Abstract

The 2011 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey is the fourth nationally representative comprehensive survey conducted as part of the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) project in the country. The survey was implemented by New ERA under the aegis of the Population Division, Ministry of Health and Population. Technical support for this survey was provided by ICF International with financial support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through its mission in Nepal.

The primary objective of the 2011 NDHS is to provide up-to-date and reliable data on different issues related to population and health, which provides guidance in planning, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating health programs in Nepal. The long term objective of the survey is to strengthen the technical capacity of the local institutions to plan, conduct, process and analyze data from complex national population and health surveys. The survey includes topics on fertility levels and determinants, family planning, fertility preferences, childhood mortality, children and women’s nutritional status, the utilization of maternal and child health services, knowledge of HIV/AIDS and STIs, women’s empowerment and for the first time, information on women facing different types of domestic violence. The survey also reports on the anemia status of women age 15-49 and children age 6-59 months.

In addition to providing national estimates, the survey report also provides disaggregated data at the level of various domains such as ecological region, development regions and for urban and rural areas. This being the fourth survey of its kind, there is considerable trend information on reproductive and health care over the past 15 years. Moreover, the 2011 NDHS is comparable to similar surveys conducted in other countries and therefore, affords an international comparison. The 2011 NDHS also adds to the vast and growing international database on demographic and health-related variables.

The 2011 NDHS collected demographic and health information from a nationally representative sample of 10,826 households, which yielded completed interviews with 12,674 women age 15-49 in all selected households and with 4, 121 men age 15-49 in every second household.

This survey is the concerted effort of various individuals and institutions.

Geographic coverage

The primary focus of the 2011 NDHS was to provide estimates of key population and health indicators, including fertility and mortality rates, for the country as a whole and for urban and rural areas separately. In addition, the sample was designed to provide estimates of most key variables for the 13 eco-development regions.

Analysis unit

Household, adult woman, adult man

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The primary focus of the 2011 NDHS was to provide estimates of key population and health indicators, including fertility and mortality rates, for the country as a whole and for urban and rural areas separately. In addition, the sample was designed to provide estimates of most key variables for the 13 eco-development regions.

Sampling Frame

Nepal is divided into 75 districts, which are further divided into smaller VDCs and municipalities. The VDCs and municipalities, in turn, are further divided into wards. The larger wards in the urban areas are divided into subwards. An enumeration area (EA) is defined as a ward in rural areas and a subward in urban areas. Each EA is classified as urban or rural. As the upcoming population census was scheduled for June 2011, the 2011 NDHS used the list of EAs with population and household information developed by the Central Bureau of Statistics for the 2001 Population Census. The long gap between the 2001 census and the fielding of the 2011 NDHS necessitated an updating of the 2001 sampling frame to take into account not only population growth but also mass internal and external migration due to the 10-year political conflict in the country. To obtain an updated list, a partial updating of the 2001 census frame was carried out by conducting a quick count of dwelling units in EAs five times more than the sample required for each of the 13 domains. The results of the quick count survey served as the actual frame for the 2011 NDHS sample design.

Domains

The country is broadly divided into three horizontal ecological zones, namely mountain, hill, and terai. Vertically, the country is divided into five development regions. The cross section of these zones and regions results in 15 eco-development regions, which are referred to in the 2011 NDHS as subregions or domains. Due to the small population size in the mountain regions, the Western, Mid-western, and Far-western mountain regions are combined into one domain, yielding a total of 13 domains. In order to provide an adequate sample to calculate most of the key indicators at an acceptable level of precision, each domain had a minimum of about 600 households.

Stratification was achieved by separating each of the 13 domains into urban and rural areas. The 2011 NDHS used the same urban-rural stratification as in the 2001 census frame. In total, 25 sampling strata were created. There are no urban areas in the Western, Mid-western, and Far-western mountain regions. The numbers of wards and subwards in each of the 13 domains are not allocated proportional to their population due to the need to provide estimates with acceptable levels of statistical precision for each domain and for urban and rural domains of the country as a whole. The vast majority of the population in Nepal resides in the rural areas. In order to provide national urban estimates, urban areas of the country were oversampled.

Sample Selection

Samples were selected independently in each stratum through a two-stage selection process. In the first stage, EAs were selected using a probability-proportional-to-size strategy. In order to achieve the target sample size in each domain, the ratio of urban EAs to rural EAs in each domain was roughly 1 to 2, resulting in 95 urban and 194 rural EAs (a total of 289 EAs).

Complete household listing and mapping was carried out in all selected EAs (clusters). In the second stage, 35 households in each urban EA and 40 households in each rural EA were randomly selected. Due to the nonproportional allocation of the sample to the different domains and to oversampling of urban areas in each domain, sampling weights are required for any analysis using the 2011 NDHS data to ensure the actual representativeness of the sample at the national level as well as at the domain levels. Since the 2011 NDHS sample is a two-stage stratified cluster sample, sampling weights were calculated based on sampling probabilities separately for each sampling stage, taking into account nonproportionality in the allocation process for domains and urban-rural strata.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were administered in the 2011 NDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, and the Man’s Questionnaire. These questionnaires were adapted from the standard DHS6 core questionnaires to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Nepal at a series of meetings with various stakeholders from government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organizations, EDPs, and international donors. The final draft of each questionnaire was discussed at a questionnaire design workshop organized by the MOHP, Population Division on 22 April 2010 in Kathmandu. These questionnaires were then translated from English into the three main local languages—Nepali, Maithali, and Bhojpuri—and back translated into English. Questionnaires were finalized after the pretest, which was held from 30 September to 4 November 2010, with a one-week break in October for the Dasain holiday.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all of the usual members and visitors in the selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, the survival status of the parents was determined. The Household Questionnaire was used to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview and women who were eligible for the interview focusing on domestic violence. The Household Questionnaire also collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the house, ownership of various durable goods, ownership of mosquito nets, and household food security. The results of salt testing for iodine content, height and weight measurements, and anemia testing were also recorded in the Household Questionnaire.

The Woman’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from women age 15-49. Women were asked questions on the following topics: - background characteristics (education, residential history, media exposure, etc.) - pregnancy history and childhood mortality - knowledge and use of family planning methods - fertility preferences - antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care - breastfeeding and infant feeding practices - vaccinations and childhood illnesses - marriage and sexual activity - work characteristics and husband’s background characteristics - awareness and behavior regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections - domestic violence

The Man’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-49 living in every second household in the 2011 NDHS. The Man’s Questionnaire collected much of the same information as the Woman’s Questionnaire but was shorter

Abstract

The 2022 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) is the sixth survey of its kind implemented in the country as part of the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program. It was implemented by New ERA under the aegis of the Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) of the Government of Nepal with the objective of providing reliable, accurate, and up-to-date data for the country.

The primary objective of the 2022 NDHS is to provide up-to-date estimates of basic demographic and health indicators. Specifically, the 2022 NDHS collected information on fertility, marriage, family planning, breastfeeding practices, nutrition, food insecurity, maternal and child health, childhood mortality, awareness and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), women’s empowerment, domestic violence, fistula, mental health, accident and injury, disability, and other healthrelated issues such as smoking, knowledge of tuberculosis, and prevalence of hypertension.

The information collected through the 2022 NDHS is intended to assist policymakers and program managers in evaluating and designing programs and strategies for improving the health of Nepal’s population. The survey also provides indicators relevant to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for Nepal.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49
• Man age 15-49

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49, men ageed 15-49, and all children aged 0-4 resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame used for the 2022 NDHS is an updated version of the frame from the 2011 Nepal Population and Housing Census (NPHC) provided by the National Statistical Office. The 2022 NDHS considered wards from the 2011 census as sub-wards, the smallest administrative unit for the survey. The census frame includes a complete list of Nepal’s 36,020 sub-wards. Each sub-ward has a residence type (urban or rural), and the measure of size is the number of households.

In September 2015, Nepal’s Constituent Assembly declared changes in the administrative units and reclassified urban and rural areas in the country. Nepal is divided into seven provinces: Koshi Province, Madhesh Province, Bagmati Province, Gandaki Province, Lumbini Province, Karnali Province, and Sudurpashchim Province. Provinces are divided into districts, districts into municipalities, and municipalities into wards. Nepal has 77 districts comprising a total of 753 (local-level) municipalities. Of the municipalities, 293 are urban and 460 are rural.

Originally, the 2011 NPHC included 58 urban municipalities. This number increased to 217 as of 2015. On March 10, 2017, structural changes were made in the classification system for urban (Nagarpalika) and rural (Gaonpalika) locations. Nepal currently has 293 Nagarpalika, with 65% of the population living in these urban areas. The 2022 NDHS used this updated urban-rural classification system. The survey sample is a stratified sample selected in two stages. Stratification was achieved by dividing each of the seven provinces into urban and rural areas that together formed the sampling stratum for that province. A total of 14 sampling strata were created in this way. Implicit stratification with proportional allocation was achieved at each of the lower administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame within each sampling stratum before sample selection, according to administrative units at the different levels, and by using a probability-proportional-to-size selection at the first stage of sampling. In the first stage of sampling, 476 primary sampling units (PSUs) were selected with probability proportional to PSU size and with independent selection in each sampling stratum within the sample allocation. Among the 476 PSUs, 248 were from urban areas and 228 from rural areas. A household listing operation was carried out in all of the selected PSUs before the main survey. The resulting list of households served as the sampling frame for the selection of sample households in the second stage. Thirty households were selected from each cluster, for a total sample size of 14,280 households. Of these households, 7,440 were in urban areas and 6,840 were in rural areas. Some of the selected sub-wards were found to be overly large during the household listing operation. Selected sub-wards with an estimated number of households greater than 300 were segmented. Only one segment was selected for the survey with probability proportional to segment size.

For further details on sample design, see APPENDIX A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Four questionnaires were used in the 2022 NDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Man’s Questionnaire, and the Biomarker Questionnaire. The questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s model questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Nepal. In addition, a self-administered Fieldworker Questionnaire collected information about the survey’s fieldworkers.

Input was solicited from various stakeholders representing government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and international donors. After all questionnaires were finalized in English, they were translated into Nepali, Maithili, and Bhojpuri. The Household, Woman’s, and Man’s Questionnaires were programmed into tablet computers to facilitate computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) for data collection purposes, with the capability to choose any of the three languages for each questionnaire. The Biomarker Questionnaire was completed on paper during data collection and then entered in the CAPI system.

Cleaning operations

Data capture for the 2022 NDHS was carried out with Microsoft Surface Go 2 tablets running Windows 10.1. Software was prepared for the survey using CSPro. The processing of the 2022 NDHS data began shortly after the fieldwork started. When data collection was completed in each cluster, the electronic data files were transferred via the Internet File Streaming System (IFSS) to the New ERA central office in Kathmandu. The data files were registered and checked for inconsistencies, incompleteness, and outliers. Errors and inconsistencies were immediately communicated to the field teams for review so that problems would be mitigated going forward. Secondary editing, carried out in the central office at New ERA, involved resolving inconsistencies and coding the open-ended questions. The New ERA senior data processor coordinated the exercise at the central office. The NDHS core team members assisted with the secondary editing. The paper Biomarker Questionnaires were compared with the electronic data file to check for any inconsistencies in data entry. The pictures of vaccination cards that were captured during data collection were verified with the data entered. Data processing and editing were carried out using the CSPro software package. The concurrent data collection and processing offered a distinct advantage because it maximized the likelihood of the data being error-free and accurate. Timely generation of field check tables allowed for effective monitoring. The secondary editing of the data was completed by July 2022, and the final cleaning of the data set was completed by the end of August.

Response rate

A total of 14,243 households were selected for the sample, of which 13,833 were found to be occupied. Of the occupied households, 13,786 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of more than 99%. In the interviewed households, 15,238 women age 15-49 were identified as eligible for individual interviews. Interviews were completed with 14,845 women, yielding a response rate of 97%. In the subsample of households selected for the men’s survey, 5,185 men age 15-49 were identified as eligible for individual interviews and 4,913 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 95%.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: nonsampling errors and sampling errors. Nonsampling errors result from mistakes made in implementing data collection and in data processing, such as failing to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and entering the data incorrectly. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2022 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (2022 NDHS) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2022 NDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected sample size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the selected sample. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability among all possible samples. Although the exact degree of variability is unknown, it can be estimated from the survey results.

Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, and so on), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the

Analysis unit

Woman, Birth, Child, Birth, Man, Household Member

Universe

Women age 15-49, Births, Children age 0-4, Men age 15-49, All persons

Kind of data

Demographic and Household Survey [hh/dhs]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) [Nepal], New ERA, and ICF International Inc.

SAMPLE UNIT: Woman SAMPLE SIZE: 12674

SAMPLE UNIT: Birth SAMPLE SIZE: 26615

SAMPLE UNIT: Child SAMPLE SIZE: 5306

SAMPLE UNIT: Man SAMPLE SIZE: 4121

SAMPLE UNIT: Member SAMPLE SIZE: 49791

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Abstract

The primary objective of the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) is to provide up-to-date estimates of basic demographic and health indicators. The NDHS provides a comprehensive overview of population, maternal, and child health issues in Nepal. Specifically, the 2016 NDHS: - Collected data that allowed calculation of key demographic indicators, particularly fertility and under-5 mortality rates, at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for the country’s seven provinces - Collected data that allowed for calculation of adult and maternal mortality rates at the national level - Explored the direct and indirect factors that determine levels and trends of fertility and child mortality - Measured levels of contraceptive knowledge and practice - Collected data on key aspects of family health, including immunization coverage among children, prevalence and treatment of diarrhea and other diseases among children under age 5, maternity care indicators such as antenatal visits and assistance at delivery, and newborn care - Obtained data on child feeding practices, including breastfeeding - Collected anthropometric measures to assess the nutritional status of children under age 5 and women and men age 15-49 - Conducted hemoglobin testing on eligible children age 6-59 months and women age 15-49 to provide information on the prevalence of anemia in these groups - Collected data on knowledge and attitudes of women and men about sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS and evaluated potential exposure to the risk of HIV infection by exploring high-risk behaviors and condom use - Measured blood pressure among women and men age 15 and above - Obtained data on women’s experience of emotional, physical, and sexual violence

The information collected through the 2016 NDHS is intended to assist policymakers and program managers in the Ministry of Health and other organizations in designing and evaluating programs and strategies for improving the health of the country’s population. The 2016 NDHS also provides data on indicators relevant to the Nepal Health Sector Strategy (NHSS) 2016-2021 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49
• Man age 15-49

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), women age 15-49 years and men age 15-49 years resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame used for the 2016 NDHS is an updated version of the frame from the 2011 National Population and Housing Census (NPHC), conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS).

The sampling frame contains information about ward location, type of residence (urban or rural), estimated number of residential households, and estimated population. In rural areas, the wards are small in size (average of 104 households) and serve as the primary sampling units (PSUs). In urban areas, the wards are large, with average of 800 households per ward. The CBS has a frame of enumeration areas (EAs) for each ward in the original 58 municipalities. However, for the 159 municipalities declared in 2014 and 2015, each municipality is composed of old wards, which are small in size and can serve as EAs.

The 2016 NDHS sample was stratified and selected in two stages in rural areas and three stages in urban areas. In rural areas, wards were selected as primary sampling units, and households were selected from the sample PSUs. In urban areas, wards were selected as PSUs, one EA was selected from each PSU, and then households were selected from the sample EAs.

For further details on sample design, see Appendix A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Six questionnaires were administered in the 2016 NDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Man’s Questionnaire, the Biomarker Questionnaire, the Fieldworker Questionnaire, and the Verbal Autopsy Questionnaire (for neonatal deaths). The first five questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s standard Demographic and Health Survey (DHS-7) questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Nepal. The Verbal Autopsy Questionnaire was based on the recent 2014 World Health Organization (WHO) verbal autopsy instruments (WHO 2015a).

Cleaning operations

The processing of the 2016 NDHS data began simultaneously with the fieldwork. As soon as data collection was completed in each cluster, all electronic data files were transferred via the IFSS to the New ERA central office in Kathmandu. These data files were registered and checked for inconsistencies, incompleteness, and outliers. The biomarker paper questionnaires were compared with the electronic data files to check for any inconsistencies in data entry. Data entry and editing were carried out using the CSPro software package. The secondary editing of the data was completed in the second week of February 2017. The final cleaning of the data set was carried out by The DHS Program data processing specialist and was completed by the end of February 2017.

Response rate

A total of 11,473 households were selected for the sample, of which 11,203 were occupied. Of the occupied households, 11,040 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99%.

In the interviewed households, 13,089 women age 15-49 were identified for individual interviews; interviews were completed with 12,862 women, yielding a response rate of 98%. In the subsample of households selected for the male survey, 4,235 men age 15-49 were identified and 4,063 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 96%.

Response rates were lower in urban areas than in rural areas. The difference was slightly more prominent for men than for women, as men in urban areas were often away from their households for work.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: nonsampling errors and sampling errors. Non-sampling errors result from mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2016 Nepal DHS (NDHS) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2016 NDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2016 NDHS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas. Sampling errors are computed in either ISSA or SAS, using programs developed by ICF. These programs use the Taylor linearization method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means, proportions, or ratios. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

A more detailed description of estimates of sampling errors are presented in Appendix B of the survey final report.

Data appraisal

Data Quality Tables - Household age distribution - Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women - Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men - Completeness of reporting - Births by calendar years - Reporting of age at death in days - Reporting of age at death in months - Sibling size and sex ratio of siblings - Pregnancy-related mortality trends

See details of the data quality tables in Appendix C of the survey final report.

Weighted descriptive results using individual data from Nepal, 2011.

This dataset comprises compiled data utilized for the integrated seismic risk assessment presented in the following study:

Bhochhibhoya, S., & Maharjan, R. (2022). Integrated seismic risk assessment in Nepal. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 22(10), 3211-3230. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3211-2022

Dataset Contents:

data_used_paper.csv: Municipality-level data used directly in the paper. Note that some entries are available only at the district level; please refer to the study for specific details.

opendata.xlsx: A comprehensive Excel file compiling relevant district-level data obtained from the OpenData website.

additional_survey_district.csv: Census data at the district level that was not included in the analysis.

Data Sources:The data were compiled from publicly available sources and were not originally collected by the authors. Key sources include:

CBS – Central Bureau of Statistic: National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National Report),https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/census/documents/Nepal/Nepal-Census-2011-Vol1.pdf (last access:20 November 2021), 2012.

CBS – Central Bureau of Statistic: Population Monograph of Nepal,Vol. I (Population Dynamics), https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/PopulationMonograph2014Volume1.pdf(last access: 20 November 2021), 2014a.

CBS – Central Bureau of Statistic: Population Monograph of Nepal,Vol. III (Economical Demography), https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/PopulationMonographV02.pdf (last access:20 November 2021), 2014b.

Sharma, P., Guha-Khasnobis, B., and Khanal, D. R.: Nepal human development report 2014, https://www.npc.gov.np/images/category/NHDR_Report_2014.pdf (last access: 20 Novem-ber 2021), 2014

Department of Health Services (2013).

Budget report for year 2070–2071 BS (Bikram Sambat,based on Nepali calendar) (2013–2014 CE).

Department of Education (2013–2014).

Opendata Website.

If the dataset is used, please cite both the dataset and the paper (below).

Bhochhibhoya, S., & Maharjan, R. (2022). Integrated seismic risk assessment in Nepal. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 22(10), 3211-3230. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3211-2022

Roisha, M. & Bhochhibhoya, S. (2024). Population and Economic Data of Nepal 2011 - Municipal-Level Data from different sources, including the National Census (Version v1) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14010807

If files are not working, or any other queries, contact sonicewrites@gmail.com.

Odds ratio predicting likelihood of women delivering at an institution in Nepal, 2011.

m2001men's file Nepal DHS 2001m2006men's file Nepal DHS 2006m2011men's file Nepal DHS 2011m2016men's file Nepal DHS 2016w2001Women's file Nepal DHS 2001w2006Women's file Nepal DHS 2006w2011Women's file Nepal DHS 2011w2016Women's file Nepal DHS 2016Dryad Data CitationsDRYADcitation.txt

Nepal NP: Female Headed Households data was reported at 31.300 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 28.200 % for 2011. Nepal NP: Female Headed Households data is updated yearly, averaging 23.400 % from Dec 1996 (Median) to 2016, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 31.300 % in 2016 and a record low of 12.400 % in 1996. Nepal NP: Female Headed Households data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Nepal – Table NP.World Bank: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Female headed households shows the percentage of households with a female head.; ; Demographic and Health Surveys.; ; The composition of a household plays a role in the determining other characteristics of a household, such as how many children are sent to school and the distribution of family income.

Nepal NP: Condom Use: Population Aged 15-24: Male: % of Males Aged 15-24 data was reported at 36.000 % in 2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 23.900 % for 2006. Nepal NP: Condom Use: Population Aged 15-24: Male: % of Males Aged 15-24 data is updated yearly, averaging 23.900 % from Dec 2001 (Median) to 2011, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 36.000 % in 2011 and a record low of 13.400 % in 2001. Nepal NP: Condom Use: Population Aged 15-24: Male: % of Males Aged 15-24 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Nepal – Table NP.World Bank: Health Statistics. Condom use, male is the percentage of the male population ages 15-24 who used a condom at last intercourse in the last 12 months.; ; Demographic and Health Surveys, and UNAIDS.; Weighted Average;

Nepal NP: Women Making Their Own Informed Decisions Regarding Sexual Relations, Contraceptive Use and Reproductive Health Care: % Aged 15-49 data was reported at 59.500 % in 2011. Nepal NP: Women Making Their Own Informed Decisions Regarding Sexual Relations, Contraceptive Use and Reproductive Health Care: % Aged 15-49 data is updated yearly, averaging 59.500 % from Dec 2011 (Median) to 2011, with 1 observations. Nepal NP: Women Making Their Own Informed Decisions Regarding Sexual Relations, Contraceptive Use and Reproductive Health Care: % Aged 15-49 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Nepal – Table NP.World Bank: Health Statistics. Proportion of women ages 15-49 years (married or in union) who make their own decision on all three selected areas i.e. can say no to sexual intercourse with their husband or partner if they do not want; decide on use of contraception; and decide on their own health care. Only women who provide a “yes” answer to all three components are considered as women who “make her own decisions regarding sexual and reproductive”.; ; Demographic and Health Surveys compiled by United Nations Population Fund; ;

Abstract

The GYTS is a school-based survey which uses a self-administered questionnaire to monitor tobacco use among youth and to guide the implementation and evaluation of tobacco prevention and control programmes.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Individuals

Universe

School-going adolescents aged 13-15 years.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

GYTS uses a global standardized methodology that includes a two-stage sample design with schools selected with a probability proportional to enrollment size. The classes within selected schools are chosen randomly and all students in selected classes are eligible to participate in the survey.

A total of 2,878 students participated in the Nepal GYTS of which 1,602 were ages 13 to 15 years.

Mode of data collection

self-administered

Cleaning operations

All data processing (scanning, cleaning, editing, and weighting) was conducted at the US Centers for Disease Control.

Response rate

The overall response rate of all students surveyed was 73.9%.

Nepal NP: Condom Use: Population Aged 15-24: Female: % of Females Aged 15-24 data was reported at 8.500 % in 2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 7.700 % for 2006. Nepal NP: Condom Use: Population Aged 15-24: Female: % of Females Aged 15-24 data is updated yearly, averaging 8.100 % from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2011, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.500 % in 2011 and a record low of 7.700 % in 2006. Nepal NP: Condom Use: Population Aged 15-24: Female: % of Females Aged 15-24 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Nepal – Table NP.World Bank: Health Statistics. Condom use, female is the percentage of the female population ages 15-24 who used a condom at last intercourse in the last 12 months.; ; Demographic and Health Surveys, and UNAIDS.; Weighted Average;

Operational definitions of co-variates used in the current analysis.

Nepal NP: Women Who Believe a Husband is Justified in Beating His Wife: When She Burns the Food data was reported at 3.400 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.100 % for 2011. Nepal NP: Women Who Believe a Husband is Justified in Beating His Wife: When She Burns the Food data is updated yearly, averaging 3.200 % from Dec 2001 (Median) to 2016, with 4 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.000 % in 2001 and a record low of 0.100 % in 2011. Nepal NP: Women Who Believe a Husband is Justified in Beating His Wife: When She Burns the Food data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Nepal – Table NP.World Bank.WDI: Health Statistics. Percentage of women ages 15-49 who believe a husband/partner is justified in hitting or beating his wife/partner when she burns the food.; ; Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), and other surveys: STATcompiler (http://www.statcompiler.com/) as of November 22, 2016, UNICEF global databases (http://www.data.unicef.org/) as of November 2015. MICS Compiler (http://www.micscompiler.org/) as of June 12, 2016.; ;

Nepal NP: Demand for Family Planning Satisfied by Modern Methods: % of Married Women with Demand for Family Planning data was reported at 56.100 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 55.900 % for 2011. Nepal NP: Demand for Family Planning Satisfied by Modern Methods: % of Married Women with Demand for Family Planning data is updated yearly, averaging 54.350 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2016, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 60.900 % in 2006 and a record low of 42.800 % in 1996. Nepal NP: Demand for Family Planning Satisfied by Modern Methods: % of Married Women with Demand for Family Planning data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Nepal – Table NP.World Bank: Health Statistics. Demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods refers to the percentage of married women ages 15-49 years whose need for family planning is satisfied with modern methods.; ; Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS).; Weighted Average;

BackgroundGirl education is believed to be the best means of reducing girl child marriage (marriage <18 years) globally. However, in South Asia, where the majority of girl child marriages occur, substantial improvements in girl education have not corresponded to equivalent reductions in child marriage. This study examines the levels of education associated with female age at marriage over the previous 20 years across four South Asian nations with high rates (>20%) of girl child marriage- Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan.MethodsCross-sectional time series analyses were conducted on Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 1991 to 2011 in the four focal nations. Analyses were restricted to ever-married women aged 20–24 years. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to assess the effect of highest level of education received (none, primary, secondary or higher) on age at marriage (<14, 14–15, 16–17, 18 and older).ResultsIn Bangladesh and Pakistan, primary education was not protective against girl child marriage; in Nepal, it was protective against marriage at <14 years (AOR = 0.42) but not for older adolescents. Secondary education was protective across minor age at marriage categories in Bangladesh (<14 years AOR = 0.10; 14–15 years AOR = .25; 16–17 years AOR = 0.64) and Nepal (<14 years AOR = 0.21; 14–15 years AOR = 0.25; 16–17 years AOR = 0.57), but protective against marriage of only younger adolescents in Pakistan (<14 years AOR = 0.19; 14–15 years AOR = 0.23). In India, primary and secondary education were respectively protective across all age at marriage categories (<14 years AOR = 0.34, AOR = 0.05; 14–15 years AOR = 0.52, AOR = 0.20; 16–17 years AOR = 0.71, AOR = 0.48).ConclusionPrimary education is likely insufficient to reduce girl child marriage in South Asia, outside of India. Secondary education may be a better protective strategy against this practice for the region, but may be less effective for prevention of marriage among older relative to younger adolescents.

Nepal NP: Women Who Believe a Husband is Justified in Beating His Wife: When She Neglects the Children data was reported at 24.400 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.700 % for 2011. Nepal NP: Women Who Believe a Husband is Justified in Beating His Wife: When She Neglects the Children data is updated yearly, averaging 22.150 % from Dec 2001 (Median) to 2016, with 4 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 25.200 % in 2001 and a record low of 0.700 % in 2011. Nepal NP: Women Who Believe a Husband is Justified in Beating His Wife: When She Neglects the Children data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Nepal – Table NP.World Bank.WDI: Health Statistics. Percentage of women ages 15-49 who believe a husband/partner is justified in hitting or beating his wife/partner when she neglects the children.; ; Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), and other surveys: STATcompiler (http://www.statcompiler.com/) as of November 22, 2016, UNICEF global databases (http://www.data.unicef.org/) as of November 2015. MICS Compiler (http://www.micscompiler.org/) as of June 12, 2016.; ;

Nepal NP: Women Who Believe a Husband is Justified in Beating His Wife: When She Goes Out without Telling Him data was reported at 11.700 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.500 % for 2011. Nepal NP: Women Who Believe a Husband is Justified in Beating His Wife: When She Goes Out without Telling Him data is updated yearly, averaging 10.250 % from Dec 2001 (Median) to 2016, with 4 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12.200 % in 2001 and a record low of 0.500 % in 2011. Nepal NP: Women Who Believe a Husband is Justified in Beating His Wife: When She Goes Out without Telling Him data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Nepal – Table NP.World Bank.WDI: Health Statistics. Percentage of women ages 15-49 who believe a husband/partner is justified in hitting or beating his wife/partner when she goes out without telling him.; ; Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), and other surveys: STATcompiler (http://www.statcompiler.com/) as of November 22, 2016, UNICEF global databases (http://www.data.unicef.org/) as of November 2015. MICS Compiler (http://www.micscompiler.org/) as of June 12, 2016.; ;

Descriptive characteristics of the study population and the proportion of unsafe abortion in Nepal, 2011–2016 (N = 911).