Bhartiya Janta Party, India's ruling political party, declared an income of over 23 billion Indian rupees during the financial year 2023. It was followed by the Indian National Congress with an income of over four billion rupees. The total income of national political parties in India stood at almost 30 billion Indian rupees.

In the financial year 2023, electoral bonds constituted over 82 percent of unknown sources of income of political parties followed by other sources like voluntary contributions and the sale of coupons. In total, over 59 percent of the income of national political parties in India came from unknown sources. Unknown income is declared in the annual audit report but without giving a source of income for donations below 20,000 Indian rupees.

What are electoral bonds?

Electoral bonds were introduced as part of the Finance Bill 2017 as a measure to curb the influence of black money in Indian elections. Electoral bonds are interest-free banking instruments that a citizen of India or a body incorporated in India is eligible to purchase. It is used for making donations to any eligible political party in India. The bonds are available at certain branches of the State Bank of India and a donor with a KYC-compliant account can purchase the bond. Neither the bond purchaser nor the political party must disclose the donor's identity. Only registered political parties that secured at least one percent of votes in the general or state elections are eligible to receive donations through electoral bonds.

Implications of electoral bonds

The proponents of electoral bonds argue that they promote transparency by ensuring that political parties receive funding through legitimate banking channels. However, multiple petitions have been filed against electoral bonds, criticizing the provision of anonymity of the donors and the possibility of misuse of the bonds using shell companies. With the removal of the cap on corporate donations to political parties, unaccounted and unlimited amounts of money can be transferred to political parties.

We ask whether party competition improves economic and social well-being, drawing on evidence from the 50 American states for the period 1880-2010. Today, strident party competition and partisan polarization are blamed for many of the ills of national and state politics. But a much deeper political science tradition points to the virtues of competitive party politics. In this historical analysis, we find that states with competitive party systems spend more than other states—and specifically spend more on education, health, and transportation, areas identified as investments in human capital and infrastructure. We find that this spending leads to longer life expectancy, lower infant mortality, better educational outcomes, and higher incomes. Thus we conclude that party competition is not just healthy for a political system but for the life prospects of a state’s residents.

This poll, fielded February 5-10, 2010, is a part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicit public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. Respondents were asked whether they approved of the way Barack Obama was handling his job as president, whether things in the country were going in the right direction, to rate the condition of the national economy, and what they thought was the most important problem facing the nation. Opinions were solicited on how respondents felt about the current administration, health care reform, the federal budget deficit, and terrorism. Respondents were asked whether they approved or disapproved of the current Congress, the chance they would re-elect members of Congress, whether there was a need for a third party to be formed, how well Congress represents the general population compared to special interests, whether the stimulus package created a substantial number of new jobs or not, whether government programs do enough or too much for the people, new regulations and proposed taxes on financial institutions, the amount of influence the Tea Party has, gays and lesbians in the military, and personal finances. Demographic information includes sex, age, race, education level, household income, marital status, religious preference, type of residential area (e.g., urban or rural), political party affiliation, political philosophy, and voter registration status and participation history.

About 69 percent of Indian National Congress's income originated from unknown sources in the financial year 2023, the highest share among all national political parties in India. In total, over 59 percent of the income of national political parties in India came from unknown sources.

This poll is part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicits public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. This survey, fielded November 11-14, 2006, is a call-back of the October 27-31, 2006, cohort CBS NEWS/NEW YORK TIMES MONTHLY POLL #4, OCTOBER 2006 (ICPSR 4647). In the poll conducted prior to the election, respondents gave their opinions of President George W. Bush and his handling of the presidency, and issues such as foreign policy and the economy. Respondents were asked about the upcoming midterm elections, how well members of the United States Congress were doing their jobs, whether the country was moving in the right direction, and the condition of the national economy. Views were also sought on the war in Iraq, corrupt politics in Washington, DC, environmental protection, illegal immigration, North Korea's development of weapons, and gay marriage. In the call-back poll conducted a week following the election, respondents were asked whether they had voted in the United States House of Representatives election and for whom, when they decided for whom they would vote, and whether they were pleased with the outcome of the elections for Congress. Those polled were again asked their opinions of President George W. Bush and his handling of the presidency and Iraq, whether they had favorable opinions of the Republican and Democratic parties, and whether George W. Bush and the Democrats in Congress would be able to work together. Information was collected on whether the president's political party and the political party that controls Congress should be the same, the effect the Democratic party might have on issues such as taxes, the minimum wage, and the threat of terrorism, and whether the United States did the right thing in taking military action against Iraq. Information was also collected on which voting method respondents used, and the likelihood that they would participate in an exit poll. Demographic information includes voter registration status and participation history, political party affiliation, political philosophy, marital status, sex, religious preference, frequency of religious attendance, education level, age, household income, race, whether respondents had any children under the age of 18, household union membership, military service, length of time living at current residence, and type of residential area (e.g., urban or rural).

The survey charted the political knowledge of pupils in the final year class of upper secondary schools in the Turku region (Finland). The knowledge areas queried were basic political concepts, the political systems of Finland and the EU, and Finnish national economy. Opinions on politics and democracy were also surveyed. The data were collected as part of the research project "Knowledge of Politics in International Comparison 2007-2010" at the University of Turku. The same questions were presented in other surveys conducted by the project: FSD2499 Knowledge of Politics and Society 2008 and FSD2344 Knowledge of Politics and Society 2008: Turku Region Vocational Institutions 2007-2008. The Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Education and Culture provided funding for the project. First, opinions on politics were charted. The respondents were asked how interested they were in politics, how much information they had received from various sources (e.g. from educational institutes at different levels, friends, home) to understand social and political issues, how close they felt to specific political parties or civic/voluntary organisations and on what grounds they made their party/candidate choice in elections. Further questions covered the perceived importance of voting in different elections, the respondent's political and civic participation and participation methods. The respondents also rated how important they held a number of sources to be for obtaining political and social information (e.g. television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the Internet, events, contacts with decision-makers, personal communication). Television, radio, newspaper and Internet use was charted as well as reasons for using the Internet. Next, political knowledge and knowledge of the Finnish political system were studied. The respondents were asked to assess the level of their own political and social knowledge. A number of questions explored knowledge on what the concepts of politics, democracy and political left and right entail. The respondents also graded the functionality of Finnish democracy and placed themselves on the left-right axis. Further questions investigated factual knowledge on Finnish constitution, proportional electoral system, electoral districts, functions of political parties, functions and powers of Parliament and the Prime Minister, parties represented in the coalition government and Parliament, elections, national incomes policy negotiations, etc. Knowledge on EU issues was charted by asking the respondents in what year Finland became a member state, which countries were members in the EU or belonged to the euro zone, powers of the EU, legislation, to which EU institution representatives were elected by direct vote, how many votes Finland had in the Council of Ministers, how many members Finland had in the European Parliament, what were powers of the Parliament and the length of the electoral period. Knowledge on Finnish national economy was explored through questions on local taxation, state budget, impact of inflation on purchasing power, and state income tax. Background variables included the respondent's gender, year of birth, municipality of residence, basic education, type of neighbourhood, annual gross income of the household, and mother tongue.

The survey charted the political knowledge of students studying at vocational institutions in the Turku Region. The knowledge areas queried were basic political concepts, the political systems of Finland and the EU, and Finnish national economy. Opinions on politics and democracy were also surveyed. The data were collected as part of the research project "Knowledge of Politics in International Comparison 2007-2010" at the University of Turku. The same questions were presented in other surveys conducted by the project: FSD2499 Knowledge of Politics and Society 2008 and FSD2343 Knowledge of Politics and Society 2008: Turku Region Upper Secondary Schools 2007-2008. The Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Education and Culture provided funding for the project. First, opinions on politics were charted. The respondents were asked how interested they were in politics, how much information they had received from various sources (e.g. from educational institutes at different levels, friends, home) to understand social and political issues, how close they felt to specific political parties or civic/voluntary organisations and on what grounds they made their party/candidate choice in elections. Further questions covered the perceived importance of voting in different elections, the respondent's political and civic participation and participation methods. The respondents also rated how important they held a number of sources to be for obtaining political and social information (e.g. television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the Internet, events, contacts with decision-makers, personal communication). Television, radio, newspaper and Internet use was charted as well as reasons for using the Internet. Next, political knowledge and knowledge of the Finnish political system were studied. The respondents were asked to assess the level of their own political and social knowledge. A number of questions explored knowledge on what the concepts of politics, democracy and political left and right entail. The respondents also graded the functionality of Finnish democracy and placed themselves on the left-right axis. Further questions investigated factual knowledge on Finnish constitution, proportional electoral system, electoral districts, functions of political parties, functions and powers of Parliament and the Prime Minister, parties represented in the coalition government and Parliament, elections, national incomes policy negotiations, etc. Knowledge on EU issues was charted by asking the respondents in what year Finland became a member state, which countries were members in the EU or belonged to the euro zone, powers of the EU, legislation, to which EU institution representatives were elected by direct vote, how many votes Finland had in the Council of Ministers, how many members Finland had in the European Parliament, what were powers of the Parliament and the length of the electoral period. Knowledge on Finnish national economy was explored through questions on local taxation, state budget, impact of inflation on purchasing power, and state income tax. Background variables included the respondent's gender, year of birth, municipality of residence, basic education, type of neighbourhood, annual gross income of the household, and mother tongue.

The survey studied Finnish political attitudes and opinions on political parties. Respondents were asked how favourable their opinion was regarding the Finnish Social Democratic Party, the Centre Party of Finland, the National Coalition Party, the Left Alliance and the Green League and how tempted respondents would be to vote for these parties. A number of attributes (e.g. incompetent leaders, competent in EU issues) were listed and respondents were asked to which party they could be applied. Respondents were asked whether they support any party at that moment. Respondents rated how successful the current government has been and which parties they would like to see in the coalition government after the elections. Views on the characteristics of some well-known politicians were probed. Respondents were also asked which characteristics are necessary for political decision-makers. Opinions on which goals receive too much or too little attention in politics were charted; goals mentioned included lowering taxes, employment, prevention of inflation, equality, national economy, housing etc. Voting behaviour was studied by asking which party the respondent would vote for if the parliamentary elections were held at that moment and whether he/she had voted in the 2000 municipal elections and in the 1999 parliamentary elections. Voting in parliamentary elections in general, voting intention relating to the next elections and the overall importance of voting were surveyed. Further questions covered respondents' political orientation (on the left-right axis) and social class. Background variables included respondents' year of birth, marital status, annual gross income, place of residence, occupational group, employment sector, trade union membership and mother tongue.

This poll, the first of two fielded in May of 2014, is part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicits public opinion on a range of political and social issues. Respondents were asked how well Barack Obama was handling the presidency, foreign policy, the economy, health care, and the situation between Russia and Ukraine. Opinions were collected on the state of the national economy, global warming, the death penalty, whether Congress was performing their job well, the Keystone XL pipeline, and the 2010 health care law. This survey also had a particular focus on the voting preferences of respondents, including whether they intended to vote in the 2014 midterm election, their perspectives on issues facing the Republican and Democratic parties, and their political affiliation more generally. Demographic information includes age, race, ethnicity, marital status, education level, household income, type of residential area (e.g., urban or rural), voter registration status, and religious preference.

This poll, fielded October 10-13, 2008, is a part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicit public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. This poll interviewed 1,070 adults nationwide, including 972 registered voters, about the way George W. Bush was handling the presidency and the economy, the condition of the national economy, and whether the country was moving in the right direction. Registered voters were asked how much attention they were paying to the 2008 presidential campaign, whether they had voted in a presidential primary or caucus that year, the likelihood that they would vote in the general election, and for whom they would vote if the general election were held that day. Views were sought on presidential candidates Barack Obama and John McCain, vice-presidential candidates Joe Biden and Sarah Palin, the Democratic and Republican parties, and members of the United States Congress. A series of questions asked whether their opinions of the presidential candidates had changed in the past few weeks and whether anything about the candidates' background bothered them, including Obama's alleged association with Bill Ayers, a former member of the radical domestic group called the Weathermen, and McCain's involvement as one of the five senators known as the Keating Five in the savings and loan controversy in the late 1980s and early 1990s. All respondents were polled on whether they had watched the second presidential debate held October 7, 2008, who they thought won, and the likelihood that they would watch the next presidential debate on October 15, 2008. Additional topics addressed feelings about the economic bailout plan, concerns about job loss in the household, and whether their household income was sufficient to pay their bills. Those with a mortgage on their home were asked how concerned they were about not being able to pay it. Demographic variables include sex, age, race, education level, marital status, household income, perceived social class, political party affiliation, political philosophy, voter registration status and participation history, religious preference, frequency of religious attendance, and whether respondents considered themselves to be a born-again Christian, and whether a child under 18 was living in the household.

The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset.

CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module.

Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA:

Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors;election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election

Demography: age; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; current employment status; main occupation; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; occupation of chief wage earner and of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; race; ethnicity; region of residence; rural or urban residence

Survey variables: respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the previous election; satisfaction with the democratic process in the country; last election was conducted fairly; form of questionnaire (long or short); party identification; intensity of party identification; political parties care what people think; political parties are necessary; recall of candidates from the last election (name, gender and party); number of candidates correctly named; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of the state of the economy in the country; assessment of economic development in the country; degree of improvement or deterioration of economy; politicians know what people think; contact with a member of parliament or congress during the past twelve months; attitude towards selected statements: it makes a difference who is in power and who people vote for; people express their political opinion; self-assessment on a left-right-scale; assessment of parties and political leaders on a left-right-scale; political information items

DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA:

number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district

MACRO-LEVEL DATA:

founding year of parties; ideological families of parties; international organization the parties belong to; left-right position of parties assigned by experts; election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; most salient factors in the election; head of state (regime type); if multiple rounds: selection of head of state; direct election of head of state and process of direct election; threshold for first-round victory; procedure for candidate selection at final round; simple majority or absolute majority for 2nd round victory; year of presidential election (before or after this legislative election); process if indirect election of head of state; head of government (president or prime minister); selection of prime minister; number of elected legislative chambers; for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; number of primary districts; number of seats; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; compulsory voting; votes cast; voting procedure; electoral formula; party threshold; parties can run joint lists; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement; types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; ally party support; constitu...

Data derived from weekly public opinion polls in the Netherlands in 1997 concerning social and political issues. Samples were drawn from the Dutch population aged 18 years and older.All data from the surveys held between 1962 and 2000 are available in the DANS data collections.Background variables:Sex / age / religion / income / vote recall latest elections / party preference / if stated not knowing what party to vote for at next elections: what party will have most chances that respondent will vote for? / level of education / union membership / professional status / left‐right rating / party alignment / province / degree of urbanization / weight factor.Topical variables:n9718: Replacing national currency by euro is a good or bad development / Expected influence of euro on own income.n9747: Left-right scaling by respondent / Voting intention coming municipal elections at the 4th of March 1998 / Influence of municipal and-or national policy on voting at a specific political party / Interest in municipality where respondent is living / Interest in issues of municipal policy / Interest in national politics / Interest in national politics vs. local politics / Satisfaction with municipality / Whether decisions of municipality have effects on daily life of respondent / Supposed interest of municipality members in respondent / Supposed influence on municipal policy. Data derived from weekly public opinion polls in the Netherlands concerning social and political issues. Samples were drawn from the Dutch population aged 21 or 18 years and older. The weekly data are available as separate files in annual records, containing overviews of the standard background variables as well as the topical variables.The dataset 'NIPO weeksurveys 1962-2000 (Creator: R.N. Eisinga, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen' ) contains a cumulative datafile with a selection of the standard background variables: political party vote last election / political party vote intention / left-right political self-rating / union membership / sex / age / religious denomination / education / income / occupational status / province / municipality size and codes / postal code.

This poll, fielded February 23-27, 2007, is a part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicits public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. Respondents were asked whether they approved of the way George W. Bush was handling his job as president and other issues such as foreign policy. They also were asked to rate the condition of the national economy, what was the most important domestic policy for the president and Congress to focus on, and whether they approved of the way Congress was handling its job. Opinions were solicited on the topic of health care, including how well the United States health care system works, the cost of health care, the federal government's responsibility to guarantee health care for all Americans, whether taxes should be increased in order to expand health care to all Americans, and whether employers should be required to provide insurance for all their workers. A series of questions asked for respondents' opinions on advertisements by drug companies, including whether they are helpful to consumers, whether prescription drug advertisements on television should be limited by the government, whether it was acceptable for doctors to be paid by drug companies to promote prescription drugs, and whether Congress should change the law to allow Americans to buy lower cost prescription drugs from Canada. Respondents were asked whether the government would do a better job than private insurance companies in providing medical coverage and holding down health care costs, which issues they would like most to hear the 2008 presidential candidates talk about over the next two years regarding health care, and whether they had confidence in each presidential candidate's ability to make decisions about health care. Information was also collected about the status of respondents and their household members' health care coverage and health care costs, their health status and treatment for common conditions, life expectancy, whether they had an employer-sponsored pension plan, and whether they were concerned about not having enough money for retirement. Additional information was collected on respondents' opinions of the Republican and Democratic parties, international trade, globalization, and the United States military situation with Iraq and Iran. Demographic information includes sex, age, race, education level, household income, marital status, religious preference, type of residential area (e.g., urban or rural), political party affiliation, political philosophy, voter registration status and participation history, the presence of children under 18 and household members between the ages of 18 and 24, and whether respondents had children attending a four-year college.

This dataverse contains the data and supporting documents for the CCES 2014 University of Texas at Dallas. This project was supported by the National Science Foundation, Grant Number SES-1430505.

Data derived from weekly public opinion polls in the Netherlands in 1966 concerning social and political issues. Samples were drawn from the Dutch population aged 21 years and older.All data from the surveys held between 1962 and 2000 are available in the DANS data collections.Background variables:Sex / age / religion / income / vote recall latest elections / party preference / level of education / union membership / professional status / < self > left-right rating / party alignment / province / degree of urbanization / weight factor.Topical variables:n6602: Olympic Games in Amsterdam in 1972 with estimated costs of Hfl. 800.000.000.n6604: Familiarity with Dutch overseas territories, capitals of Surinam and the Dutch Antilles / Benefit of relations between the various parts the kingdom.n6605: Views on Farmers' Party < Boerenpartij >.n6606: Contributions wedding gift for Princess Beatrix / Intending to do in case of winning Hfl. 100,000, =3D.n6608: Reasons for a divorce / Divorce legislation / Knowledge of date of next elections.n6610: Contribution wedding gift for Princess Beatrix / Opinion about marriage of Princess Beatrix / Having watched the wedding ceremony on TV.n6612: Confidence in police / Police actions at riots.n6614: Gains Farmers Party < Boerenpartij > at former elections / Loss of Socialist Party < PvdA > at former elections / Confidence in political leaders.n6616: Whether Roman Catholic Priests should be allowed to marry.n6617: Various aspects of big cities in The Netherlands: attractiveness, amusement possibilities, traffic, parking problems, cleanliness, having the most attractive women, where people work hardest / Preferred big city to live.n6620: Overpopulation in The Netherlands and in the world / Measures against overpopulation.n6622: Judgment about manners and customs, ethics, etiquette.n6625: Confidence in Dutch politicians / Withholding 2 percent vacation pay of unorganized labourers for administrative purposes.n6626: Prosperity of The Netherlands / Prosperity of respondents' family / Tendency to invest money in business / Expectations about employment in coming twelve months / Sex education by parents or school / Preferred age for sex education / Contraceptives in vending machines / Sex instructions freely available.n6627: Reasons for riots in Amsterdam / Actions of the police, the mayor, and the Minister of the Interior during the riots / Expected developments in Vietnam.n6629: Preferred place of residence, in The Netherlands or abroad.n6630: Main causes of car accidents / Methods to reduce the number of car accidents / Speed limit outside town area.n6632: Reintroduction daylight saving time / New political parties.n6633: Qualities of Americans, Russians, Dutch, Chinese, and English- men.n6634: Loan to the government at a lower but tax-free interest.n6635: The government's most urgent problem to solve.n6636: When and where spending holidays, in The Netherlands or abroad.n6637: Real value of the Dutch guilder / Tendency to save money / Chance voting specific parties at the next elections / Expectations concerning purchasing power in the next 10 years.n6638: New political party Democrats 1966 < D66 > / Voting intention at D66 / Present prosperity in The Netherlands and in respondents' family / Tendency to invest money in business / Expectations concerning employment / The queen's opening speech at the new session of Parliament/ and the government's budget.n6642A: Farmers' Party < Boerenpartij >.n6642B: Best TV program of last 17-23 October 1966 / Watching TV programs last / Reception quality of the TV channel Nederland 2.n6642C: The fall of the Cals cabinet / Which political party cause of the cabinet crisis.n6647: Conflict between general practitioners and National Health Services / Raising of National Health Service contribution / Expectations concerning peace and economic situation.n6648: Presents for Sinterklaas.n6650: Familiarity with political parties.n6651: Christmas celebration 1965 < tree, church attendance at Christmas Night, presents >.

Main Topics: Attitudinal/Behavioural Questions Attention to newspapers and television, degree of political interest, attitude towards election, perceived differences between political parties. Opinion of Liberal and Scottish National Party campaigns, opinion on the various political parties. Knowledge, perception of party position/record on, and own opinion on: prices, strikes, unemployment, pensions, housing, North Sea Oil, Common Market, nationalisation, social services, wage controls. Party identification and strength of support, frequency of discussion about politics. Party preferences, opinion on best government (in general and in October 1974). Respondents were asked to give marks out of ten to political parties and personalities. Party membership, degree of political activity. Attitude to power held by unions/big business. Prediction for incomes, prices, unemployment and Britain's economy. Comparison of Britain's government and industry with that of Europe. Attitude to politicians, personal financial status, change/getting ahead, political parties, life in general, today's standards, local government, own occupation, the government's achievements. Likes and dislikes of the Conservative, Liberal, Labour and Scottish National parties. Whether respondents felt the following had 'gone too far': sex and race equality, police handling of demonstrations, law breakers, pornography, modern teaching methods, abortion, welfare benefits, military cuts. Whether respondents agree/disagree with the suggestion that government should: establish comprehensives, increase cash to health service, repatriate immigrants, control land, increase foreign aid, toughen on crime, control pollution, give workers more say, curb Communists, spend on poverty, redistribute wealth, decentralise power, preserve countryside. Most/least important government aims. Assessment of chances of Liberals, Nationalists. Opinion on best type of government (in general and in October 1974). Expected October 1974 result. Background Variables Age, sex, marital status, place of residence during childhood, subjective class, forced subjective class, family class. Tenure, type and length of residence. Employment status, degree of responsibility in and training for job (for respondent and spouse). Experience of unemployment in household, income. Trade union membership (respondent and spouse) socio-economic group. Multi-stage, self-weighting, stratified probability sample designed to represent the eligible British electorate in 1974 Face-to-face interview 1974 ABORTION ACHIEVEMENT AGE AID ATTITUDES AUTHORITY BRITISH POLITICAL P... BUSINESS MANAGEMENT BUSINESSES CENSORSHIP CHILDHOOD CHILDREN CIVIL AND POLITICAL... CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS COMMUNISM COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS CONSERVATIVE PARTY ... COST OF LIVING COUNTRYSIDE CONSERV... CRIME AND SECURITY DECENTRALIZED GOVER... DECISION MAKING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC CONDITIONS EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND ELDERLY ELECTION CAMPAIGNS ELECTIONS ELECTORAL ISSUES EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENTAL PLANN... EQUALITY BETWEEN TH... EUROPEAN ECONOMIC C... EUROPEAN UNION FAMILIES FATHER S OCCUPATION FATHER S OCCUPATION... FATHERS FINANCIAL EXPECTATIONS FINANCIAL RESOURCES FORECASTING GENDER GOVERNMENT Great Britain HEALTH SERVICES HIGHER EDUCATION HOME OWNERSHIP HOUSEHOLDS HOUSEWIVES HOUSING HOUSING TENURE HUMAN SETTLEMENT INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INDUSTRIES INFLATION JOB SATISFACTION LABOUR DISPUTES LABOUR PARTY GREAT ... LAND USE LAW ENFORCEMENT LIBERAL PARTY GREAT... LOCAL GOVERNMENT MARITAL STATUS MEMBERSHIP MILITARY POWER MORTGAGES NATIONAL ECONOMY NATIONALIZATION NEWSPAPER READERSHIP NEWSPAPERS OCCUPATIONAL STATUS OCCUPATIONS OIL RESOURCES PERIODICALS READERSHIP PERSONAL EFFICACY PETROLEUM INDUSTRY PLAID CYMRU POLICING POLITICAL ACTION POLITICAL ALLEGIANCE POLITICAL ATTITUDES POLITICAL AWARENESS POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR POLITICAL COALITIONS POLITICAL INFLUENCE POLITICAL INTEREST POLITICAL LEADERS POLITICAL PARTICIPA... POLITICAL POWER POLITICIANS POLLUTION CONTROL POPULATION MIGRATION PORNOGRAPHY POVERTY PRESERVATION OF MON... PRICES PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATIZATION PROFITS PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC SECTOR QUALITY OF LIFE RACIAL DISCRIMINATION REGIONAL GOVERNMENT RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION RELIGIOUS BEHAVIOUR RENTED ACCOMMODATION REPATRIATION RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY SATISFACTION SCOTTISH NATIONAL P... SELF EMPLOYED SEX DISCRIMINATION SOCIAL CHANGE SOCIAL CLASS SOCIAL CONFORMITY SOCIAL HOUSING SOCIAL ORIGIN SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL SECURITY BEN... SOCIAL SERVICES SOCIAL VALUES SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS SPOUSE S ECONOMIC A... SPOUSE S OCCUPATION SPOUSE S OCCUPATION... SPOUSES STANDARD OF LIVING STATE CONTROL STATE RETIREMENT PE... STRIKES STUDENTS TAXATION TEACHING METHODS TELEVISION TELEVISION VIEWING TRADE UNION MEMBERSHIP TRADE UNIONS TRUST UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT VOTING BEHAVIOUR VOTING INTENTION WAGE DETERMINATION WAGES WAGES POLICY WELFARE POLICY WORKERS PARTICIPATION

This statistic represents the income of major political parties across India in fiscal year 2018. The Bharatiya Janata Party had a significant lead in income with over ten billion Indian rupees, followed by the Indian National Congress with about two billion rupees during the measured time period.

In December 2013, the Italian parliament abolished public financing for political parties. Since then, contrary to other countries worldwide, such as Mexico and Norway, parties can fund their activity only through private contributions and donations. In fact, taxpayers can assign 0.2 percent of their income tax to political associations. To benefit from this allocation, parties must be enrolled to the National register of political parties. Since the beginning of the reform, the number of accepted factions has constantly grown, from 13 in 2013 to almost 70 in 2023.

Survey on participation of party members of three green parties in France ( Les Verts ), Germany ( Buendnis 90 / Die Gruenen ) and the Netherlands ( Groen Links ) Participation at local and regional level political party meetings / frequency of attendance / speaking at these meetings / friendships, contacts, inter-relationships etc. within party, sociometric data / convergence of opinion / campaigning activities / voting behaviour / affiliation with faction within party / political stance relative to own party majority at various levels / disagreements, inclinations to leave the party / political opinions ( country specific ) / political opinions, general : ecotax and lower incomes, neglect of environmental protection within own party, military intervention in former Yugoslavia, importance of ecologic change for human survival, ideologic identification, reasons for joining / preference for national convention versus national congress with system of delegates / importance of extra-parliamentary action / contacts with party delegates at district, regional and national level / monitoring of party delegates / disagreement with delegate bodies / local MP's / regional MP's / national MP's / party delegates: respondent's post or mandate at various levels / attitude toward post or mandate, attractiveness of political career / contacts with the press / contacts with related organizations / functions in the past / being a candidate, nominations / attendance of national congresses or conventions / reading preparatory documents, party programmes / discussing national and international topics / activities at national assemblies: motions, amendments / cooperation / membership of drafting committee / publishing articles in party periodicals / reading party periodicals / participation in work-groups, commissions and frequency of attendance / time spend on political party activities at various levels / considers this a burden / other organizational memberships, holding an office there / previous connections with other political parties / workload, possibilities for party activities during working time / partner's attitude towards respondents party membership. Background variables: basic characteristics/ residence/ household characteristics/ occupation/employment/ income/capital assets/ education/ politics/ organizational membership