Financial overview and grant giving statistics of Central New York Funeral Directors Association Inc

Financial overview and grant giving statistics of Nys Funeral Directors Association Inc

Explanation and table of preservation codes.. Visit https://dataone.org/datasets/doi%3A10.6067%3AXCV8XD10PV_meta%24v%3D1450795222329 for complete metadata about this dataset.

Table of basic burial data.. Visit https://dataone.org/datasets/doi%3A10.6067%3AXCV8SN076X_meta%24v%3D1381517749586 for complete metadata about this dataset.

This is section two, the Anthropological Peer Review Panel Report

This chapter presents an overview of the archaeological evidence for population, burial practices, and spatial arrangements at the African Burial Ground. After providing a demographic profile of the population whose graves were disinterred, we turn to the overall evidence for burial practices, viewing the evidence from the site as the physical signature of the repeated performance of funerary ritual. Seven material aspects of mortuary practice are examined: coffins, grave orientation, body position, individual/co-interment, burial attire (shrouds, winding sheets, street clothes), adornment and other goods in direct association with the deceased, and grave marking. In subsequent chapters, we will look sequentially at the four temporal groups of burials, noting possible evidence for change over time. As will be seen, however, continuity overshadows change with regard to burial patterns.

Descriptions, drawings, and some photographs of burials 101 through 150.

The present chapter investigates the prevalence of infectious diseases and nutritional inadequacies in the New York African Burial Ground (NYABG) sample, as represented in bone. A broad range of skeletal indicators of pathology was assessed in the Cobb Laboratory. Diagnoses of specific diseases represented by skeletal indicators were usually attempted, as per the long-standing standards of paleopathologists. Data were also gathered in accord with the more strictly descriptive criteria of the new Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains (Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994). Indeed, the pathology coding section of the Standards is clearly the most novel and complex feature of the guide, and we think it constitutes a significant forward step in paleopathologic methodology. Yet, as one of the first projects to utilize and test the Standards in their entirety, we found the strict pathology coding approach to be somewhat cumbersome and time consuming. To mitigate this problem, we developed pathology codes for computerization that saved time and effort without the loss of useful information. Therefore, the skeletal pathology and non-metric trait computer database developed at the New York African Burial Ground Project (NYABGP) is a simplified version of the pathology portion of the Standards (Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994:107-158).

Title page and table of contents.. Visit https://dataone.org/datasets/doi%3A10.6067%3AXCV8NG4NNN_meta%24v%3D1450795186505 for complete metadata about this dataset.

Descriptions and images from the skeletal biology report.

G.1. MACRO-BOTANICAL, PALYNOLOGY, AND PARASITOLOGY PILOT STUDY (New South Associates) G.2. POLLEN ANALYSIS (Gerald K. Kelso, Patricia Fall, and Lisa Lavold-Foote) G.3. MACRO-PLANT ANALYSIS (Leslie E. Raymer) G.4. HCI FLOTATION SUMMARY (William Sandy)

History report related to the archaeological work at the New York African Burial Ground. The unearthing of the colonial cemetery known historically as the “Negroes Burying Ground” in Lower Manhattan in 1991 has given both scholars and the general public the opportunity to study and comprehend the broad dimensions of the African- American experience. The African Burial Ground and the remains contained within it provide a unique vantage point from which to view New York City’s Africans and their descendants over two centuries. As the final resting place for thousands of enslaved and free black people who lived and labored in the city from roughly 1627 until the end of the eighteenth century, the cemetery offers insight into physical stressors, ethnic identity, cultural continuities and assimilation. While each burial tells an individual story, collectively, they, along with archival evidence, enable us to reconstruct a forgotten community and to reveal the centrality of a marginalized people.

Title page, table of contents, acknowledgments, and introduction of the history final report.

This chapter surveys the full range of bioarchaeological studies conducted on African diasporic sites in the Americas, thus providing a comparative context for the New York African Burial Ground (NYABG). Skeletal data on people of African descent living under diverse conditions throughout the Americas are described to serve as a basis for comparisons with the burials that are researched in the African Burial Ground Project. (ABGP). These earlier studies used theoretical approaches different from those we employ. This history of diverse, evolving theoretical approaches is examined as a basis for understanding the scientific and societal implications of the research team’s particular synthesis of theory (described in Chapter 3).

This chapter describes the rationale and methodology for dividing the burial population into temporal groupings. It is emphasized that the chronological sequence developed here is a relative one, the dates assigned to each grouping approximate. Burials are assigned to broad temporal groups on the basis of 1) location and stratigraphy relative to non-burial features at the site; 2) artifacts found in direct association with the deceased or in the grave fill; 3) coffin type; and 4) stratigraphic relationships to other burials. In many cases, the several parameters support each other, strengthening the assignments, while in other instances evidence is ambiguous.

Coffin remains (wood and hardware) were by far the most ubiquitous artifacts recovered from graves at the African Burial Ground. In this chapter we report on the distribution of coffins among demographic and temporal groups and examine the historical context for coffin use. We then provide descriptive information on the shapes, sizes, material, construction, and decoration of coffins represented at the excavated cemetery. Finally, we describe the material remains that were recovered from coffins, and their treatment, identification, and quantification.

This report is one of three disciplinary reports on the African Burial Ground Project. One report focuses on the skeletal biological analysis of the remains recovered from the site (Blakey and Rankin Hill 2004). A second report focuses on the documentary history, from a Diasporic perspective, of Africans who lived and died in early New York (Medford 2004). The present report, consisting of four volumes, presents the archaeological research on the African Burial Ground. General background on the African Burial Ground project is presented in the beginning of the skeletal biology component report (Blakey and Rankin-Hill 2004). Here we provide background information that is specifically relevant to the excavated site, the archaeological fieldwork undertaken in 1991-92 (its planning, personnel, extent, duration, termination, etc.), and the analysis and disposition of non-skeletal material from the excavation.

The African Burial Ground, located in lower Manhattan, New York City and County, proved to be the largest excavated African cemetery from colonial America, and contained the largest sample of human skeletal remains ever studied from any African Diaspora cemetery, anywhere. The total number of graves identified in the excavated portion of the cemetery was 424, and the total number of individuals for whom skeletal remains could be inventoried numbered 419.

This chapter discusses the evidence for clothing supplied by the buttons, cuff links, and aglets associated with the deceased. It begins with an overview of the burials from which these items were recovered. It then focuses on what black New Yorkers wore during the 18th century, and how clothing and buttons were acquired. The assemblage is then described. Information is provided about recovery, condition and treatment, chain of custody, and findings about manufacture, origin, and age. A synopsis of the material and stylistic range of the assemblage is provided in the typology. The inventory is organized by individual burial, a format that best conveys how the fasteners were used.

The Late-Middle Group comprises burials that have been distinguished from the main group because of stratigraphic relationships or because artifacts found with them are datable to the final third of the 18th century. It is possible that there is some overlap between the Late Middle and the Late Group, defined as post-1776. Nevertheless, in order to keep those burials that are most securely assignable to the later period (see Chapter 9) analytically distinct, we have separated out a Late Middle cohort, and for convenience use the start of the Revolutionary War as the end date. We use 1760 as an approximate beginning date for Late-Middle burials, though some overlap between the Middle and Late-Middle Groups is likely, since in many cases temporal group assignment is based solely on stratigraphic position. Relatively few burials (n=56) are assigned to the Late-Middle Group.A sketch of the town and its population precedes the presentation of the Late-Middle Group mortuary sample. The material culture, spatial distribution, and some unique and unusual burials assigned to this group are then discussed.