This layer is the Neighborhood Development Index, or NDI. It is based on a study done by Community Development, and the Poverty Center at Case Western to identify parts of the city that fall in the middle of the spectrum of socioeconomic and housing conditions. Middle neighborhoods are typically areas on the edge between growth and decline. These are neither the strongest neighborhoods in a city nor are they the most distressed. In the process of those studies, the resulting NDI provided here is useful for policy work that is responsive to housing and economic conditions. The research team collected over 100 indicators which, through factor analysis, condensed to 65 variables across six distinct factors. These variables include, household income, housing value, race, education, age, poverty rate, health insurance attainment, foreign-born rates, loan rates, and more. These factors were further condensed into three categories here.1) Market-Rate - Relatively active in development, growing rents and transfer values, seeing market-driven development2) Middle Neighborhood - Stable areas both steadily improving or declining in property value and socioeconomic conditions3) Opportunity - Lower property values, income levels, and requiring substantially greater incentive for redevelopmentThese categories, are also used in conjunction with Community Development's residential tax abatement program. The neighborhood tiers are used to determine the level of tax abatement available.Data GlossaryObservations: Aggregated socieconomic indicators by Census block groupBlock Group: Geographic ID of the Census block groupClassification: One of the 3 tiers: Opportunity, Middle, MarketUpdate FrequencyThis data is set to be updated every 2 years. Last update was May 6, 2022--------------------------------UPDATE:05/05/2022The nomenclature "underinvested" has been modified to "opportunity."Many of the N/A areas have been converted to the "opportunity" designation. Current as of 5/5/2022ContactsCity of Cleveland, Department of Community Development

Dataset contains information on births in NC during the study period, linked with air pollutant concentrations during pregnancy periods, and index of neighborhood deprivation developed from US census 2000 and 2010 variables. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: Birth data can be requested through the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services website. Air pollution data is available through the EPA's RSIG gateway. Census data is available through the US Census website. Code will be provided on request to authors. Format: csv, SAS, and R files. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Cowan, K., A. Krajewski, M. Jimenez, T. Luben, L. Messer, and K. Rappazzo. Examining modification of the associations between air pollution and birth outcomes by neighborhood deprivation in a North Carolina birth cohort, 2011-2015. Frontiers in Reproductive Health. Frontiers, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND, 6(July): 1304749, (2024).

Additional file 2: Characteristics of participants included in the analysis of NDI/RSI/SVI and excluded due to missingness.

This dataset includes all births in NC in 2000 for which the residential address of the mother is geocoded. The following information is provided for each birth, where available: detailed birth record data elements, blood lead level test results, end-of-year grade 4 test results, Racial Residential Isolation (RI), Neighborhood Deprivation Index (NDI), and PM 2.5 and Ozone metrics.

The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) is a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of adolescents in grades 7-12 in the United States during the 1994-1995 school year. The Add Health cohort has been followed into young adulthood with four in-home interviews, the most recent in 2008, when the sample was aged 24-32. Add Health combines longitudinal survey data on respondents' social, economic, psychological, and physical well-being with contextual data on the family, neighborhood, community, school, friendships, peer groups, and romantic relationships, providing unique opportunities to study how social environments and behaviors in adolescence are linked to health and achievement outcomes in young adulthood. The fourth wave of interviews expanded the collection of biological data in Add Health to understand the social, behavioral, and biological linkages in health trajectories as the Add Health cohort ages through adulthood. The files contained in this component of the Add Health restricted data are the Wave I through Wave IV disposition files, and a file containing cause of death information for Add Health respondents reported deceased at Wave III (n=96) and Wave IV (n=126). The cause of death information was obtained from the National Death Index (NDI), 2007, which is produced by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The NDI uses the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes to identify causes of death. The NDI dataset contains 3 variables and has 227 observations. The dataset identifies cause of death, as well as the number of days between the respondent's Wave I interview and the 2007 NDI reported date of death.