The average monthly price for natural gas in the United States amounted to 3.02 nominal U.S. dollars per million British thermal units (Btu) in December 2024. By contrast, natural gas prices in Europe were about four times higher than those in the U.S. Prices for Europe tend to be notably higher than those in the U.S. as the latter benefits from being a major hydrocarbon producer. Europe's import reliance European prices for natural gas rose most notable throughout the second half of 2021 and much of 2022, peaking at over 70 U.S. dollars per million Btu in August 2022. The sharp rise was due to supply chain issues and economic strain following the COVID-19 pandemic, which was further exacerbated by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in early 2022. As a result of the war, many countries began looking for alternative sources, and Russian pipeline gas imports to the European Union declined as a result. Meanwhile, LNG was a great beneficiary, with LNG demand in Europe rising by more than 60 percent between 2021 and 2023. How domestic natural gas production shapes prices As intimated, the United States’ position among the leaders of worldwide natural gas production is one of the main reasons for why prices for this commodity are so low across the country. In 2023, the U.S. produced more than one trillion cubic meters of natural gas, which allays domestic demand and allows for far lower purchasing prices.

United States Natural Gas Price: EIA: Industrial data was reported at 3.750 USD/1000 Cub ft in Sep 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.670 USD/1000 Cub ft for Aug 2018. United States Natural Gas Price: EIA: Industrial data is updated monthly, averaging 3.800 USD/1000 Cub ft from Jan 1984 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 417 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 13.060 USD/1000 Cub ft in Jul 2008 and a record low of 2.230 USD/1000 Cub ft in Jul 1991. United States Natural Gas Price: EIA: Industrial data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Energy Information Administration. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.P002: Energy Price.

UK Gas decreased 26.27 GBp/Thm or 20.95% since the beginning of 2025, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. UK Natural Gas - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on March of 2025.

Natural gas prices are the highest in the residential sector. In 2023, U.S. households paid an all time high average of 15.2 U.S. dollars per 1,000 cubic feet. Commercial natural gas costs were second-highest, while prices in the electric power sector were the lowest, at around four U.S. dollars on average. Prices for the industrial and electric power customers tend to be close to the wholesale electricity price. All sectors saw a year-on-year increase in natural gas prices in 2022 due to the decline in U.S. natural gas production in the first quarter of 2022, which resulted in high withdrawals of natural gas from storage and an increase in average natural gas prices. The growing natural gas market In recent years, the average natural gas prices for all sectors have been increasing in the United States. In 2022, the residential sector witnessed an increase in natural gas prices higher than 2008, while natural gas prices for other sectors were still lower despite increases in average natural gas prices for those sectors. Meanwhile, consumption of natural gas has increased more than any other fuel type following the 2008 Recession. Petroleum consumption has been more variable, and use of coal has significantly decreased. The price of coal and crude oil had already been increasing since the early 2000s, and was further exacerbated by the financial crisis. Around the same time, the cost of natural gas dropped significantly, making it a more viable economic alternative compared to other fossil fuels. This decrease was in part the result of drastically increased production of shale gas as a result of hydraulic fracturing and other techniques.

United States Natural Gas Exports: Average Price: LNG: Mexico data was reported at 5.040 USD/1000 Cub ft in Aug 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 4.070 USD/1000 Cub ft for Jul 2018. United States Natural Gas Exports: Average Price: LNG: Mexico data is updated monthly, averaging 8.680 USD/1000 Cub ft from Aug 1998 (Median) to Aug 2018, with 227 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19.670 USD/1000 Cub ft in Jan 2006 and a record low of 3.580 USD/1000 Cub ft in Aug 2017. United States Natural Gas Exports: Average Price: LNG: Mexico data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Energy Information Administration. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.P007: Natural Gas Price.

The global natural gas price index stood at 232.28 index points in February 2025. Natural gas prices increased by seven index points that month. The global price index takes into account indices from Europe, Japan, and the United States – some of the largest natural gas trading markets. The U.S. is the leading natural gas exporter in the world. Means of trading natural gas Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is the most common form of trading natural gas. Although piped gas is often the preferred choice for transportation between neighboring producing and consuming countries, seaborne trade as LNG has grown in market volume. This is in part thanks to high consumption in pipeline-inaccessible areas such Japan, Korea, and China, as well as the recent increase in LNG trade by European countries. Major natural gas price benchmarks The natural gas prices often used as global benchmarks are Europe’s Dutch TTF traded on the Intercontinental Exchange, Indonesian LNG in Japan, and the U.S. Henry Hub traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange. 2022 was an especially volatile year for natural gas prices, as supply was severely constrained following sanctions on Russian imports. Other reasons for recent spikes in gas prices are related to issues at refineries, changes in demand, and problems along seaborne supply routes.

TTF Gas decreased 8.92 EUR/MWh or 17.69% since the beginning of 2025, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. EU Natural Gas TTF - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on March of 2025.

In 2023, the price of natural gas in Europe reached 13.1 constant U.S. dollars per million British thermal units, compared with 2.5 U.S. dollars in the U.S. This was a notable decrease compared to the previous year, which had seen a steep increase in prices due to an energy supply shortage exacerbated by the Russia-Ukraine war. Since 1980, natural gas prices have typically been higher in Europe than in the United States and are expected to remain so for the coming two years. This is due to the U.S. being a significantly larger natural gas producer than Europe.

What is natural gas and why is it gaining ground in the energy market? Natural gas is commonly burned in power plants with combustion turbines that generate electricity or used as a heating fuel. Given the fact that the world’s energy demand continues to grow, natural gas was seen by some industry leaders as an acceptable "bridge-fuel" to overcome the use of more emission-intensive energy sources such as coal. Subsequently, natural gas has become the main fuel for electricity generation in the U.S., while the global gas power generation share has reached 22 percent.

How domestic production shapes U.S. natural gas prices The combination of hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) and horizontal drilling can be regarded as one of the oil and gas industry’s biggest breakthroughs in decades, with the U.S. being the largest beneficiary. This technology has helped the industry release unprecedented quantities of gas from deposits, mainly shale and tar sands that were previously thought either inaccessible or uneconomic. It is forecast that U.S. shale gas production could reach 35 trillion cubic feet in 2050, up from 1.77 trillion cubic feet in 2000.

United States Natural Gas Exports: Average Price: Pipeline: Canada data was reported at 2.860 USD/1000 Cub ft in Aug 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.830 USD/1000 Cub ft for Jul 2018. United States Natural Gas Exports: Average Price: Pipeline: Canada data is updated monthly, averaging 3.095 USD/1000 Cub ft from Jan 1989 (Median) to Aug 2018, with 356 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12.870 USD/1000 Cub ft in Jul 2008 and a record low of 1.210 USD/1000 Cub ft in Aug 1991. United States Natural Gas Exports: Average Price: Pipeline: Canada data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Energy Information Administration. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.P007: Natural Gas Price.

United States Natural Gas Exports: Average Price: LNG: Total data was reported at 5.330 USD/1000 Cub ft in Aug 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 5.280 USD/1000 Cub ft for Jul 2018. United States Natural Gas Exports: Average Price: LNG: Total data is updated monthly, averaging 6.110 USD/1000 Cub ft from Jan 1997 (Median) to Aug 2018, with 218 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17.550 USD/1000 Cub ft in Jun 2012 and a record low of 3.590 USD/1000 Cub ft in Feb 2016. United States Natural Gas Exports: Average Price: LNG: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Energy Information Administration. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.P007: Natural Gas Price.

Gasoline increased 0.22 USD/GAL or 10.89% since the beginning of 2025, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Gasoline - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on March of 2025.

In Hungary, for an annual consumption of less than 10,000 to 99,999 gigajoules, the prices for natural gas peaked in the second half of 2022 at 0.14 euros per kilowatt-hour. By the first half of 2024, the prices decreased to 0.06 euros per kilowatt-hour.

On average, the price of natural gas for industry has been higher for facilities with a consumption of up to 100,000 gigajoules in the Netherlands. Between 2013 and 2016, consumption tariff rates decreased annually. However, since 2019, prices increased, with the price for those with a consumption of up to 100,000 gigajoule rising to 4.22 euro cents per kilowatt hour in 2021. Residential pricesNatural gas prices for households in the Netherlands with a consumption of 20 to 200 GJ a year have seen the overall price increase since 2010. By the second half of 2018, prices including all taxes, levies and VAT had reached 8.6 euro cents per kilowatt hour. As of October 2021, residential end users gas prices in the Dutch capital of Amsterdam stood at 34.08 euro cents per kilowatt hour.Domestic demandNatural gas consumption in the Netherlands amounted to 35.1 billion cubic meters in 2021. From 2015 onwards, the country has seen an increase in demand. This has occurred alongside the recent decline in the natural gas production. This fall in production is due to the cut in output from the Groningen gas field.

This table shows the average prices paid for natural gas and electricity. The total prices represent the sum of energy supply prices and network prices.

The total price is the price paid by an end-user, for instance a household or an industrial company consuming energy in their production process. Natural gas used for non-energy purposes or for electricity generation is excluded from the data.

The price cap set by the Dutch government for 2023 has now been incorporated into the prices.

Data available from: 1st semester of 2009

Status of the figures: The figures in this table are provisional for the two most recent semesters, and the annual figures follow the status of the second semester of the relevant reporting year. The remaining figures are final.

Changes as of September 30: Figures for the first half of 2024 have been added.

When will new figures be published? New provisional figures will be published three months after the semesters end, at the end of September and at the end of March.

Brazil Average Reference Price: Natural Gas: Espírito Santo data was reported at 774.284 BRL/1000 Cub m in 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 594.459 BRL/1000 Cub m for 2017. Brazil Average Reference Price: Natural Gas: Espírito Santo data is updated yearly, averaging 402.536 BRL/1000 Cub m from Dec 2002 (Median) to 2018, with 17 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 774.284 BRL/1000 Cub m in 2018 and a record low of 183.739 BRL/1000 Cub m in 2002. Brazil Average Reference Price: Natural Gas: Espírito Santo data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Petroleum Agency. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Energy Sector – Table BR.RBG007: Average Reference Price: Natural Gas.

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Oil And Gas Digital Rock Analysis Market Size 2024-2028

The oil and gas digital rock analysis market size is forecast to increase by USD 119.4 million, at a CAGR of 3.27% between 2023 and 2028.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by several key factors. The increasing consumption of oil and gas globally is a major growth driver, as traditional fossil fuels continue to dominate the energy sector. Additionally, the rise in unconventional oil and gas resources, such as shale and tight formations, necessitates advanced digital rock analysis techniques to optimize extraction and improve efficiency. Volatility in global crude oil prices also underscores the need for cost-effective and accurate digital rock analysis solutions to help companies make informed decisions and mitigate risks. Market trends include the adoption of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies, increasing collaboration between oil and gas companies and technology providers, and the growing importance of data-driven insights In the industry. Challenges include data security and privacy concerns, the need for standardization and interoperability, and the high cost of implementation and maintenance of digital rock analysis solutions.

What will be the Size of the Oil And Gas Digital Rock Analysis Market During the Forecast Period?

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The market is witnessing significant growth due to the increasing adoption of advanced imaging techniques in the exploration and production of both conventional and unconventional reservoirs. Logging activities are a crucial part of oil and gas operations, and the integration of digital imaging and advanced microscopy in these processes is revolutionizing the industry. Geologists, geochemists, petrophysicists, and petroleum engineers utilize various techniques such as CT Scanning, Micro CT Scanning, Scanning Electron Microscope, and other advanced analysis tools to study reservoir rocks at the pore scale.
These techniques provide precise and realistic simulations, enabling optimal resource extraction from unconventional resources. Physics plays a vital role in digital rock analysis, with fluid dynamics being a significant area of focus. The market is driven by the computational capabilities of these techniques, which allow for the simulation of complex reservoir behavior and enhanced oil recovery processes. Skilled workers are essential in the implementation and interpretation of these advanced analysis tools.

How is this Oil And Gas Digital Rock Analysis Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The oil and gas digital rock analysis industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Type

  Conventional
  Unconventional


Geography

  North America

    Canada
    US


  APAC

    China


  Europe

    France


  Middle East and Africa



  South America

By Type Insights

The conventional segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The market primarily focuses on the examination of reservoir rocks using advanced imaging techniques and data analysis to optimize hydrocarbon production from both conventional and unconventional resources. Conventional reservoirs, including mature and depleting fields, continue to dominate the market due to the extensive use of digital rock analysis in enhancing well recovery and crude oil production. This approach combines the expertise of various disciplines, such as geology, geochemistry, petrophysics, petroleum engineering, and physics, to investigate the pore structures and fluid behavior in rock formations. Advanced microscopy techniques, CT scanning, and modeling methods are employed to acquire high-resolution images of rock pores and mineral grains, enabling a better understanding of the reservoir's physical and fluid flow properties.

This data is then analyzed to develop reservoir characterization models, reservoir simulation models, and production optimization workflows. Research institutions and universities are also contributing significantly to the market by advancing imaging technologies and modeling methods for digital rock analysis. The shale revolution and the development of tight oil resources have led to a growing interest in digital rock analysis for unconventional reservoirs. The ability to characterize the complex pore structures and fluid flow properties of these formations is crucial for maximizing hydrocarbon production and improving well recovery. Digital rock analysis plays a vital role in understanding the unique properties of unconventional reservoirs, contributing to the growth of the market.

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Brazil Average Reference Price: Natural Gas: Bahia data was reported at 585.914 BRL/1000 Cub m in 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 543.142 BRL/1000 Cub m for 2017. Brazil Average Reference Price: Natural Gas: Bahia data is updated yearly, averaging 406.778 BRL/1000 Cub m from Dec 2002 (Median) to 2018, with 17 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 585.914 BRL/1000 Cub m in 2018 and a record low of 196.842 BRL/1000 Cub m in 2002. Brazil Average Reference Price: Natural Gas: Bahia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Petroleum Agency. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Energy Sector – Table BR.RBG007: Average Reference Price: Natural Gas.

Netherlands Natural Gas Price: Delivery: Households: incl VAT and Taxes: Less than 20 GJ data was reported at 34.074 EUR/GJ in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 22.160 EUR/GJ for Mar 2018. Netherlands Natural Gas Price: Delivery: Households: incl VAT and Taxes: Less than 20 GJ data is updated quarterly, averaging 22.137 EUR/GJ from Mar 2007 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 46 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 44.794 EUR/GJ in Sep 2016 and a record low of 16.995 EUR/GJ in Dec 2009. Netherlands Natural Gas Price: Delivery: Households: incl VAT and Taxes: Less than 20 GJ data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Netherlands. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Netherlands – Table NL.P003: Natural Gas Price.

Saudi Arabia GDP: Producer Values: Mining and Quarrying: Crude Oil and Natural Gas data was reported at 217,913.457 SAR mn in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 183,627.021 SAR mn for Mar 2018. Saudi Arabia GDP: Producer Values: Mining and Quarrying: Crude Oil and Natural Gas data is updated quarterly, averaging 175,176.046 SAR mn from Mar 2003 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 62 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 348,760.804 SAR mn in Mar 2012 and a record low of 70,082.900 SAR mn in Sep 2003. Saudi Arabia GDP: Producer Values: Mining and Quarrying: Crude Oil and Natural Gas data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by General Authority for Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Saudi Arabia – Table SA.A007: GDP: by Industry: Current Price.