacement and attrition respondents only (5–6).

Myanmar MM: Female Headed Households data was reported at 22.500 % in 2016. Myanmar MM: Female Headed Households data is updated yearly, averaging 22.500 % from Dec 2016 (Median) to 2016, with 1 observations. Myanmar MM: Female Headed Households data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Myanmar – Table MM.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Female headed households shows the percentage of households with a female head.; ; Demographic and Health Surveys.; ; The composition of a household plays a role in the determining other characteristics of a household, such as how many children are sent to school and the distribution of family income.