According to a 2025 survey, oil producers operating in the Permian region needed WTI oil prices to amount to a minimum of ** U.S. dollars per barrel in order to profitably drill a new well. This compared to a minimum breakeven price of ** U.S. dollars per barrel for existing wells. The monthly average WTI oil price ranged between ** and ** U.S. dollars per barrel around the time of the survey. Most productive oil basins Operators in shale basins have the lowest average breakeven prices for new wells. However, when it comes to existing wells, operators in the Permian (Delaware) basin can afford even lower oil prices. The Permian basin, located in Texas and New Mexico, accounts for the greatest U.S. oil production output of any region. In 2024, production in the Permian reached nearly *********** barrels per day - more than **** times the amount extracted from the neighboring Eagle Ford rock formation. Texas is leading oil producing state With both regions located in Texas, it is not surprising that this is also the leading crude oil producing U.S. state. Nearly two billion barrels worth of crude oil were extracted in Texas per year, far more than any other state. Texas is home to a total of five major oil and gas formations.

Second quarter energy survey results revealed that Tenth District energy activity continued to decline but is expected to rebound. Firms reported that oil prices needed to be on average $64 per barrel for drilling to be profitable, and $91 per barrel for a substantial increase in drilling to occur. Natural gas prices needed to be $3.47 per million Btu for drilling to be profitable on average, and $4.68 per million Btu for drilling to increase substantially.

According to projections for 2025, the fiscal breakeven oil price for Saudi Arabia was **** U.S. dollars per barrel. The projections for Saudi Arabia's external breakeven oil price for the same period were at ** U.S. dollars per barrel. Saudi oil industry   Saudi Arabia’s oil industry entails ** percent of the world’s proven petroleum reserves. Their oil reserves were expected to exceed ** billion metric tons by 2020. Its oil sector accounted for about half of the country’s GDP in 2018, and about ** percent of their export income, as their oil reserves are the second largest in the world and they are the world’s leading petroleum exporter. Saudi Arabia has an advantage over other oil-producing countries as the extraction process is cheaper and easier relative to other regions. The petroleum is handled and mostly controlled by Saudi Aramco which is a public company and the most profitable country in the world as of 2019. The highest value petrochemicals project in the country in 2020 was the Amiral Complex: Ethylene & Propylene Plant. Saudi economy Saudi Arabia is the world’s leader in petroleum exportation. They also had the fifth-largest natural gas reserve in 2019. However, their significant reliance on these natural resources compelled the government to launch its Saudi Vision 2030, which aims on expanding their resources. As a result, in the first quarter of 2019, Saudi Arabia's budget has accomplished its first surplus since 2014 of more than ** billion U.S. dollars due to the increase of both the oil and non-oil revenues. Public debt witnessed a significant increase in 2020 following the COVID-19 pandemic but was expected to slowly decrease in the following years. Non-oil revenues accounted for about ** percent of the country’s revenue in 2019 . The largest non-oil contributor to the country’s GDP was government services.

The projected fiscal breakeven oil price in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in 2025 was ** U.S. dollars per barrel. This represented a decrease from over ** U.S. dollars per barrel in 2023. Fiscal breakeven oil price as an indicator For the countries whose economies rely heavily on oil revenues, the fiscal breakeven oil price serves as an indicator of the country’s financial state. More specifically, it is the minimum barrel price the nation needs to cover its budget expenditures. For instance, the fiscal breakeven oil price in Kuwait was projected to be around ** U.S. dollars per barrel in 2025, while that of Qatar about ** U.S. dollars per barrel. This implies that the Qatari economy may be more resilient to oil price shocks than Kuwait, since it can endure lower prices. The UAE, fossil fuels, and sustainability Similar to other economies in the region, the UAE had a relatively high share of GDP attributed to oil and gas production. The UAE has large oil reserves, listing among the leading countries in terms of proved oil reserves worldwide. Nevertheless, an economy built around fossil fuels is harmful to the environment and susceptible to oil price shocks, and therefore unsustainable. For these reasons, the Emirati government has devised strategies to build a more resilient economy, that is less dependent on fossil fuels. For example, the planned energy distribution in the UAE aims for renewable energy sources to make up ** percent of the total by 2050.

Korea EGSA: Break-Even Point Ratio data was reported at 84.100 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 68.330 % for 2015. Korea EGSA: Break-Even Point Ratio data is updated yearly, averaging 76.215 % from Dec 2015 (Median) to 2016, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 84.100 % in 2016 and a record low of 68.330 % in 2015. Korea EGSA: Break-Even Point Ratio data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The Bank of Korea. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Korea – Table KR.S037: Financial Statement Analysis: 2015 Survey: Complete Enumeration: Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply (EGSA).

A rapid build-out of direct air capture (DAC), deployed in order to mitigate climate change, will require significant amounts of both low-carbon thermal and electrical energy. Firm low-carbon power resources, including nuclear, geothermal, or natural gas with carbon capture, which also will become more highly valued as variable renewable energy penetration increases, would be able to provide both heat and electricity for DAC. In this study, we examined the techno-economic synergy between a hypothetical DAC plant in the year 2030 and a nuclear small modular reactor, and determined two avenues for which this relationship could benefit the nuclear plant. First, we demonstrated that, under certain assumptions, selling a portion of its energy to a DAC facility allows the nuclear plant to take in 21% less revenue from selling electricity to wholesale markets than its projected levelized cost, and still break even. Second, after estimating a potential revenue stream, we showed that an integration with DAC allows for the nuclear plant's capital costs to be up to 35% higher than what would be required if only selling electricity to wholesale markets. This could enable the nuclear plant to operate economically even in the face of variable and decreasing wholesale electricity prices, and also could offer developers more financial certainty when planning a new project. Ultimately, this study shows that the need for low-carbon energy for DAC plants might incentivize the development of advanced nuclear plants and firm low-carbon resources more broadly.

1.4.1a: Are there rules governing fiscal transfers between the government and the SOE? 1.4.2b: Does the SOE publicly disclose how much revenue it transfers to the government? 1.4.5b: Has the SOE publicly disclosed annual reports on its finances and operations? 1.4.9d: Does the SOE publicly disclose a list of its subsidiaries? 1.4.9e: Does the SOE publicly disclose the costs and revenues deriving from its subsidiaries? 1.4.6a: Does the SOE publicly disclose its aggregate production volume? 1.4.6b: Does the SOE publicly disclose its aggregate sales volume? 1.4.5a: Did an external body audit the SOE's annual financial statements over the most recently completed audit timeframe? 1.4.4a: From 2015 onwards, did the SOE engage in non-commercial activities (e.g. payments for social services, public infrastructure, fuel subsidies, national debt servicing)? 1.4.4b: Has the SOE publicly disclosed the amount spent on non-commercial activities? 1.4b: Does the SOE receive a production share or in-kind payments from extractive companies? 1.4.7a: Are there rules that govern how the SOE should select the buyers of its production? 1.4.7b: Are there rules that determine the prices at which the SOE should sell its production? 1.4.7c: Are there rules that govern how the proceeds from the sale of the SOE's production should be transferred to the government? 1.4.8a: Does the SOE or government publicly disclose the volume of production sold by the SOE? 4.2b: Has the government or a state-owned enterprise announced goals of investing in renewable energy provision? 4.2.1a: Does the state-owned enterprise publish information on expenditure for exploration and appraisal of new upstream projects in that reporting year? 4.2.1b: Does the state-owned enterprise publish information on expenditure for development of new upstream projects in that reporting year? 4.2.1c: Does the state-owned enterprise publish information on it's projected future expenditure on exploration, appraisal and the development of new projects? 4.2.1d: From 2019 onwards, has the government or a state-owned enterprise disclosed estimated break-even prices for current or projected future upstream projects? 4.2.1e: From 2019 onwards, has the government or a state-owned enterprise disclosed its estimates for future projected fossil fuel prices and/or the impact that various scenarios would have on the viability of upstream projects? 4.2.2a: Does the government or a state-owned enterprise report publicly on total emissions generated by operations in the sector? 4.2.2b: Does the government or a state-owned enterprise report publicly on emissions generated by flaring and venting in the oil and gas sector? 5.8a: Does the SOE publicly disclose its governance structure? 5.9c: Does the SOE publish information about procurement contracts awarded? 5.13a: Does the government or a state-owned enterprise publish information on expenditure for new infrastructure projects built to transport, refine or distribute fossil fuels in that reporting year?

Carbon pricing needs to reach roughly 100 euros per metric ton of carbon dioxide by 2030, for the cheapest renewable hydrogen to be competitive with fossil-based hydrogen. Nonetheless, carbon pricing need to reach as high as *** euros per metric ton of carbon dioxide for all renewable hydrogen to have a production price that breaks even with fossil-based hydrogen production cost. Furthermore, natural gas costs remain cheaper than any hydrogen type if carbon prices do not exceed 100 euros per metric ton of carbon dioxide. Hydrogen has been explored as an energy source to mitigate climate change impacts, and alongside its production, new strategies, incentives, and guidelines are also being developed. Currently, global hydrogen production is dominated by natural gas reforming, and green hydrogen prices are not competitive enough to attract customers. Consequently, as of 2021, the market demand for fully decarbonized green hydrogen is still very low compared to the demand for other fuels.

The costs to run and maintain a new power plant in the United States vary greatly by the type of technology deployed. A geothermal power plant commissioned in 2024 and with the earliest possible year of operation being 2029 could be expected to have fixed costs around 163 U.S. dollars per kilowatt installed per year. The U.S. already operates 61 geothermal power plants, the majority of which are located in California and Nevada. Costs depend on multiple factors, such as raw materials used, location, access to infrastructure (like grid interconnection, fuel supply, and transportation), and labor requirements. U.S. power plant costs explained Fixed costs of power plants are generally composed of capital and land costs, which include labor as well as costs associated with obtaining approvals and permits. Nuclear energy has the highest estimated capital costs in the U.S.Variable operating costs depend on the amount of energy produced by the plant. For fossil fuel plants, fuel costs make up most of the operating costs. In contrast, renewables tend to have no fuel costs, except for biomass and waste plants. Labor and maintenance costs tend to make up the bulk of operational costs for these plants. Nevertheless, renewable energy sources such as wind and solar are largely self-run and have no significant variable costs. Levelized cost of energy generation Plant costs also depend on the level of subsidies received. For example, unsubsidized energy generation levelized costs in the U.S. were the highest for rooftop residential solar fittings. Due to their relatively small-scale deployment and dependency on sunny weather, rooftop solar installations need a comparatively long time to break even.