Nature Communications Impact Factor 2024-2025 - ResearchHelpDesk - Nature Communications is an open-access journal that publishes high-quality research from all areas of the natural sciences. Papers published by the journal represent important advances of significance to specialists within each field. Nature Communications is open access, multidisciplinary journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research in all areas of the biological, health, physical, chemical, and Earth sciences. Papers published by the journal aim to represent important advances of significance to specialists within each field. We are committed to providing an efficient service for both authors and readers. Our team of independent editors makes rapid and fair publication decisions. Prompt dissemination of accepted papers to a wide readership and beyond is achieved through a program of continuous online publication. Article and journal metrics Article metrics such as number of downloads, citations and online attention are available from each article page and provide an overview of the attention received by a paper. The 2018 journal metrics for Nature Communications are as follows: 2-year Impact Factor: 11.878 5-year Impact Factor: 13.811 Immediacy Index: 2.107 Eigenfactor® score: 1.10329 Article Influence Score: 5.402 2-year Median: 8 Nature Communications Abstract & Indexing DOAJ, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar. Nature Communications started in the year 2010 and has been growing ever since. Nature Communications doesn’t have a fixed publishing frequency. Their publishing frequency is continuous and upon acceptance. They have a very strict acceptance rate of 7.7%. They get over 50,000+ submissions every year. Nature Communications Article-processing charges Nature Communications is an open-access journal. To publish in Nature Communications, authors are required to pay an article-processing charge (APC). The APC for all published papers is as follows, plus VAT or local taxes where applicable: £3,790 (UK) $5,380 (The Americas, China, and Japan) €4,380 (Europe and rest of world) Nature communications ranking Title Type SJR H index Total Docs. (2018) Total Docs. (3years) Total Refs. (2018) Total Cites (3years) Citable Docs. (3years) Cites / Doc. (2years) Ref. / Doc. (2018) Nature Communications journal 5.992 Q1 248 5664 11692 273530 141425 10983 11.80 48.29 Nature communications details Country: United Kingdom H Index: 248 Subject Area and Category: Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous), Chemistry, Chemistry (miscellaneous), Physics and Astronomy, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Publication Type: Journals ISSN: 20411723 Coverage: 2010-ongoing

Nature Medicine Impact Factor 2024-2025 - ResearchHelpDesk - Nature Medicine is a monthly journal publishing original peer-reviewed research in all areas of medicine on the basis of its originality, timeliness, interdisciplinary interest and impact on improving human health. Nature Medicine also publishes commissioned content, including News, Reviews and Perspectives, aimed at contextualizing the latest advances in translational and clinical research to reach a wide audience of M.D. and PhD readers. All editorial decisions are made by a team of full-time professional editors. Nature Medicine publishes research that addresses the needs and goals of contemporary medicine. Original research ranges from new concepts in human biology and disease pathogenesis to robust preclinical bases for new therapeutic modalities and drug development to all phases of clinical work, as well as innovative technologies aimed at improving human health. Current areas of interest also include, but are not limited to: Gene and cell therapies Clinical genomics Regenerative medicine High-definition medicine Effects of the environment in human health Artificial intelligence in health care Smart wearable devices Early disease diagnosis Microbiome Aging Nature Medicine also publishes Reviews, Perspectives and other content commissioned from leading scientists in their fields to provide expert and contextualized views of the latest research driving the progress of medicine. The Magazine section is editorially independent and provides topical and timely reporting of upcoming trends affecting medicine, researchers and the general audience.

Nature Reviews Materials Impact Factor 2024-2025 - ResearchHelpDesk - Nature Reviews Materials is an online-only journal for the weekly publication of Reviews, Perspectives and Comments in all scientific disciplines within materials science. Our Reviews aim to be balanced and objective analyses of the selected topic - with descriptions of relevant scientific literature and discussions that are easy to grasp for recent graduates in any materials-science related discipline, as well as informing principal investigators and industry-based research scientists of the latest advances. Reviews should provide the authors' insight into future directions and their opinion of the major challenges faced by researchers in the field. Perspectives - as the name suggests - take a look at a topic from a slightly different perspective. They may offer more personal viewpoints, explain the historical background to a topic, or discuss some of the social, ethical or environmental factors related to materials science research in academia and industry. Our Comments aim to address topical issues in materials science or offer a short, authoritative opinion on a scientific area within materials science. Reviews, Perspectives and Comments are commissioned by the editorial team. Aims & Scope Nature Reviews Materials aims to cover the making, measuring, modelling and manufacturing of materials - thus, looking at materials science throughout the pipeline of laboratory discovery to a functional device. Reviews and Perspectives are commissioned by the editorial team. Research areas covered in the journal include: Soft matter Biomaterials, bio-inspired and biomedical materials Optical, photonic and optoelectronic materials Magnetic materials Materials for electronics Superconductors Engineered and structural materials (metals, alloys, ceramics, composites) Two-dimensional materials Surfaces and thin films Devices Catalytic and separation materials Energy materials Materials for sustainable development Nanotechnology Modelling, simulation and materials theory Synthesis, processing and characterization techniques Manufacturing of materials

Nature Methods Impact Factor 2024-2025 - ResearchHelpDesk - Nature Methods is a monthly journal publishing novel methods and significant improvements to basic life sciences research techniques. All editorial decisions are made by a team of full-time professional editors. Nature Methods is a forum for the publication of novel methods and significant improvements to tried-and-tested basic research techniques in the life sciences. This monthly publication is aimed at a broad, interdisciplinary audience of academic and industry researchers actively involved in laboratory practice. It provides them with new tools to conduct their research and places a strong emphasis on the immediate practical relevance of the work presented. The journal publishes primary research papers as well as overviews of recent technical and methodological developments. We are actively seeking primary methods papers of relevance to the biological and biomedical sciences, including methods grounded in chemistry that have a practical application to the study of biological problems. To enhance the practical relevance of each paper, description of the method must be accompanied by its validation, its application to an important biological question and results illustrating its performance in comparison to available approaches. Articles are selected for publication that present broad interest, thorough assessments of methodological performance and comprehensive technical descriptions that facilitate immediate application. Specific areas of interest include, but are not limited to: Methods for nucleic acid manipulation, amplification and sequencing Methods for protein engineering, expression and purification Methods for proteomics, including mass spectrometry, analysis of binding interactions, microarray-based technologies, display techniques, analysis of post-translational modifications, glycobiology and metabolomics Methods for systems biology, including proteomics approaches, protein interaction analysis methods and genome wide expression and regulation profiling Biomolecular structural analysis technologies, including NMR and crystallography Chemical biology techniques, including chemical labeling, methods for expanding the genetic code and directed evolution Biophysical methods, including single molecule and lab-on-a-chip technologies Optical and non-optical imaging technologies, including probe design and labeling methods, microscopy, spectroscopy and in vivo imaging Techniques for the analysis and manipulation of gene expression, including epigenetics, gene targeting, transduction, RNA interference and microarray-based technologies Methods for cell culture and manipulation, including stem cells, single cell methods and lab-on-a-chip technologies Immunological techniques, including production of antibodies, antibody-based assays and immunolabeling Methods for the study of physiology and disease processes including cancer Methods involving model organisms and their manipulation and phenotyping Computational and bioinformatic methods for analysis, modeling or visualization of biological data Nanotechnology-based methods applied to basic biology

Mean number of total citations per article and mean number of citations per article appearing in journals that are out-of-field, by field.

Top Five Journals Cited by or Citing Target Articles, by Field and Journal Type.

Nature Environment and Pollution Technology Impact Factor 2024-2025 - ResearchHelpDesk - Journal of Environment and Pollution - The journal was established initially by the name of the Journal of Environment and Pollution in 1994, whose name was later changed to Nature Environment and Pollution Technology in the year 2002. It has now become open access online journal from the year 2017 with ISSN: 2395-3454 (Online). The journal was established especially to promote the cause for the environment and to cater to the need for rapid dissemination of the vast scientific and technological data generated in this field. It is a part of many reputed international indexing and abstracting agencies. The Journal has evoked a highly encouraging response among the researchers, scientists, and technocrats. It has a reputed International Editorial Board and publishes peer-reviewed papers. The Journal has also been approved by UGC (India). The journal is Abstracted and Indexed by AGRIS (UN-FAO) British Library Centre for Research Libraries Chemical Abstracts, U.S.A. CSA: Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management EBSCO’s Database Electronic Social and Science Citation Index (ESSCI) Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek (EZB) Elsevier Bibliographic Databses Like EI Compendex, Geobase, EnCompass, Etc. Environment Abstract, U.S.A. Geobase GetCited Google Scholar Index Copernicus International (ICI) Indian Citation Index Indian Science Indian Science Abstracts, New Delhi, India J-Gate JournalSeek NeuJour, USA Paryavaran Abstract, New Delhi, India Pollution Abstracts, U.S.A. ProQuest, U.K. Research Bible (Japan) Science Central Scopus, SJR Sherpa UDL-EDGE (Malaysia) Products like i-Journals, i-Focus and i-Future WorldCat Zetoc, Agriquest Zoological Records (Thomson Reuters) The journal publishes both original research and review papers. The ideology and scope of the Journal include the following. Monitoring, control, and management of air, water, soil and noise pollution Solid waste management Industrial hygiene and occupational health Biomedical aspects of pollution Toxicological studies Radioactive pollution and radiation effects Wastewater treatment and recycling etc. Environmental modelling Biodiversity and conservation Dynamics and behaviour of chemicals in the environment Natural resources, wildlife, forests, and wetlands, etc. Environmental laws and legal aspects Environmental economics Any other topic related to the environment

Nature Immunology Impact Factor 2024-2025 - ResearchHelpDesk - Nature Immunology is a multidisciplinary journal that publishes papers of the highest quality and significance in all areas of immunology. Priority is given to work that provides translational and/or fundamental insight into the workings of the immune system. Areas covered include, but are not limited to, innate immunity and inflammation; development; immune receptors, signaling and apoptosis; antigen presentation; gene regulation and recombination; cellular and systemic immunity; vaccines; immune tolerance; autoimmunity; tumour immunology, and microbial immunopathology. Nature Immunology places its highest priority on fair and rapid review and speedy publication. Decisions on whether to send a manuscript out for peer review are normally made within two working days of receipt and decisions about publication are typically made within two days of receipt of the referees' reports. In addition to publishing significant original research, Nature Immunology also publishes comments, News and Views, research highlights, matters arising from readers and reviews of the literature, thus serving as the major conduit of top-quality information for the immunology community.

Scientific research grows at a tremendous pace, and by classifying over 140 million documents (research articles, book chapters, pre-prints and more) into over 29,000 topics we help make research more discoverable by enabling tracking broad trends as well as supporting deep dives in specialised areas.We are releasing a dataset containing version 1 of the Nature Research Intelligence topics. The topics were identified by using machine learning to cluster and organise a large citation network, built from documents citing each other. The resulting clusters were labelled using generative AI. The full methodology is described in a pre-print: Jenset, Bevan & Jain (2025).The dataset has one row for each of the 29,140 topics (at the most granular level), as well as the header row. The columns in the file are as follows:topic_label: the label for the topic, created with generative AI based on documents in the topic.size: the number of documents in the topic, as of May 19, 2025.topic_coherence: a metric from 0 (no coherence) to 1 (max coherence) indicating how coherent the topic is.topic_if: an impact factor type of metric indicating average citations to documents in the topic, calculated using the standard formula.for_l3_parent, for_l2_parent, for_l1_parent: a hierarchy organising the topics into progressively broader fields, using the ANZSRC fields of research. For further details see:Gard B. Jenset, Peter J. Bevan, Akarsh Jain et al. A large-scale, granular topic classification system for scientific documents, 27 April 2025, PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square [https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6529718/v1] [link]

Scientific Reports Impact Factor 2024-2025 - ResearchHelpDesk - Scientific Reports publish original research from all areas of the natural and clinical sciences. You can learn more about what we publish by browsing our specific scientific subject areas below or exploring Scientific Reports by browsing all articles and collections. Physical sciences Physical sciences are those academic disciplines that aim to uncover the underlying laws of nature — often written in the language of mathematics. It is a collective term for areas of study including astronomy, chemistry, materials science and physics. Earth and environmental sciences Earth and environmental sciences cover all aspects of Earth and planetary sciences and broadly encompass solid Earth processes, surface and atmospheric dynamics, Earth system history, climate, and climate change, marine and freshwater systems, and ecology. It also considers the interactions between humans and these systems. Biological sciences Biological sciences encompasses all the divisions of natural sciences examining various aspects of vital processes. The concept includes anatomy, physiology, cell biology, biochemistry and biophysics, and covers all organisms from microorganisms, animals to plants. Health sciences The health sciences study health, disease, and healthcare. This field of study aims to develop knowledge, interventions, and technology for use in healthcare to improve the treatment of patients. Journal metrics 2018 2-year impact factor: 4.011 5-year impact factor: 4.525 Immediacy index: 0.679 Eigenfactor® score: 1.06154 Article influence score: 1.286

Nature microbiology Impact Factor 2024-2025 - ResearchHelpDesk - Nature Microbiology (ISSN - 2058-5276) is an online only, monthly journal publishing the best research from across the field of microbiology. All editorial decisions are made by a team of full-time professional editors. Aims & Scope As the most abundant living entities on our planet, microorganisms are fundamental to every aspect of life on Earth. Whether bacterial, viral, archaeal or eukaryotic in nature, microorganisms impact the dynamics and function of every niche in which they dwell, both host-associated and environmental. Their ubiquity combined with their diverse metabolic repertoire means that their activities are critical to processes with vast variation in scale: from driving global elemental biogeochemical cycles to modulating the function of a single cell. Nature Microbiology is interested in all aspects of microorganisms, be it their evolution, physiology and cell biology; their interactions with each other, with a host or with an environment; or their societal significance. Nature Microbiology provides a place where all researchers and policymakers interested in microorganisms can come together to learn about the most accomplished and significant advances in the field and to discuss topical issues. An online-only monthly journal, our broad scope ensures that the research published reaches the widest possible audience of microbiologists. Topics covered in the journal include: Antimicrobials and Resistance Microbial genetics Applied microbiology Host defence Archaea Industrial microbiology Bacteria Infectious diseases Biochemistry Microbiomes Biodiversity Molecular biology Biofilms Omics Biophysics Parasites Biotechnology Pathogenesis Cell biology Physiology Clinical microbiology Protozoa Computational biology Public health Education Society Environmental microbiology Symbiosis Epidemiology Systems biology Evolution Vaccines Fungi Viruses

Academic publishers purport to be arbiters of knowledge, aiming to publish studied that advance the frontiers of their research domain. Yet the effectiveness of journal editors at identifying novel and important research is generally unknown, in part because of the confidential nature of the editorial and peer-review process. Using questionnaires, we evaluated the degree to which journals are effective arbiters of scientific impact in the domain of Ecology, quantified by three key criteria. First, journals discriminated against low-impact manuscripts: the probability of rejection increased as the number of citations gained by the published paper decreased. Second, journals were more likely to publish high-impact manuscripts (those that obtained citations in 90th percentile for their journal) than run-of-the-mill manuscripts; editors were only 23 and 41% as likely to reject an eventual high-impact paper (pre- versus post-review rejection) compared to a run-of-the-mill paper. Third, editors did occasionally reject papers that went on to be highly cited. Error rates were low, however: only 3.8% of rejected papers gained more citations than the median article in the journal that rejected them, and only 9.2% of rejected manuscripts went on to be high-impact papers in the (generally lower impact factor) publishing journal. The effectiveness of scientific arbitration increased with journal prominence, although some highly prominent journals were no more effective than much less prominent ones. We conclude that the academic publishing system, founded on peer review, appropriately recognises the significance of research contained in manuscripts, as measured by the number of citations that manuscripts obtain after publication, even though some errors are made. We therefore recommend that authors reduce publication delays by choosing journals appropriate to the significance of their research.

Environmental Impact Statement: Geological research and mapping in Mootwingee National Park and Coturaundee Nature Reserve : review of environmental factors

Nature Genetics Impact Factor 2024-2025 - ResearchHelpDesk - Nature Genetics is a monthly journal publishing the best research from across the field of genetics, with our broad scope ensuring that work published reaches the widest possible audience. All editorial decisions are made by a team of full-time professional editors. Nature Genetics publishes the very highest quality research in genetics. It encompasses genetic and functional genomic studies on human and plant traits and on other model organisms. Current emphasis is on the genetic basis for common and complex diseases and on the functional mechanism, architecture and evolution of gene networks, studied by experimental perturbation. Integrative genetic topics comprise, but are not limited to: Genes in the pathology of human disease Molecular analysis of simple and complex genetic traits Cancer genetics Agricultural genomics Developmental genetics Regulatory variation in gene expression Strategies and technologies for extracting function from genomic data Pharmacological genomics Genome evolution

The Journals dataset includes information about all historical Journal titles from Springer Nature, including ones that have been decommissioned.See also: https://scigraph.springernature.com/explorer/datasets/data_at_a_glance/A journal record usually includes information about its publisher, imprint, license model, chief editor, external identifiers, subjects and impact factor when available.Version info:* http://scigraph.downloads.uberresearch.com/archives/current/TIMESTAMP.txt* http://scigraph.downloads.uberresearch.com/archives/current/LICENSE.txt

Nature Materials Impact Factor 2024-2025 - ResearchHelpDesk - Nature Materials is a monthly multi-disciplinary journal aimed at bringing together cutting-edge research across the entire spectrum of materials science and engineering. Materials research is a diverse and fast-growing discipline, which has moved from a largely applied, engineering focus to a position where it has an increasing impact on other classical disciplines such as physics, chemistry and biology. Nature Materials covers all applied and fundamental aspects of the synthesis/processing, structure/composition, properties and performance of materials, where "materials" are identified as substances in the condensed states (liquid, solid, colloidal) designed or manipulated for technological ends. Nature Materials provides a forum for the development of a common identity among materials scientists while encouraging researchers to cross established subdisciplinary divides. To achieve this, and strengthen the cohesion of the community, The journal takes an interdisciplinary, integrated and balanced approach to all areas of materials research while fostering the exchange of ideas between scientists involved in the different disciplines. Nature Materials is an invaluable resource for all scientists, in both academia and industry, who are active in the process of discovering and developing materials and materials-related concepts. Nature Materials offers an engaging, informative and accessible product including papers of exceptional significance and quality in a discipline which promises to have great influence on the development of society in years to come. Research areas covered in the journal Engineering and structural materials (metals, alloys, ceramics, composites) Organic and soft materials (glasses, colloids, liquid crystals, polymers) Bio-inspired, biomedical and biomolecular materials Optical, photonic and optoelectronic materials Magnetic materials Materials for electronics Superconducting materials Catalytic and separation materials Materials for energy Nanoscale materials and processes Computation, modelling and materials theory Surfaces and thin films Design, synthesis, processing and characterization techniques In addition to primary research, Nature Materials also publishes review articles, perspectives, news and views, commentaries, correspondence, interviews and analysis of the broader materials picture. In this way, the journal aims to be the voice of the worldwide materials science community.

Intensification of pedestrian tourism causes damage to trees near tourist tracks, and likewise changes the soil structure. As a result, one may expect that annual amount of trees growing near tracks is significantly lower than deeper in the forest. However, during the study of the long-term impact of tourism on the environment (determined from tree increment dynamics), some methodological problems may occur. It is particularly important in protected areas where law and administrative regulations related to nature conservation force research to be conducted using small samples. In this paper we have analyzed the data collected in the Polish part of the Tatra National Park in the two study plots divided into two zones each: the area directly under the influence of the tourist's trampling and the control group. The aim of such analyses was to present the potential effects of the factors which may affect the results of dendrochronological analysis: (i) small size of samples that affects their representativeness, (ii) spatial differences in the rates of the process, as a result of spatial variability of environmental factors and (iii) temporal differences in the rates of the process. This study confirms that the factors mentioned above could significantly influence the results and should be taken into consideration during the analysis.

Nature Energy Impact Factor 2024-2025 - ResearchHelpDesk - Nature Energy is a monthly, online-only journal publishing the best research on energy, from its generation and distribution to the impacts energy technologies and policies have on societies. All editorial decisions are made by a team of full-time professional editors. Aims & Scope Aims The provision of energy is a key issue at the heart of modern society: where do we get it from, how do we use it, and is there enough of it for what we want? Our growing thirst for energy must either be matched by supply or else adapted to meet it. Tackling these challenges is an essential part of many fields of research — both in the natural and social and behavioural sciences and economics — and is the focus of multi-billion-dollar global industries. Publishing monthly, Nature Energy is dedicated to exploring all aspects of this ongoing discussion, from the generation and storage of energy, to its distribution and management, the needs and demands of the different actors, and the impacts that energy technologies and policies have on societies. We have a particular interest in studies that advance our knowledge and inform the development of next-generation technologies and solutions. Nature Energy provides a forum for all parties active at the frontiers of energy to come together and learn about the different facets of this sector. Like all Nature-branded journals, Nature Energy is characterized by a dedicated team of professional editors, a fair and rigorous peer-review process, high standards of copy-editing and production, swift publication and editorial independence. In addition to publishing original research, Nature Energy will publish Comments, Perspectives, Reviews, News & Views, Features and Correspondence from across the full range of disciplines concerned with energy. Scope Topics covered in the journal include: Solar energy Wind energy Wave energy Geothermal energy Hydroelectricity Energy harvesting devices Nuclear power Fuel cells Hydrogen energy Transportation fuels Bioenergy and biofuels Batteries Supercapacitors Electrocatalysis and photocatalysis Carbon capture and storage Energy economics and finance Energy policy Energy and behaviour Energy security Energy access Energy justice Energy grids and networks

This study provides an overview of science from the Wikipedia perspective. A methodology has been established for the analysis of how Wikipedia editors regard science through their references to scientific papers. The method of co-citation has been adapted to this context in order to generate Pathfinder networks (PFNET) that highlight the most relevant scientific journals and categories, and their interactions in order to find out how scientific literature is consumed through this open encyclopaedia. In addition to this, their obsolescence has been studied through Price index. A total of 1 433 457 references available at Altmetric.com have been initially taken into account. After pre-processing and linking them to the data from Elsevier's CiteScore Metrics the sample was reduced to 847 512 references made by 193 802 Wikipedia articles to 598 746 scientific articles belonging to 14 149 journals indexed in Scopus. As highlighted results we found a significative presence of “Medicine” and “Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology” papers and that the most important journals are multidisciplinary in nature, suggesting also that high-impact factor journals were more likely to be cited. Furthermore, only 13.44% of Wikipedia citations are to Open Access journals.

Nature Biotechnology Impact Factor 2024-2025 - ResearchHelpDesk - Nature Biotechnology is interested in the best research from across the field of Biotechnology; our broad scope ensures that work published reaches the widest possible audience. All editorial decisions are made by a team of full-time professional editors. Nature Biotechnology is a monthly journal covering the science and business of biotechnology. It publishes new concepts in technology/methodology of relevance to the biological, biomedical, agricultural and environmental sciences as well as covers the commercial, political, ethical, legal, and societal aspects of this research. The first function is fulfilled by the peer-reviewed research section, the second by the expository efforts in the front of the journal. We provide researchers with news about business; we provide the business community with news about research developments. The core areas in which we are actively seeking research papers include: molecular engineering of nucleic acids and proteins; molecular therapy (therapeutics genes, antisense, siRNAs, aptamers, DNAzymes, ribozymes, peptides, proteins); large-scale biology (genomics, functional genomics, proteomics, structural genomics, metabolomics, etc.); computational biology (algorithms and modeling), regenerative medicine (stem cells, tissue engineering, biomaterials); imaging technology; analytical biotechnology (sensors/detectors for analytes/macromolecules), applied immunology (antibody engineering, xenotransplantation, T-cell therapies); food and agricultural biotechnology; and environmental biotechnology. A comprehensive list of areas of interest is shown below. Strategies for controlling gene expression Strategies for manipulating gene structure Strategies for gene containment Technologies for analyzing gene function (e.g., arrays, SAGE) Technologies for analyzing gene structure/organization (e.g., molecular beacons) Chemogenomics or chemical genetics Pharmacogenomics/SNPs Computational analysis Technologies for analyzing/identifying protein structure/function (e.g., 2-D gels, mass spectrometry, yeast two-hybrid, SPR, NMR, arrays and chips) Structural genomics Computational analysis Technologies for analyzing/profiling metabolites (chromatography, mass spectrometry) Computational analysis Bioinformatics; algorithms; data deconvolution Modeling and systems biology: kinetics-based models and constraints-based models Rational approaches for proteins/antibodies/enzymes/drugs Molecular evolution Molecular breeding approaches Genetic manipulation of species of interest to modify or allow the production of a commercially or therapeutically relevant compound Computational analysis Mammalian cells Insect cells Bacteria Fungi Plant cells Targeting strategies Viral and nonviral vector strategies Reporter molecules Imaging approaches/technologies for visualizing whole animals, cells, or single molecules Computational analysis Gene therapy (targeting, expression, integration, immunogenicity) Antisense RNAi DNAzymes and ribozymes Nanomaterials for use in drug delivery or as therapeutics Nanomaterials for use in industrial biotechnology Nanosensors Nanosystems for imaging molecules and cells Antibody engineering T-cell therapies Therapies exploiting innate immunity (e.g. complement) Antigen delivery vectors and approaches Nucleic acid vaccines Computational analysis Stem cells Tissue engineering Therapeutic cloning (somatic cell nuclear transfer) Xenotransplantation Biomaterials Approaches for detecting biological molecules Use of biological systems in detecting analytes Approaches for multiplexing and increasing throughput Selection/screening strategies for gene/proteins/drugs Microfluidics Engineering materials for biological application Molecular imprinting Biomimetics Nanotechnology Crop improvement (resistance to stress, disease, pests) Nutraceuticals Forest biotechnology Plant vaccines Plants as bioreactors Gene-containment strategies Transgenic animals Knockouts Reproductive cloning Biopharmaceutical and enzyme production Transgene targeting and expression strategies Bioremediation Biomining Phytoremediation Monitoring