The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately *** trillion U.S. dollars by August 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic - both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S. - showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached ***** percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by July 2025, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in August 2023, before the first rate cut since September 2021 occurred in September 2024. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2023, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

Poland Core Inflation: Net of Most Volatile Prices data was reported at 101.419 Same Mth PY=100 in Oct 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 101.387 Same Mth PY=100 for Sep 2018. Poland Core Inflation: Net of Most Volatile Prices data is updated monthly, averaging 101.652 Same Mth PY=100 from Jan 2001 (Median) to Oct 2018, with 214 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 106.927 Same Mth PY=100 in Jan 2001 and a record low of 99.555 Same Mth PY=100 in Jan 2016. Poland Core Inflation: Net of Most Volatile Prices data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bank of Poland. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Poland – Table PL.I011: Core Inflation: Same Month Previous Year=100.

This dataset is about countries per year in Uruguay. It has 64 rows. It features 4 columns: country, inflation, and net energy imports.

Czech Republic Consumer Price Index (CPI): YoY: Net Inflation (NI) data was reported at 2.577 % in Feb 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.862 % for Jan 2025. Czech Republic Consumer Price Index (CPI): YoY: Net Inflation (NI) data is updated monthly, averaging 1.644 % from Jan 2007 (Median) to Feb 2025, with 218 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 16.106 % in Oct 2022 and a record low of -1.700 % in Sep 2009. Czech Republic Consumer Price Index (CPI): YoY: Net Inflation (NI) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Czech National Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Czech Republic – Table CZ.I018: Consumer Price Index: Year on Year Growth.

Slovakia Core and Net Inflation: MoM: Core Inflation data was reported at 0.300 % in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.400 % for Feb 2025. Slovakia Core and Net Inflation: MoM: Core Inflation data is updated monthly, averaging 0.200 % from Jan 1997 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 339 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.200 % in Jan 2023 and a record low of -0.700 % in Aug 2003. Slovakia Core and Net Inflation: MoM: Core Inflation data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Slovakia – Table SK.I010: Core and Net Inflation.

Slovakia Core and Net Inflation: YoY: Core Inflation data was reported at 2.700 % in Oct 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.000 % for Sep 2018. Slovakia Core and Net Inflation: YoY: Core Inflation data is updated monthly, averaging 2.400 % from Jan 1998 (Median) to Oct 2018, with 250 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.300 % in Sep 1999 and a record low of -0.800 % in Oct 2009. Slovakia Core and Net Inflation: YoY: Core Inflation data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Slovakia – Table SK.I009: Core and Net Inflation.

In March 2025, inflation amounted to 2.4 percent, while wages grew by 4.3 percent. The inflation rate has not exceeded the rate of wage growth since January 2023. Inflation in 2022 The high rates of inflation in 2022 meant that the real terms value of American wages took a hit. Many Americans report feelings of concern over the economy and a worsening of their financial situation. The inflation situation in the United States is one that was experienced globally in 2022, mainly due to COVID-19 related supply chain constraints and disruption due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The monthly inflation rate for the U.S. reached a 40-year high in June 2022 at 9.1 percent, and annual inflation for 2022 reached eight percent. Without appropriate wage increases, Americans will continue to see a decline in their purchasing power. Wages in the U.S. Despite the level of wage growth reaching 6.7 percent in the summer of 2022, it has not been enough to curb the impact of even higher inflation rates. The federally mandated minimum wage in the United States has not increased since 2009, meaning that individuals working minimum wage jobs have taken a real terms pay cut for the last twelve years. There are discrepancies between states - the minimum wage in California can be as high as 15.50 U.S. dollars per hour, while a business in Oklahoma may be as low as two U.S. dollars per hour. However, even the higher wage rates in states like California and Washington may be lacking - one analysis found that if minimum wage had kept up with productivity, the minimum hourly wage in the U.S. should have been 22.88 dollars per hour in 2021. Additionally, the impact of decreased purchasing power due to inflation will impact different parts of society in different ways with stark contrast in average wages due to both gender and race.

Trimmed Mean PCE Inflation Rate - Historical chart and current data through 2025.

Slovakia Core and Net Inflation: YoY: Net Inflation: excl Indirect Tax Changes data was reported at 2.700 % in Oct 2018. This stayed constant from the previous number of 2.700 % for Sep 2018. Slovakia Core and Net Inflation: YoY: Net Inflation: excl Indirect Tax Changes data is updated monthly, averaging 2.400 % from Jan 1998 (Median) to Oct 2018, with 250 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10.200 % in Sep 1999 and a record low of -0.300 % in Oct 2015. Slovakia Core and Net Inflation: YoY: Net Inflation: excl Indirect Tax Changes data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Slovakia – Table SK.I009: Core and Net Inflation.

This dataset is about countries per year in Turkey. It has 64 rows. It features 4 columns: country, inflation, and net energy imports.

Inflation rates in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) ranged from 30 percent inflation in Myanmar to 0.69 percent inflation in Thailand in 2025. Only a few countries are in the 2 to 6 percent range that many economists view as optimal for emerging economies. Effects of high inflation High inflation is generally detrimental to the economy. Prices tend to rise faster than wages, meaning that people and firms have less purchasing power. This in turn leads to slower growth in the gross domestic product (GDP). It also leads to a weaker currency. For countries with a positive trade balance this can be beneficial, because exports are relatively cheaper to foreign buyers. Through the same mechanism, net importers suffer from a weaker currency. Additionally, inflation makes a country’s national debt less expensive if the debt is denominated in the local currency. However, most of this debt is in U.S. dollars, so inflation makes the debt more difficult to service and repay. Risks of deflation With deflation, consumers and firms delay investments because they expect prices to be lower in the future. This slows consumption and investment, two major components of GDP growth. The most common example of this is Japan, where the GDP growth rate has been low for a long time due, in large part, to deflation. For this reason, countries like Brunei would rather see low and stable inflation than slight deflation.

🇸🇰 슬로바키아

In January 2025, prices had increased by three percent compared to January 2024 according to the 12-month percentage change in the consumer price index — the monthly inflation rate for goods and services in the United States. The data represents U.S. city averages. In economics, the inflation rate is a measure of the change in price level over time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal. A projection of the annual U.S. inflation rate can be accessed here and the actual annual inflation rate since 1990 can be accessed here. InflationOne of the most important economic indicators is the development of the Consumer Price Index in a country. The change in this price level of goods and services is defined as the rate of inflation. The inflationary situation in the United States had been relatively severe in 2022 due to global events relating to COVID-19, supply chain restrains, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. More information on U.S. inflation may be found on our dedicated topic page. The annual inflation rate in the United States has increased from 3.2 percent in 2011 to 8.3 percent in 2022. This means that the purchasing power of the U.S. dollar has weakened in recent years. The purchasing power is the extent to which a person has available funds to make purchases. According to the data published by the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) was about 258.84 in 2020 and is forecasted to grow up to 325.6 by 2027, compared to the base period from 1982 to 1984. The monthly percentage change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for urban consumers in the United States was 0.1 percent in March 2023 compared to the previous month. In 2022, countries all around the world are experienced high levels of inflation. Although Brazil already had an inflation rate of 8.3 percent in 2021, compared to the previous year, while the inflation rate in China stood at 0.85 percent.

U.S. Inflation Rate by Year - Historical chart and current data through 2025.

The statistic shows the inflation rate in India from 1987 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. The inflation rate is calculated using the price increase of a defined product basket. This product basket contains products and services, on which the average consumer spends money throughout the year. They include expenses for groceries, clothes, rent, power, telecommunications, recreational activities and raw materials (e.g. gas, oil), as well as federal fees and taxes. In 2024, the inflation rate in India was around 4.67 percent compared to the previous year. See figures on India's economic growth for additional information. India's inflation rate and economy Inflation is generally defined as the increase of prices of goods and services over a certain period of time, as opposed to deflation, which describes a decrease of these prices. Inflation is a significant economic indicator for a country. The inflation rate is the rate at which the general rise in the level of prices, goods and services in an economy occurs and how it affects the cost of living of those living in a particular country. It influences the interest rates paid on savings and mortgage rates but also has a bearing on levels of state pensions and benefits received. A 4 percent increase in the rate of inflation in 2011 for example would mean an individual would need to spend 4 percent more on the goods he was purchasing than he would have done in 2010. India’s inflation rate has been on the rise over the last decade. However, it has been decreasing slightly since 2010. India’s economy, however, has been doing quite well, with its GDP increasing steadily for years, and its national debt decreasing. The budget balance in relation to GDP is not looking too good, with the state deficit amounting to more than 9 percent of GDP.

5 Year 5 Year Forward Inflation Expectation - Historical chart and current data through 2025.

Historical dataset showing Channel Islands inflation rate by year from N/A to N/A.

Historical dataset showing Virgin Islands (U.S.) inflation rate by year from N/A to N/A.

Revisions made to the UK producer price total input; one-month data starting in November 2020.

5-Year Breakeven Inflation Rate - Historical chart and current data through 2025.