Global Surface Summary of the Day is derived from The Integrated Surface Hourly (ISH) dataset. The ISH dataset includes global data obtained from the USAF Climatology Center, located in the Federal Climate Complex with NCDC. The latest daily summary data are normally available 1-2 days after the date-time of the observations used in the daily summaries. The online data files begin with 1929 and are at the time of this writing at the Version 8 software level. Over 9000 stations' data are typically available. The daily elements included in the dataset (as available from each station) are: Mean temperature (.1 Fahrenheit) Mean dew point (.1 Fahrenheit) Mean sea level pressure (.1 mb) Mean station pressure (.1 mb) Mean visibility (.1 miles) Mean wind speed (.1 knots) Maximum sustained wind speed (.1 knots) Maximum wind gust (.1 knots) Maximum temperature (.1 Fahrenheit) Minimum temperature (.1 Fahrenheit) Precipitation amount (.01 inches) Snow depth (.1 inches) Indicator for occurrence of: Fog, Rain or Drizzle, Snow or Ice Pellets, Hail, Thunder, Tornado/Funnel Cloud Global summary of day data for 18 surface meteorological elements are derived from the synoptic/hourly observations contained in USAF DATSAV3 Surface data and Federal Climate Complex Integrated Surface Hourly (ISH). Historical data are generally available for 1929 to the present, with data from 1973 to the present being the most complete. For some periods, one or more countries' data may not be available due to data restrictions or communications problems. In deriving the summary of day data, a minimum of 4 observations for the day must be present (allows for stations which report 4 synoptic observations/day). Since the data are converted to constant units (e.g, knots), slight rounding error from the originally reported values may occur (e.g, 9.9 instead of 10.0). The mean daily values described below are based on the hours of operation for the station. For some stations/countries, the visibility will sometimes 'cluster' around a value (such as 10 miles) due to the practice of not reporting visibilities greater than certain distances. The daily extremes and totals--maximum wind gust, precipitation amount, and snow depth--will only appear if the station reports the data sufficiently to provide a valid value. Therefore, these three elements will appear less frequently than other values. Also, these elements are derived from the stations' reports during the day, and may comprise a 24-hour period which includes a portion of the previous day. The data are reported and summarized based on Greenwich Mean Time (GMT, 0000Z - 2359Z) since the original synoptic/hourly data are reported and based on GMT.

*This version has been superseded by a newer version. It is highly recommended for users to access the current version. Users should only access this superseded version for special cases, such as reproducing studies. If necessary, this version can be accessed by contacting NCEI.*The Integrated Surface Dataset (ISD) is composed of worldwide surface weather observations from over 35,000 stations, though the best spatial coverage is evident in North America, Europe, Australia, and parts of Asia. Parameters included are: air quality, atmospheric pressure, atmospheric temperature/dew point, atmospheric winds, clouds, precipitation, ocean waves, tides and more. ISD refers to the data contained within the digital database as well as the format in which the hourly, synoptic (3-hourly), and daily weather observations are stored. The format conforms to Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS). ISD provides hourly data that can be used in a wide range of climatological applications. For some stations, data may go as far back as 1901, though most data show a substantial increase in volume in the 1940s and again in the early 1970s. Currently, there are over 14,000 "active" stations updated daily in the database.

For user convenience, a subset of just the hourly data is available to users for download. It is referred to as Integrated Surface Global Hourly data, see associated download links for access to this subset.

The NOAA Weather and Climate Toolkit is an application that provides simple visualization and data export of weather and climatological data archived at NCDC. The Toolkit also provides access to weather and climate web services provided from NCDC and other organizations. The Viewer provides tools for displaying custom data overlay, Web Map Services (WMS), animations and basic filters. The export of images and movies is provided in multiple formats. The Data Exporter allows for data export in both vector point/line/polygon and raster grid formats. Current data types supported include: CF-compliant Fridded NetCDF; Generic CF-compliant Irregularly-Spaced/Curvilinear Gridded NetCDF/HDF; GRIB1, GRIB2, GINI, GEMPAK, HDF(CF-compliant) and more gridded formats; GPES Satellite AREA Files; NEXRAD Radar Data(Level-II and Level-III); U.S. Drought Monitor Service from the National Drought Mitigation Center (NDMC); OPeNDAP support for Gridded Datasets

The Passive Microwave Sea Ice Concentration Climate Data Record (CDR) dataset is generated using daily gridded brightness temperatures from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) series of Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) passive microwave radiometers onboard F-8, F-11 and F-13, and from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) data onboard F-17. The sea ice concentrations are an estimate of the fraction of ocean area covered by sea ice for both the north and south Polar Regions. The daily product is produced by combining concentration estimates created using two algorithms developed at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) that are processed and combined at NSIDC using brightness temperature data from Remote Sensing Systems, Inc. (RSS). The data are gridded on the NSIDC polar stereographic grid with 25 x 25 km grid cells and are available in netCDF file format. The monthly averaged data have the same spatial resolution and format. Improvements since Version 1 include: 1) an extended data record from 2007 to present; 2) using SSMIS data from F-17; 3) a new snow melt variable; 4) netCDF metadata improvements; and 5) updated documentation and source code.

Storm Data is provided by the National Weather Service (NWS) and contain statistics on personal injuries and damage estimates. Storm Data covers the United States of America. The data began as early as 1950 through to the present, updated monthly with up to a 120 day delay possible. NCDC Storm Event database allows users to find various types of storms recorded by county, or use other selection criteria as desired. The data contain a chronological listing, by state, of hurricanes, tornadoes, thunderstorms, hail, floods, drought conditions, lightning, high winds, snow, temperature extremes and other weather phenomena.

In March 2015, data for thirteen Alaskan climate divisions were added to the NClimDiv data set. Data for the new Alaskan climate divisions begin in 1925 through the present and are included in all monthly updates. Alaskan climate data include the following elements for divisional and statewide coverage: average temperature, maximum temperature (highs), minimum temperature (lows), and precipitation. The Alaska NClimDiv data were created and updated using similar methodology as that for the CONUS, but with a different approach to establishing the underlying climatology. The Alaska data are built upon the 1971-2000 PRISM averages whereas the CONUS values utilize a base climatology derived from the NClimGrid data set. In January 2025, the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) began summarizing the State of the Climate for Hawaii. This was made possible through a collaboration between NCEI and the University of Hawaii/Hawaii Climate Data Portal and completes a long-standing gap in NCEI's ability to characterize the State of the Climate for all 50 states. NCEI maintains monthly statewide, divisional, and gridded average temperature, maximum temperatures (highs), minimum temperature (lows) and precipitation data for Hawaii over the period 1991-2025. As of November 2018, NClimDiv includes county data and additional inventory files In March 2015, data for thirteen Alaskan climate divisions were added to the NClimDiv data set. Data for the new Alaskan climate divisions begin in 1925 through the present and are included in all monthly updates. Alaskan climate data include the following elements for divisional and statewide coverage: average temperature, maximum temperature (highs), minimum temperature (lows), and precipitation. The Alaska NClimDiv data were created and updated using similar methodology as that for the CONUS, but with a different approach to establishing the underlying climatology. The Alaska data are built upon the 1971-2000 PRISM averages whereas the CONUS values utilize a base climatology derived from the NClimGrid data set.

As of November 2018, NClimDiv includes county data and additional inventory files.

This archived Paleoclimatology Study is available from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), under the World Data Service (WDS) for Paleoclimatology. The associated NCEI study type is Other Collections. The data include parameters of database with a geographic location of . The time period coverage is from Unavailable begin date to Unavailable end date in calendar years before present (BP). See metadata information for parameter and study location details. Please cite this study when using the data.

Local Climatological Data (LCD) are summaries of climatological conditions from airport and other prominent weather stations managed by NWS, FAA, and DOD. The product includes hourly observations and associated remarks, and a record of hourly precipitation for the entire month. Also included are daily summaries summarizing temperature extremes, degree days, precipitation amounts and winds. The tabulated monthly summaries in the product include maximum, minimum, and average temperature, temperature departure from normal, dew point temperature, average station pressure, ceiling, visibility, weather type, wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, degree days (heating and cooling), daily precipitation, average wind speed, fastest wind speed/direction, sky cover, and occurrences of sunshine, snowfall and snow depth. The source data is global hourly (DSI 3505) which includes a number of quality control checks.

If you're looking for weather datasets, there are several reputable sources where you can access comprehensive weather data for various applications, including research, machine learning, and more. Here are some popular options:

1. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI):

   • The NCEI, part of NOAA, offers a wide range of climate and weather data. You can find historical weather data, global climate data, and more.
   • NCEI Weather Data

2. OpenWeatherMap:

   • Provides current weather data, forecasts, and historical data. They offer free and paid plans depending on the level of access and detail needed.
   • OpenWeatherMap API

3. Weather Underground:

   • Offers a rich set of weather data including current conditions, forecasts, and historical weather data.
   • Weather Underground API

4. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF):

   • ECMWF provides datasets including ERA-Interim, ERA5, and seasonal forecasts. They focus on global weather and climate data.
   • ECMWF Data

5. The Weather Company (IBM):

   • Offers a range of weather data services, including historical weather data, forecasts, and more through their APIs.
   • The Weather Company API

6. NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS):

   • Provides access to a vast array of global climate data, satellite imagery, and other environmental data.
   • NASA EOSDIS

7. Global Surface Summary of the Day (GSOD):

   • A dataset that includes daily weather summaries from global stations, available through the National Centers for Environmental Information.
   • GSOD Data

8. Climate Data Online (CDO):

   • Another resource from NOAA, offering access to a variety of climate data, including daily and monthly summaries, storm data, and more.
   • NOAA CDO

9. Meteostat:

   • Provides free access to historical weather and climate data, focusing on quality-controlled and easy-to-use datasets.
   • Meteostat

NCDC Technical Reports is a set of retrospective analyses produced by the Research Customer Service Group and the National Climatic Data Center from 1995 to 2008. Meteorologists and Physical Scientists at the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) produced more than 30 reports on wide-ranging topics from climatologies in Olympic cities to reanalyses of severe weather, flooding, and snow events.

Note: This dataset version has been superseded by a newer version. It is highly recommended that users access the current version. Users should only use this version for special cases, such as reproducing studies that used this version. The NOAA Ocean Surface Bundle (OSB) Climate Data Record (CDR) consist of three parts: sea surface temperature, near-surface atmospheric properties, and heat fluxes. This portion of the OSB CDR is the NOAA Climate Data Record (CDR) of Sea Surface Temperature - WHOI. The SST data are found through modeling the diurnal variability in combination with AVHRR observations of sea surface temperature. The data cover a time period from January 1988 - December 2007 at a 3-hourly, quarter-degree resolution.

U.S. Daily Surface Data consists of several closely related data sets: DSI-3200, DSI-3202, DSI-3206, and DSI-3210. These are archived at the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). U.S. Daily Surface Data is sometimes called cooperative data or COOP, named after the cooperative observers that recorded the data. In any one year there are about 8,000 stations operating. Most cooperative observers are state universities, state or federal agencies, or private individuals whose stations are managed and maintained by the National Weather Service. Each cooperative observer station may record as little as one parameter (precipitation), or several parameters. U.S. Daily Surface Data is also called Summary of the Day data. The original data was manuscript records, the earliest of which are from the 1800s. Records for approximately 23,000 stations have been archived from the beginning of record through the present. Official surface weather observation standards can be found in the Federal Meteorological Handbook.

Note: This dataset version has been superseded by a newer version. It is highly recommended that users access the current version. Users should only use this version for special cases, such as reproducing studies that used this version. This Climate Data Record (CDR) contains total solar irradiance (TSI) as a function of time created with the Naval Research Laboratory model for spectral and total irradiance (version 2). Total solar irradiance is the total, spectrally integrated energy input to the top of the Earth's atmosphere, at a standard distance of one Astronomical Unit from the Sun. Its units are W per m2. The dataset was created by Judith Lean (Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory), Odele Coddington and Peter Pilewskie (Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Science, University of Colorado). The daily- and monthly-averaged TSI data range from 1882 to the present, and annual-averaged TSI data begin in 1610. The data file format is netCDF-4 following CF metadata conventions. The dataset is accompanied by algorithm documentation, data flow diagram and source code for the NOAA CDR Program.

The NOAA Climate Data Record (CDR) of Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B) and Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) brightness temperature (Tb) in "window channels" and "water vapor" channels. The data cover a time period from 1998 to 2010. The data is roughly at 16 km resolution over the entire globe with 90 observations per scan using channels - 89, 150, 157, 183 +/- 1, 183 +/- 3, 183 +/- 7, 190 GHz. The AMSU-B sensor was flown on NOAA-15, -16, and -17 satellites. The MHS sensor was flown on NOAA-18, -19 and MetOp-A satellites and replaced the AMSU-B sensor (which has very similar attributes) and was flown on NOAA-15, -16 and -17. Visual inspections and verification of the various corrections were applied to the data to improve data accuracy.

Gridded and blended sea surface windstresses from multiple satellites with direction from NCEP Reanalysis-2; Global ocean coverage with a 0.25-degree resolution; The whole datasets covers from July 1987 to present, monthly resolution in this dataset; 6-hourly and daily are also available in other directories; See https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/rsad/blendedseawinds.html and links within for details. Include (taux,tauy) means & mean tau as scalar means

Please note, this dataset has been superseded by a newer version (see below). Users should not use this version except in rare cases (e.g., when reproducing previous studies that used this version). USCRN "Processed" Data (labeled as "uscrn-processed"): are interpreted values and derived geophysical parameters with other quality indicators processed from raw data (both Datalogger files and/or Raw Data from GOES and NOAAPort) by the USCRN Team. Climate variable types include air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, soil temperature, surface temperature, wetness, global solar radiation, relative humidity, and wind at 1.5 m above the ground. Many additional engineering variables are also available. These data have been decoded, quality-flagged, and processed into level 1 hourly data (the only applied quality control is rounding some values as they enter the database), and includes additional calculated values such as precipitation (5-minute and hourly), hourly maximum temperature, hourly minimum temperature, average temperature (5-minute and hourly), soil moisture (volumetric water content, 5-minute values at the 5 cm depth and and hourly values at all depths) for all dielectric values in range, layer average soil moisture (5 minute and hourly), and layer average soil temperature (5 minute and hourly). It is the general practice of USCRN to not calculate derived variables if the input data to these calculations are flagged. These data records are versioned based on the processing methods and algorithms used for the derivations (versions are noted within the data netCDF file), and data are updated when the higher quality raw data become available from stations' datalogger storage (Datalogger Files).

NOAA NEXRAD Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE) Climate Data Record (CDR) is created from the Radar Multi-Radar/Multi-Sensor (MRMS) Reanalysis to produce severe weather and precipitation products for improved decision-making capability to improve severe weather forecasts and warnings, hydrology, aviation, and numerical weather prediction. The data cover a time period from 2002-01-01 to 2011-12-31. NOAA's NEXRAD reanalysis consists of two primary components; (1) Severe weather and radar-reflectivity data generation, (2) Quantitative Precipitation Estimate (including associated precipitation variables and merged rain gauge and radar estimation). This document focuses on the second component of NOAA's NEXRAD reanalysis - the Quantitative Precipitation Estimate (QPE). The primary files generated within this data set are radar-only and radar- gauge (ROQPE, GCQPE, and MOS2D) merged precipitation products as well as ancillary information on precipitation type (PRATE and PFLAG) and radar quality (RQIND). The initial data set covers the time period from January 2002 - December 2011. Radar-only reflectivity, Gauge, Precipitation Flag, and Radar Quality Index for 5-minute data at 1km regular grid over CONUS. Radar only Radar-Gauge Quantitative Precipitation Estimates at hourly scale at 1km regular grid over CONUS. MRMS Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE) uses the most advanced radar technologies and provides high-resolution information about precipitation types and amounts for the nation. The data are stored in netCDF version 4.0 files that include the necessary metadata and supplementary data fields. Data set provides information that can be useful for identification of various types of precipitation, estimation of radar reflectivity, recognition of storm patterns, forecasting technologies for rainfall estimation, and associating different phases of precipitation such as hail freezing rain and snow with radar observations.

Please note, this dataset has been superseded by a newer version (see below). New version is only used starting from the last date this version was updated. National Weather Service (NWS) Station Information System (SIS) contains observing station metadata from November 2014 to present. These are renditions are used to update the Historical Observing Metadata Repository (HOMR) daily. Within this dataset will be embedded PDFs which will be loaded into Environmental Document Access and Display System (EDADS) Version 2 (EV2) and JSON machine readable version of the information on the PDFs which will be integrated into Historical Observing Metadata Repository (HOMR). Currently only Cooperative ObserverProgram (COOP) (www.nws.noaa.gov/os/coop) station metadata are being submitted. NWS plans to add additional types of stations to this dataset which will may require additional data elements.

The U.S. Monthly Climate Normals for 1981 to 2010 are 30-year averages of meteorological parameters for thousands of U.S. stations located across the 50 states, as well as U.S. territories, commonwealths, the Compact of Free Association nations, and one station in Canada. NOAA Climate Normals are a large suite of data products that provide users with many tools to understand typical climate conditions for thousands of locations across the United States. As many NWS stations as possible are used, including those from the NWS Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) Network as well as some additional stations that have a Weather Bureau Army-Navy (WBAN) station identification number, including stations from the Climate Reference Network (CRN). The comprehensive U.S. Climate Normals dataset includes various derived products including daily air temperature normals (including maximum and minimum temperature normal, heating and cooling degree day normal, and others), precipitation normals (including snowfall and snow depth, percentiles, frequencies and other), and hourly normals (all normal derived from hourly data including temperature, dew point, heat index, wind chill, wind, cloudiness, heating and cooling degree hours, pressure normals). In addition to the standard set of normals, users also can find "agricultural normals", which are used in many industries, including but not limited to construction, architecture, pest control, etc. These supplemental "agricultural normals" include frost-freeze date probabilities, growing degree day normals, probabilities of reaching minimum temperature thresholds, and growing season length normals. Users can access the data either by product or by station. Included in the dataset is extensive documentation to describe station metadata, filename descriptions, and methodology of producing the data. All data utilized in the computation of the 1981-2010 Climate Normals were taken from the ISD Lite (a subset of derived Integrated Surface Data), the Global Historical Climatology Network-Daily dataset, and standardized monthly temperature data (COOP). These source datasets (including intermediate datasets used in the computation of products) are also archived at the NOAA NCDC.

Please note, this dataset has been superseded by a newer version (see below). Users should not use this version except in rare cases (e.g., when reproducing previous studies that used this version).The NOAA Ocean Surface Bundle (OSB) Climate Data Record (CDR) consist of three parts: sea surface temperature, near-surface atmospheric properties, and heat fluxes. This portion of the OSB CDR is the NOAA Climate Data Record (CDR) of Ocean Heat Fluxes. The OSB CDR parameters of near-surface atmospheric and sea surface temperature are used to calculate the latent and sensible heat fluxes from a neural-network emulator of the TOGA-COARE Bulk Air-Sea Flux Algorithm. The data cover a time period from January 1988 - December 2007 at a 3-hourly, quarter-degree resolution.