Data are presented for daily rainfall, stream discharge and hydraulic conductivity of soils from catchments located in the Upper Nilgiris Reserve Forest in the state of Tamil Nadu. The catchments are dominated by four land cover types, shola, grassland, pine and wattle. The data were collected between May 2014 and December 2016. Tipping bucket wired rain gauges were used to measure rainfall. Stream discharge was measured from stilling wells and capacitance probe-based water level recorders. A mini-disk infiltrometer was used to measure the hydraulic conductivity of soils. Dry season data has not been included in this dataset as its focus is on extreme rain events. The data were collected as part of a series of eco-hydrology projects that explored the impact of land cover on rain-runoff response, carbon sequestration and nutrient and sediment discharge. The dataset presented here was collected by a team of three to five researchers and field assistants who were engaged in the installation of the data loggers and their regular operation and maintenance. Four research agencies have partnered across multiple projects to sustain the data collection efforts that started in June 2013 and continue (June 2020). These are the Foundation for Ecological Research, Advocacy and Learning - Pondicherry, the Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment - Bangalore, the Lancaster Environmental Centre, Lancaster University - UK, and the National Centre for Biological Sciences - Bangalore. Funding was provided by Ministry of Earth Sciences Government of India from the Changing Water Cycle programme (Grant Ref: MoES/NERC/16/02/10 PC-II) and the Hydrologic footprint of Invasive Alien Species project (MOES/PAMC/H&C/85/2016-PC-II). Additional funding was provided by UKRI Natural Environment Research Council grant NE/I022450/1 (Western Ghats-Capacity within the NERC Changing Water Cycle programme) and WWF-India as part of the Noyyal-Bhavani program.This research took place inside protected areas in the Nilgiri Division for which permissions and support were provided continually by the Tamil Nadu Forest Department, particularly the office of the District Forest Officer, Udhagamandalam. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/9257a999-2844-4be1-80d1-fd29e2ccf9ef

Data include four charcoal concentration datasets derived from radiocarbon-dated lake sediments in the Brazilian Pantanal, from which regional fire histories can be inferred over the last few millennia. Each dataset provides raw counts of charcoal fragments > 125 um calculated per cubic centimetre of sediment. Samples measuring 0.5 to 1.5 cc were analysed at each 1-cm depth. Contained within each data sheet are radiocarbon dates for several horizons in the lake sediment for the derivation of age-depth models for a chronological framework for each record. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/56915f15-46b5-4693-8737-28c985f27f80

This dataset gives concentrations of chemical contaminants in the contents of eggs collected from colonies of the northern gannet, Morus bassanus, in the United Kingdom. The majority of eggs analysed are from colonies on Ailsa Craig (Firth of Clyde) and Bass Rock (Firth of Forth) and have been collected since 1971. The study examined 658 eggs collected between 1971 and 2009. Eggs analysed by the PBMS are collected by licensed collectors. Contaminants measured include organochlorine pesticides, total mercury, total PCBs and, for recent years, individual PCB congeners. The PBMS is a long-term, national monitoring scheme that quantifies the concentrations of contaminants in the livers and eggs of selected species of predatory and fish-eating birds in Britain. Levels of contaminants are monitored to determine variations between species and regions, changes over time and effects on individual birds and their populations. The Scheme is funded by CEH, Natural England, the Environment Agency (EA) and the Campaign for Responsible Rodenticide Use (CRRU).

This dataset consists of the vector version of the Land Cover Map 2015 (LCM2015) for Great Britain. The vector data set is the core LCM data set from which the full range of other LCM2015 products is derived. It provides a number of attributes including land cover at the target class level (given as an integer value and also as text), the number of pixels within the polygon classified as each land cover type and a probability value provided by the classification algorithm (for full details see the LCM2015 Dataset Documentation). The 21 target classes are based on the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) Broad Habitats, which encompass the entire range of UK habitats. LCM2015 is a land cover map of the UK which was produced at the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology by classifying satellite images from 2014 and 2015 into 21 Broad Habitat-based classes. LCM2015 consists of a range of raster and vector products and users should familiarise themselves with the full range (see related records, the CEH web site and the LCM2015 Dataset documentation) to select the product most suited to their needs. LCM2015 was produced at the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology by classifying satellite images from 2014 and 2015 into 21 Broad Habitat-based classes. It is one of a series of land cover maps, produced by UKCEH since 1990. They include versions in 1990, 2000, 2007, 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

The Environmental Zones are aggregations of ITE Land Classes; these classes are derived from repeatable multivariate analysis of environmental data collected for each 1 km square in the country. Thus the classes, and hence the zones, are determined by combinations of environmental characteristics, not by just one or two. This means that the naming of classes (and zones) is not straightforward and cannot be achieved by reference to single parameters such as altitude. The approach taken with the ITE Land Classes is to give each a numeric identifier, rather than a text name, and to supplement these Land Class numbers with a brief description of the class.

The dataset consists of slope, aspect, locations, descriptions and habitat categories from plots and sites in 103 woodlands surveyed across Great Britain in 1971 and again over the growing seasons of 2000, 2002 and 2003 (referred to as '2001 survey'), using exactly the same field methods. Data were collected under projects managed by The Nature Conservancy (in 1971) and the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (in 2001). Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/d6409d40-58fe-4fa7-b7c8-71a105b965b4

This dataset presents estimates of mean values within selected habitats and parent material characteristics made using Countryside Survey (CS) data from 1978, 1998 and 2007 using a mixed model approach (see Scott, 2008 for further details of similar statistical analysis - http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/5202/1/CS_UK_2007_TR4%5B1%5D.pdf ). Countryside Survey topsoil carbon data is representative of 0-15 cm soil depth and includes Loss-on-ignition (%), Carbon concentration (g kg-1) and Carbon density (t ha-1). A total of 2614 cores from 591 1km x 1km squares across Great Britain were collected and analysed in 2007 (see Emmett et al. 2010 for further details of sampling and methods http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/5201/1/CS_UK_2007_TR3%5B1%5D.pdf ). Loss-on-ignition (LOI) was determined by combustion of 10g dry soil at 375 deg C for 16 hours; carbon concentration was estimated by multiplying LOI by a factor of 0.55, and carbon density was estimated by combining carbon concentration with bulk density estimates. The estimated means of habitat/parent material combinations using 2007 data are modelled on dominant habitat and parent material characteristics derived from the Land Cover Map 2007 and Parent Material Model 2009, respectively. The parent material characteristic used was that which minimised AIC in each model (see Supporting Information). Areas, such as urban and littoral rock, are not sampled by CS and therefore have no associated data. Also, in some circumstances sample sizes for particular habitat/parent material combinations were insufficient to estimate mean values. The Countryside Survey looks at a range of physical, chemical and biological properties of the topsoil from a representative sample of habitats across the UK. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/9e4451f8-23d3-40dc-9302-73e30ad3dd76

This data resource provides plot-level plant occurrence data for the first ten years (2015-2024) of the National Plant Monitoring Scheme (NPMS, covering the UK, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man). Data consist of individual observations of plants, and other habitat characteristics, at the metre-scale; observations are accompanied by percentage cover information recorded according to the Domin frequency-abundance scale commonly used in plant community ecology. Other information provided includes the plot type (size, shape, according to the NPMS classification), the volunteer-recorded NPMS habitat, the date of sampling, and information regarding the spatial location of the plot. Information contained within the metadata file should allow users to reconstruct the sampling history (including gaps) of any plot that has been sampled within the NPMS scheme between 2015 and 2024.

This dataset consists of weekly mean sizes of Perch (Perca fluviatilis) from trapping at Green Tuft, Windermere, Cumbria, sampled between 1946 and 2012. Perch have been monitored in the north and south basins of Windermere by trapping with variations in sampling sites and efforts from 1943 to the present. The data were initially collected by the Freshwater Biological Association (FBA) but have been collected by the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH) and its predecessor Institute of Freshwater Ecology (IFE) since 1989. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/495fd597-42b2-4985-96dc-3d9ec024b829

The data contains details about plant species, trees, shrubs and soils, collected using standardized survey methods from within a selection of 48 semi-natural woodlands in the English Lake District. Nearly 300 plots were surveyed from sites across the north west of England, selected objectively from different woodland group types identified in the Lake District. The survey was carried out by the Nature Conservancy in 1969. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/272a131f-7d57-47b4-a643-c3828722d663

This dataset consists of landscape point feature information for points across Great Britain, surveyed in 1990. Data are presented as rows of information recorded as point features (for example individual trees, water bodies or structures), with associated plant species where relevant, within a set of 506 1km squares across Great Britain, surveyed during the Countryside Survey long term monitoring project (note: not all surveyed squares contained point features). The Countryside Survey is a unique study or 'audit' of the natural resources of the UK's countryside. The sample sites are chosen from a stratified random sample, based on a 15 by 15 km grid of GB. Surveys have been carried out in 1978, 1984, 1990, 1998 and 2007 by the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, with repeated visits to the majority of squares. The countryside is sampled and surveyed using rigorous scientific methods, allowing us to compare new results with those from previous surveys. In this way we can detect the gradual and subtle changes that occur in the UK's countryside over time. In addition to point features, habitat areas, vegetation species data, soil data, linear habitat data, and freshwater habitat data are also gathered by Countryside Survey.

This dataset consists of plant species presence and abundance in different sizes and types of plots from 256 1km x 1km square sites surveyed across Great Britain in 1978. Many of the plots were repeated in 1990, 1998 and 2007. General information about the plot was recorded including plot number and type as well as species presence and (usually) cover. Data were collected under the Countryside Survey long term monitoring project managed by the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/67bbfabb-d981-4ced-b7e7-225205de9c96

Continuous measurements of rainfall from the Frome Piddle; Pang Lambourn and Tern catchments, recorded between 2002 and 2007. Continuous recording rain gauges were installed at six sites in these catchments to record 15 minute rainfall data for differing periods at the varying sites. The instruments were installed as part of the NERC funded Lowland Catchment Research (LOCAR) Programme to provide comparable baseline rainfall data across the LOCAR catchments. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/3ab4545b-2453-4bdf-9b48-552748632cdd

This dataset includes polygons representing ecosystem types (ET) and their respective ecosystem services (ES) and disservices (EDS) in the Luanhe River Basin, with attributes recording 14 ecosystem types (ET), 11 provisioning services (PS), ten regulating services (RS), five cultural services (CS), 7 Ecological integrity indicators (EI), and 11 ecosystem disservices (EDS). Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/2252d8a4-0ef3-403f-b2c3-3f7acbcac1d5

The data consist of species level descriptions of macroinvertebrate communities from two abstracted streams in the Lowther catchment, UK, upstream and downstream of abstraction points. Supporting habitat and geographical data are included. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/df65085c-d376-413e-9fbc-984f7b332878

This dataset consists of stock (area) data for landscape features across Great Britain in 1984. Data are presented as areas of Broad (or Priority) Habitats, with associated landscape attributes (such as plant species and land use), within a set of 379 1km squares across Great Britain. The Countryside Survey is a unique study or 'audit' of the natural resources of the UK's countryside. The sample sites are chosen from a stratified random sample, based on a 15 by 15 km grid of GB. Surveys have been carried out in 1978, 1984, 1990, 1998 and 2007 by the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, with repeated visits to the majority of squares. The countryside is sampled and surveyed using rigorous scientific methods, allowing us to compare new results with those from previous surveys. In this way we can detect the gradual and subtle changes that occur in the UK's countryside over time. In addition to habitat areas, vegetation species data, soil data, linear habitat data, and freshwater habitat data are also gathered by Countryside Survey.

This is a 25m pixel data set representing the land surface of Great Britain, classified into 21 UKCEH land cover classes, based upon Biodiversity Action Plan broad habitats. It is a three-band raster in GeoTiff format, produced by rasterising three properties of the classified land parcels dataset. The first band gives the most likely land cover type; the second band gives the per-parcel probability of the land cover, the third band is a measure of parcel purity. The probability and purity bands (scaled 0 to 100) combine to give an indication of uncertainty. A full description of this and all UKCEH LCM2021 products are available from the LCM2021 product documentation accompanying this dataset.

This dataset contains chemical determinants of river water samples collected from the Wolf and Tamar catchments in South West England in December 2013. It is a part of the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology South West (SW) Project. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/c8c0b0d1-75d7-4127-92b2-5e87bb5a958d

Discrete total alkalinity data for thirteen sites in the Humber catchment sampled within the period 1993 to 1997 and 1996 to 1997 and for three sites from the Tweed catchment over the period 1994 to 1997, as part of the Land Ocean Interaction Study project (LOIS). Sites were sampled at regular weekly intervals and more intermittently during high flows (on average an extra sampling once a month per site). Samples were analysed on day of collection or on arrival at the laboratory using a Metrohm 702 Titrino autosampler. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/73a7ae36-2882-434f-a206-76b848e22d82

Overland flow data and soil water tension data at 10cm, 30cm, & 50cm from four manipulation plot sites located across the Pontbren study site in mid-Wales, UK. The manipulation plots were established at different locations across the site between 2005-2012 as part of the Pontbren Catchment Study Land Use and Management Multi-Scale Experimental Programme. Manipulation plot sites were located on improved grassland hillslopes and each site had three replicate plots. Following baseline monitoring different land use treatments were applied to individual plots. The different treatments were grazing (i.e. the control or no change), ungrazed and ungrazed with planting of trees. Details of the treatments can be found in the Pontbren Catchment Study Data Catalogue. Overland flow from a 10m x 2.5m isolated plot was measured within each treatment plot at each of the manipulation plot sites. Overland flow data were measured using tipping bucket monitoring systems and the number of tips occurring in a given time period recorded. Soil water tension (cm H2O) data were measured in each treatment plot using an array of tensiometers installed at 10 cm, 30 cm, and 50 cm depth. The dataset contains four folders relating to the four manipulation plot sites. Within each folder are subfolders for overland flow runoff and soil water tension. Data are provided as text files and generally split into six-month blocks. Neutron probe access tubes were also installed in each of the manipulation plots to measure volumetric moisture content (cm3 cm-3) and two of the manipulation plots sites (1 and 4) also had rain gauges installed monitoring precipitation. The data thus collected are also available from the Environmental Information Data Centre.