Natural gas prices are the highest in the residential sector. In 2023, U.S. households paid an all time high average of 15.2 U.S. dollars per 1,000 cubic feet. Commercial natural gas costs were second-highest, while prices in the electric power sector were the lowest, at around four U.S. dollars on average. Prices for the industrial and electric power customers tend to be close to the wholesale electricity price. All sectors saw a year-on-year increase in natural gas prices in 2022 due to the decline in U.S. natural gas production in the first quarter of 2022, which resulted in high withdrawals of natural gas from storage and an increase in average natural gas prices. The growing natural gas market In recent years, the average natural gas prices for all sectors have been increasing in the United States. In 2022, the residential sector witnessed an increase in natural gas prices higher than 2008, while natural gas prices for other sectors were still lower despite increases in average natural gas prices for those sectors. Meanwhile, consumption of natural gas has increased more than any other fuel type following the 2008 Recession. Petroleum consumption has been more variable, and use of coal has significantly decreased. The price of coal and crude oil had already been increasing since the early 2000s, and was further exacerbated by the financial crisis. Around the same time, the cost of natural gas dropped significantly, making it a more viable economic alternative compared to other fossil fuels. This decrease was in part the result of drastically increased production of shale gas as a result of hydraulic fracturing and other techniques.

Natural gas rose to 3.36 USD/MMBtu on July 11, 2025, up 0.58% from the previous day. Over the past month, Natural gas's price has fallen 3.89%, but it is still 44.10% higher than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Natural gas - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

The state with the highest price of natural gas for industry in 2023 was Hawaii, standing at 28.4 U.S. dollars per thousand cubic feet, a decrease when compared to the previous year. During the same year, Texas had the lowest industrial natural gas price in the country, at 2.7 U.S. dollars per thousand cubic feet. Meanwhile, the average natural gas price for industry in the U.S. stood at 7.9 U.S. dollars per thousand cubic feet in 2022.

Winter natural gas prices in the United States are forecast to see a notable increase in 2022/23. U.S. consumers are expected to pay an average of 15.95 U.S. dollars per thousand cubic feet of natural gas. This would mean an increase of over two U.S. dollars and comes in the wake of many countries and regions currently embattled in an energy supply shortage.

In 2024, the price of natural gas in Europe reached 11 constant U.S. dollars per million British thermal units, compared with 2.2 U.S. dollars in the U.S. This was a notable decrease compared to the previous year, which had seen a steep increase in prices due to an energy supply shortage exacerbated by the Russia-Ukraine war. Since 1980, natural gas prices have typically been higher in Europe than in the United States and are expected to remain so for the coming two years. This is due to the U.S. being a significantly larger natural gas producer than Europe. What is natural gas and why is it gaining ground in the energy market? Natural gas is commonly burned in power plants with combustion turbines that generate electricity or used as a heating fuel. Given the fact that the world’s energy demand continues to grow, natural gas was seen by some industry leaders as an acceptable "bridge-fuel" to overcome the use of more emission-intensive energy sources such as coal. Subsequently, natural gas has become the main fuel for electricity generation in the U.S., while the global gas power generation share has reached over 22 percent. How domestic production shapes U.S. natural gas prices The combination of hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) and horizontal drilling can be regarded as one of the oil and gas industry’s biggest breakthroughs in decades, with the U.S. being the largest beneficiary. This technology has helped the industry release unprecedented quantities of gas from deposits, mainly shale and tar sands that were previously thought either inaccessible or uneconomic. It is forecast that U.S. shale gas production could reach 36 trillion cubic feet in 2050, up from 1.77 trillion cubic feet in 2000.

UK Gas rose to 85.31 GBp/thm on July 11, 2025, up 1.32% from the previous day. Over the past month, UK Gas's price has fallen 0.15%, but it is still 17.29% higher than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. UK Natural Gas - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

In 2024, the industrial natural gas price in the United States was 3.93 U.S. dollars per thousand cubic feet. This was a decrease compared to the previous year. In 2008, the U.S. price of natural gas for industry peaked at 9.65 U.S. dollars per thousand cubic feet as a result of the Great Recession. Despite the increase in natural gas prices for the industry sector in recent years, natural gas prices for other sectors were much higher. Regional price variations across U.S. hubs Natural gas prices can vary significantly across different regions of the United States. In 2024, the Waha trading hub in the Permian basin recorded the lowest spot prices due to its proximity to productive oil and gas wells and limited pipeline capacity. Meanwhile, the Henry Hub, which serves as the U.S. natural gas benchmark, averaged 2.2 U.S. dollars per million British thermal units in 2024. Looking ahead, forecasts suggest that Henry Hub prices could more than double by 2026, driven by increased demand. Industry natural gas prices around the world Switzerland has some of the highest natural gas prices for the industrial sector. U.S. prices are especially low in comparison to European countries, which rely on imports. U.S. industrial natural gas consumers paid around one fourth of the price paid by Swiss consumers.

Graph and download economic data for Global price of Natural gas, EU (PNGASEUUSDM) from Jan 1990 to May 2025 about EU, gas, World, Europe, and price.

The average monthly price for natural gas in the United States amounted to **** nominal U.S. dollars per million British thermal units (Btu) in May 2025. By contrast, natural gas prices in Europe were about three times higher than those in the U.S. Prices in Europe tend to be notably higher than those in the U.S. as the latter benefits from being a major hydrocarbon producer. Europe's import reliance European prices for natural gas rose most notable throughout the second half of 2021 and much of 2022, peaking at over ** U.S. dollars per million Btu in August 2022. The sharp rise was due to supply chain issues and economic strain following the COVID-19 pandemic, which was further exacerbated by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in early 2022. As a result of the war, many countries began looking for alternative sources, and Russian pipeline gas imports to the European Union declined as a result. Meanwhile, LNG was a great beneficiary, with LNG demand in Europe rising by more than ** percent between 2021 and 2023. How domestic natural gas production shapes prices As intimated, the United States’ position among the leaders of worldwide natural gas production is one of the main reasons for why prices for this commodity are so low across the country. In 2023, the U.S. produced more than ************ cubic meters of natural gas, which allays domestic demand and allows for far lower purchasing prices.

Household prices for natural gas in the United States reached 14.59 U.S. dollars per thousand cubic feet in 2024. This was a decrease compared to the previous year, which saw prices peak at more than 15 U.S. dollars. The 2023 price hikes were due to extreme winter weather events, which resulted in a decline in natural gas production and processing.

The US natural gas market, a significant component of the global energy landscape, is projected to experience robust growth over the forecast period (2025-2033). Driven by increasing demand from the power generation sector, a shift towards cleaner energy sources (compared to coal), and ongoing industrialization, the market is poised for expansion. The abundance of shale gas reserves within the US contributes significantly to this growth, making the nation a key player in global natural gas production and trade. While challenges exist, such as fluctuating prices influenced by global supply chains and environmental concerns regarding methane emissions, technological advancements in extraction and infrastructure development are mitigating these risks. The residential sector also contributes to market growth, albeit at a slower rate compared to power generation and industrial applications. Competition among major players like ExxonMobil, Chevron, and ConocoPhillips, fuels innovation and efficiency improvements within the industry. The market segmentation by gas type (wet and dry) further reflects the diverse applications and evolving needs of consumers and industries. Assuming a conservative CAGR of 5% based on the provided information, and a 2025 market size of approximately $300 billion (a reasonable estimate considering the scale of the US energy market), we can project substantial growth throughout the forecast period. Growth is expected to be most pronounced in regions with strong industrial activity and expanding power grids. The specific growth trajectory will depend on factors such as government policies promoting natural gas utilization (or potentially phasing it out), technological advancements, and global geopolitical events impacting energy prices. Nonetheless, the US natural gas market is expected to maintain its position as a major contributor to the national energy supply and a significant player in the global energy market. Further analysis of specific segments (e.g., wet vs. dry natural gas within each end-use sector) would provide more granular insights into market dynamics and investment opportunities. The overall outlook remains positive, projecting significant value creation and economic benefits over the next decade. Recent developments include: May 2022: According to the US Energy Information Administration, the Natural Gas Pipeline Project Tracker was updated with recent approvals and completions of pipeline projects. As of the end of the first quarter of 2022, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) approved three projects to increase the export of US natural gas by pipeline and LNG. FERC approved two projects connecting LNG terminals in Louisiana. The Evangeline Pass Expansion Project, owned by Tennessee Gas Pipeline Company, is 1.1 billion cubic feet in size. It is intended that the proposed Plaquemines LNG Project in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, be supplied with natural gas by constructing 13.1 miles of new pipeline and two new compressor stations., April 2022: TotalEnergies signed a Heads of Agreement (HOA) with Sempra Infrastructure, Mitsui & Co., Ltd., and Japan LNG Investment for the expansion of Cameron LNG, a liquefied natural gas (LNG) production and export facility located in Louisiana, United States. The expansion project includes the development of a fourth train with a production capacity of 6.75 million metric tons per annum (Mtpa), as well as the debottlenecking of the first three trains to increase production by 5%.. Notable trends are: Power Generation Segment to Dominate the Market.

The size of the US Natural Gas Market was valued at USD XX Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of 5.00">> 5.00% during the forecast period. The natural gas market in the United States is a crucial component of the nation's energy landscape, involving the production, transportation, and utilization of natural gas, which is essential for electricity generation, heating, and various industrial applications. This market is notably influenced by the significant development of domestic shale gas resources, particularly from regions such as the Marcellus and Permian basins, which have greatly increased production levels in the U.S. As a result, the country has emerged as one of the foremost producers and exporters of natural gas globally. The market is supported by a comprehensive infrastructure, featuring an extensive network of pipelines, storage facilities, and liquefied natural gas (LNG) export terminals that enable effective distribution and international trade. The growth of natural gas usage has been propelled by its comparatively lower carbon emissions relative to coal and oil, aligning with environmental standards and sustainability objectives. Nevertheless, the market encounters challenges, including price fluctuations, changes in regulations, and environmental issues associated with hydraulic fracturing and methane emissions. In spite of these obstacles, the U.S. natural gas market continues to thrive, with ongoing investments in infrastructure and technology focused on improving efficiency and minimizing environmental effects. Ultimately, this market is vital to the nation's energy framework, enhancing energy security and fostering economic development. Recent developments include: May 2022: According to the US Energy Information Administration, the Natural Gas Pipeline Project Tracker was updated with recent approvals and completions of pipeline projects. As of the end of the first quarter of 2022, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) approved three projects to increase the export of US natural gas by pipeline and LNG. FERC approved two projects connecting LNG terminals in Louisiana. The Evangeline Pass Expansion Project, owned by Tennessee Gas Pipeline Company, is 1.1 billion cubic feet in size. It is intended that the proposed Plaquemines LNG Project in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, be supplied with natural gas by constructing 13.1 miles of new pipeline and two new compressor stations., April 2022: TotalEnergies signed a Heads of Agreement (HOA) with Sempra Infrastructure, Mitsui & Co., Ltd., and Japan LNG Investment for the expansion of Cameron LNG, a liquefied natural gas (LNG) production and export facility located in Louisiana, United States. The expansion project includes the development of a fourth train with a production capacity of 6.75 million metric tons per annum (Mtpa), as well as the debottlenecking of the first three trains to increase production by 5%.. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing Global Demand for Refined Petroleum Products4., Economic Growth and Industrialization. Potential restraints include: Environmental Concerns and Regulations. Notable trends are: Power Generation Segment to Dominate the Market.

The state with the highest price of natural gas for industry in 2023 was Hawaii, standing at 28.4 U.S. dollars per thousand cubic feet, a decrease when compared to the previous year. During the same year, Texas had the lowest industrial natural gas price in the country, at 2.7 U.S. dollars per thousand cubic feet. Meanwhile, the average natural gas price for industry in the U.S. stood at 7.9 U.S. dollars per thousand cubic feet in 2022.

During the past decade, the worldwide demand for energy has continued toincrease at a rapid rate. Natural gas has emerged as a primary source of US energy. Thetechnically recoverable natural gas resources in the United States have increased fromapproximately 1,400 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) to approximately 2,100 trillion cubic feet(Tcf) in 2010. The recent declines in gas prices have created short-term uncertainties andincreased the risk of developing natural gas fields, rendering a substantial portion of thisresource uneconomical at current gas prices.

Residential natural gas prices in the United States amounted to 4.52 U.S. dollars per thousand cubic feet in 2021, up from 4.17 dollars per thousand cubic feet in the year prior. In 2019, figures reached the lowest price since the turn of the century, with a peak of 5.69 U.S. dollars recorded in 1985.

The Oman Oil and Gas market size was valued at USD 4.36 million in 2025 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 2.40% during the forecast period 2025-2033. Oman is the largest producer of oil and gas in the Middle East outside the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), with significant reserves of both commodities. The country's oil production has been steadily increasing in recent years, reaching a record high of 1.02 million barrels per day in 2022. Oman's natural gas production has also been growing, with the country currently producing around 10 billion cubic meters of gas per year. Key drivers of growth in the Oman Oil and Gas market include rising energy demand, increasing investment in exploration and production, and the development of new oil and gas fields. The government of Oman is also taking steps to diversify the country's economy away from oil and gas, which should create new opportunities for growth in the sector. Restraints on the growth of the Oman Oil and Gas market include the volatility of oil prices, the impact of climate change, and the emergence of renewable energy sources. Recent developments include: April 2023: Masirah Oil, a subsidiary of Singapore-headquartered independent Rex International, announced to explore its flagship asset offshore Oman, with its sights set on a production boost from the block 50 purchases. In addition, a block-wide review of exploration potential would be performed. Based on the results of an exploration review at Block 50, planning for acquiring additional targeted seismic would be implemented., March 2023: The Omani Ministry of Energy & Minerals offered domestic and international investors three oil and gas exploration areas as part of its latest licensing round. The tracts offered blocks 15, 36, and 54, where multiple companies have conducted seismic and drilling activities., January 2023: Shell Integrated Gas Oman BV, a subsidiary of Shell PLC, announced the beginning of gas production from the Mabrouk North Eastfield in Block 10 in Oman. Production from Block 10 is expected to touch 0.5 billion standard cubic feet of gas per day (bscf/d) by mid-2024, with the produced gas supplied to Oman's gas network that feeds local industries.. Key drivers for this market are: 4., Increasing Gas Production and Infrastructure4.; Increasing Exploration and Production Activities. Potential restraints include: 4., Increasing Gas Production and Infrastructure4.; Increasing Exploration and Production Activities. Notable trends are: Upstream Sector to Dominate the Market.

In 2020, the average current natural gas production rate stood at 6.6 billion cubic feet per day. As of the same date, Egypt had a natural gas production capacity of 7.2 billion cubic feet per day.

Natural gas prices are the highest in the residential sector. In 2024, U.S. households paid 14.59 U.S. dollars per 1,000 cubic feet, down from an all-time high of over 15.2 U.S. dollars per 1,000 cubic feet. Overall, U.S. residential natural gas prices have increased nearly tenfold since 1975. Commercial natural gas costs were second-highest, while prices in the electric power sector were the lowest, at around three U.S. dollars on average. Prices for the industrial and electric power customers tend to be close to the wholesale electricity price. The growing natural gas market U.S. natural gas consumption has increased more than any other fuel after the U.S. oil boom of the 2010s. Petroleum consumption has been more variable, and use of coal has significantly decreased. Today, natural gas is used extensively for electric power generation, with it having overtaken coal as the primary electricity generating source. This is despite coal prices being a lot less volatile and generally lower than natural gas.

South Australia (SA) has a long history of petroleum exploration, extending back to 1866, when the first well was dug in the search for oil. The discovery of Permian gas in the Cooper Basin in 1963 was the first commercial discovery of... South Australia (SA) has a long history of petroleum exploration, extending back to 1866, when the first well was dug in the search for oil. The discovery of Permian gas in the Cooper Basin in 1963 was the first commercial discovery of hydrocarbons in SA. By 1969 Cooper Basin gas was being piped 790 km to Adelaide for sale. Apart from the Cooper Basin region, SA is only lightly explored for petroleum. Large areas of SA's sedimentary basins offer significant oil and gas potential. Several of these areas have proven mature source rocks in association with suitable reservoir rocks in sequences ranging in age from Neoproterozoic to Mesozoic. Petroleum provides the majority of the State's primary energy needs. A major use of petroleum is to provide electricity, of which about half is generated from gas. Two thirds of all the gas and most of the liquid petroleum are supplied from the SA portion of the Cooper and Eromanga Basins. Average daily production in 1996 was 373 million cubic feet (10.6 million m3) of sales gas, 1 575 kL (9 900 barrels) of crude oil, 1 100 kL (6 900 bbl) of condensate and 993 tonnes (11 500 bbl) of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). A small amount of gas (about 2.5 PJ/year) is produced from the Otway Basin in the South-East of the State. Carbon dioxide is produced in the South-East from the Caroline 1 well where production in 1996 was 27 112 tonnes. Existing contracts with the Cooper Basin Producers supply the State's needs in full until 2004 and partial needs to 2013 and those of New South Wales (NSW) until 2006. The AGL contract quantities are less than full requirement from 2001 -2006. Forecast gas demand is set to rise in the medium term with industrial and commercial expansion. South Australia supports the Commonwealth initiative to introduce a competitive market for gas commencing in 1997. Restrictions on interstate trade are being removed, right of access to gas transmission and reticulation systems provided and direct negotiations between gas producers and consumers facilitated. There are 3 740 km of pipelines in place transporting Cooper-Eromanga Basin petroleum to the South Australian and NSW markets. On the 30 June 1995, the SA Government sold the Moomba-Adelaide and Katnook gas pipeline systems to Tenneco Gas Australia (now Epic Energy). The Cooper Basin Producers own the liquids pipeline (LPG/condensate/ oil) from Moomba to Port Bonython. Port Bonython, located on Spencer Gulf near Whyalla, has a 2.4 km jetty built to accommodate tankers up to 100 000 tonnes with a draught of up to 20 m. Petroleum exploration and development in SA are administered under the Petroleum Act, 1940 (onshore) and the Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act, 1967 of the Commonwealth and 1982 of SA (offshore). Undercurrent legislation, (which is currently under review) unlicensed onshore acreage is open at any time to application whereas vacant offshore areas are only open to application after gazettal. Maximum areas are large - up to 26 000 km2 onshore and 400 blocks (1 block = 5 x 5 minutes) offshore. Initial terms are five years onshore and six years offshore. Competing applications are assessed having regard to the most effective work program. When a commercial discovery is made within an exploration licence, there is a right to a production licence over the discovery area. Production licences are issued for 21 years and are renewable. Pipeline licences are for the same period. In SA, the Crown retains ownership of petroleum in the ground. Ownership of petroleum transfers to a licensee upon recovery, and in return the State levies a royalty at the rate of 10% of the value of petroleum recovered at the wellhead. The Australian and SA royalty and company tax system is competitive with other systems worldwide. A free market exists for oil, condensate and LPG. Ex-Moomba plant natural gas prices from the Cooper Basin are currently of the order of S2.41/GJ (approximately $2.55/Mcf). In 1986 the Government determined that it was necessary to consider the principle of multiple land use to reconcile as and where appropriate, any conflict between the aims of conservation, Aboriginal land rights, agricultural interests and exploration for and development of subsurface petroleum and mineral resources. A Regional Reserve classification under the National Parks and Wildlife Act (NPWA) has been created specifically for the purpose of conservation while at the same time permitting the utilisation of the petroleum and other resources of the reserve. With the full co-operation of Santos and partners, the Innamincka Regional Reserve now covers much of the productive area of the Cooper Basin. Following passage of the Commonwealth Native Title Act, effective from 1 January 1994, petroleum exploration and production licences continue to be issued over land over which Native Title Rights have been extinguished on the advice of the Crown Solicitor. In 1995 a 'safety net' clause was introduced into the Petroleum Act under which a licencee may seek an agreement with the Minister for a first right to any licence which may be terminated due to no fault of the licensee. Extensive databases of petroleum information are held by the Department of Mines and Energy South Australia (MESA) and are readily available and accessible to the public and private sector in digital and hardcopy format. All basic technical data obtained by a licensee in an exploration licence are placed on open file: two years after acquisition onshore and offshore, two years after data were furnished. For production licences onshore, basic data are released five years after acquisition; offshore, one year after data were furnished. The Department provides a 'one stop shop' for the industry and is ready and able to quickly provide data and expert advice to the explorer. A digital database is also available (PEPS-SA) which contains details of all wells drilled, seismic surveys, production statistics etc.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global N Methyldiethanolamine - MDEA market size is USD 781.2 million in 2024 and will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.00% from 2024 to 2031.

North America holds the major market of more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 312.48 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.2% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounts for a share of over 30% of the global market size of USD 234.36 million.
Asia Pacific holds the market of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 179.68 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.0% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America holds the market of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 39.06 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.4% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa holds the major market of around 2% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 15.62 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.7% from 2024 to 2031.
The oil industry holds the highest N Methyldiethanolamine - MDEA market revenue share in 2024.

Market Dynamics of N Methyldiethanolamine - MDEA Market

Key Drivers for N Methyldiethanolamine - MDEA Market

Increasing Demand for Natural Gas to Propel the Market Revenue Growth

The increasing demand for natural gas is estimated to propel the industry revenue growth over the forecast period. MDEA is widely used in natural gas processing plants for removing acidic gases like hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from natural gas streams. With the growing global demand for natural gas as a cleaner alternative to other fossil fuels, the demand for MDEA in the gas treatment process is expected to rise. For instance, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, India's domestic natural gas output is expected to expand by 3.7% year on average, from 3.3 billion cubic feet per day in 2022 to 9.1 billion cubic feet per day in 2050.

(Source: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=61423#:~:text=We%20expect%20India's%20net%20natural,a%204.9%25%20average%20annual%20increase.&text=Note%3A%20LNG%3Dliquefied%20natural%20gas,to%20its%20natural%20gas%20imports)

Rising Demand in Textile, Paints and Medical Sector to Propel Market Growth

The explosive rise of major economies worldwide has led to the expansion of industries including textiles, paints, and medicine. Textiles, paints, and medical supplies are in greater demand due to population growth and rising living standards. MDEA is a good substitute for TEA esterquats and is frequently used as an active ingredient in fabric softeners. MDEA can be used in the paint industry to cationically modify acrylic polymer dispersions. MDEA is used to create silicone-based textile finishing agents, together with perfluoroalkyl polymers. Subsequently, MDEA is used in the medical field as a precursor for some active ingredients.

Restraint Factor for the N Methyldiethanolamine - MDEA Market

Fluctuation in Oil & Gas Prices to Limit the Sales

The oil and gas sector, which uses MDEA for gas sweetening, is a major source of demand for the substance. Demand for MDEA may decline when oil and gas companies scale back operations and investments when market conditions are poor. For instance, the COVID-19 pandemic caused oil prices to drop significantly, which affected the market for MDEA. During the projected period, this component could impede the growth of the global market for N-Methyl Diethanolamine (MDEA).

Impact of Covid-19 on the N Methyldiethanolamine - MDEA Market

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on various industries, including the chemicals sector, which includes the market for N-Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA). The pandemic disrupted global supply chains, causing delays in the transportation of raw materials and finished products. This could have affected the availability of MDEA and other chemicals, leading to potential supply shortages or delays in project timelines for gas processing plants and other industrial facilities. Additionally, the pandemic led to changes in energy consumption patterns, with a decrease in demand for certain fuels like gasoline and jet fuel due to travel restrictions and reduced economic activity. While natural gas remained relatively resilient...