60 datasets found
  1. c

    Irish Civil Parishes: 1841 and 1851 Digitized and Mapped, 1821-1851

    • datacatalogue.cessda.eu
    Updated Mar 23, 2025
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    Fernihough, A (2025). Irish Civil Parishes: 1841 and 1851 Digitized and Mapped, 1821-1851 [Dataset]. http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-856187
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    Dataset updated
    Mar 23, 2025
    Dataset provided by
    Queen
    Authors
    Fernihough, A
    Time period covered
    Sep 30, 2016 - Sep 29, 2018
    Area covered
    Ireland
    Variables measured
    Geographic Unit
    Measurement technique
    Parish-level data transcribed from published sources, the official census returns for 1841 and 1851. In addition, to 1821 and 1831 were partially transcribed where they could be satisfactorily matched. Spatial data (shapefiles) were downloaded from townlands.ie. Both the transcribed census returns and the townlands.ie shapefile were amended to ensure concordance between all of the sources. For example, in instances where a civil parish straddled two or more baronies the individual returns for the parish were aggregated to a single data observation, which was then matched to the corresponding townlands.ie spatial polygon. Variables from the 1841 and 1851 censuses are split according to total and rural portions of each parish. The census reports reported the non-rural (towns, villages, etc.) share of each parish separately. In parishes with no non-rural portions (villages, small towns, etc.) the totals for the complete and rural variables will be equal. 58 per cent of parishes fit this criteria.
    Description

    This data collection contains data primarily from both the 1841 and 1851 Census of Ireland used in Fernihough and Ó Gráda (2022). Also contained, where available, are population counts from the 1821 and 1831 censuses. The data collection also includes an amended version of the Civil Parish Shapefile from townlands.ie (OpenStreetMap Ireland, 2020). Both data sources were adjusted to ensure concordance. The towlands.ie data is open data is open data, licensed under the Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODbL). Please contact Alan Fernihough for further details or queries.

    The “shapefile” files are the GIS files one needs to load the spatial boundaries. The census data is included in the “data.csv” file and one must merge this to the shapefiles to work with these data. However, this is a simple process. The file “load and join.R” is an example of how this could be performed using the R statistical software package.

    Was early 19th century Ireland overpopulated and fertility at an unsustainable level, or did other factors cause the Great Irish Famine? Did the famine-induced migration to Britain spread infectious diseases and have a substantial impact on British mortality rates? Similarly, what impact did the famine have on the British labour force and economy generally? This research project will answer these questions.

    The Great Famine was a watershed in global history. It was the last major famine to occur in a Western economy, and had long-run impacts. The enduring legacy of the famine has sparked the interest of numerous novelists and playwrights.

    Earlier this year, news that media group Channel 4 was considering commissioning a Great Famine-based sitcom stoked an intense public debate. Many felt that this would trivialise the tragedy. The length and breadth of this debate underlined the immense interest that still surrounds the famine. However, the spectrum of opinions as to the causes and consequences of the famine also highlighted the need for further historical research.

    Let the Data Speak

    Joel Mokyr's influential 1983 book Why Ireland Starved redefined famine research. Before, famine-related research was largely based on qualitative assessments that left ample room for both conjecture and, rhetoric, and errors. Unlike previous researchers, Mokyr, wanted to let the data decide whether or not it was Ireland's overpopulation that caused the famine. To do this he gathered data on the population density of Irish regions and found that it was Ireland's least densely populated regions that were the ones that suffered worse during the famine. Mokyr's test did not support the overpopulation theory (captured by what is known as the Malthusian model).

    I hasten to add that the Malthusian model cannot be considered to have been refuted by this finding. For one thing, the possibility that more sophisticated econometric techniques and improved data will reverse the finding cannot be ruled out. (Mokyr, 1983).

    Whilst striking, Mokyr's analysis was based on variation between relatively few data points (Ireland's 32 counties), as the quote above testifies. This study is motivated by the above quote. Better data (from over 3,000 civil parishes) and more sophisticated econometric techniques exist, and therefore Mokyr's findings can at last be re-evaluated, something this project will do.

    Mokyr's philosophy of letting the data speak, can also be applied to help uncover some of the Great Famine's consequences. Specifically, this project will quantify the impact that famine-induced migration had on Britain.

    The famine caused a mass movement of the Irish population to Britain. Before the famine, there were around 430,000 Irish born in Britain. By 1851, the Irish-born population had grown to 730,000. This crisis-driven mass-migration echoes Europe's migration crisis today, as people flea from war-torn and economically desolate nations in Africa and Asia. In this sense, the Great Irish Famine provides a form of historical natural experiment from which we can learn from and gain a greater understanding of the consequences of mass migrations.

    What effect did the Irish famine have on Britain? This research will use newly available census data (released as part of the ESRC-funded ICeM project) to uncover how the Irish famine influenced the British economy and labour force. For example, did the influx of Irish in certain cities such as Liverpool and Manchester boost demand and help to speed up economic growth, or did this migration depress the wages of locals and therefore stifle economic advancement? In addition, this project will also use newly available records of regional mortality to calculate what impact, if any, the Great Famine had on mortality in England and Wales. If the Irish famine caused elevated levels of mortality, this implies that the ultimate death toll of the Irish famine is underestimated.

  2. c

    Database of Irish Historical Statistics : Literacy, 1841-1911

    • datacatalogue.cessda.eu
    Updated Nov 28, 2024
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    Crawford, E. Margaret; Kennedy, L.; Clarkson, L. A.; Dowling, M. W. (2024). Database of Irish Historical Statistics : Literacy, 1841-1911 [Dataset]. http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-3582-1
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    Dataset updated
    Nov 28, 2024
    Dataset provided by
    Queen
    Authors
    Crawford, E. Margaret; Kennedy, L.; Clarkson, L. A.; Dowling, M. W.
    Time period covered
    Jan 1, 1990 - Jan 1, 1996
    Area covered
    Ireland
    Variables measured
    Census data, Administrative units (geographical/political), Cross-national, National
    Measurement technique
    Transcription of existing materials
    Description

    Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

    The purpose of the project was to provide machine-readable economic and social history statistics relating to the whole of Ireland for the period 1821-1971. Further information about the project is available on the QUB Centre for Data Digitisation and Analysis website.


    Main Topics:

    The main tables are:
    Total number of persons who could read and write, read only, or neither read nor write, grouped by baronies and gender (1841-1861).
    Total number of persons who could read and write, read only, or neither read nor write, grouped by counties, gender and age groups (1841, 1901-1911).
    Total number of persons who could read and write, read only, or neither read nor write, grouped by counties and gender (1851-1861).
    Total number of persons who could read and write, read only, or neither read nor write, grouped by counties, gender, age groups and religion (1871-1891).

    Please note: this study does not include information on named individuals and would therefore not be useful for personal family history research.

  3. Population of the Republic of Ireland 1821-2011

    • statista.com
    Updated Aug 9, 2024
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    Statista (2024). Population of the Republic of Ireland 1821-2011 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1015403/total-population-republic-ireland-1821-2011/
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    Dataset updated
    Aug 9, 2024
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Area covered
    Ireland, Ireland
    Description

    The island of Ireland is split into 32 different counties, and from 1800 until 1921 the whole island was a part of the United Kingdome of Great Britain and Ireland (although Britain had been a controlling presence on the island for considerably longer than this). In 1921 the island was split into two separate states, where the six counties with the highest population of Protestants formed part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the other 26 counties became the Independent Republic of Ireland. From 1821 until 1841, the population of these 26 counties was growing steadily, until the Great Famine from 1845 to 1849 swept across the island, particularly devastating the west and south.

    The famine was caused by a Europe-wide potato blight that contributed to mass starvation and death throughout the continent, although it's impact on Ireland was much harsher than anywhere else. The potato blight affected Ireland so severely as the majority of potatoes in Ireland were of a single variety which allowed the disease to spread much faster than in other countries. People in the west and south of Ireland were particularly dependent on potatoes, and these areas were affected more heavily than the north and west, where flax and cereals were the staple. As the potato blight spread, the population became increasingly reliant on dairy and grain products, however a lot of these resources were relocated by the British military to combat food shortages in Britain. Due to disproportional dependency on potatoes, and mismanagement by the British government, over one million people died and a further one million emigrated. The Great Famine lasted from just 1845 to 1849, but it's legacy caused almost a century of population decline, and to this day, the population of Ireland has never exceeded it's pre-famine levels.

    The population decline continued well into the twentieth century, during which time the Republic of Ireland achieved independence from the British Empire. After centuries of fighting and rebellion against British rule, Irish nationalists finally gained some independence from Britain in 1921, establishing an Irish Republic in the 26 counties. There was a lot of conflict in Ireland in the early 1900s, through the War of Independence and Irish Civil War, however the population of the Republic began growing again from the 1960s onwards as the quality of life improved and the emigration rate declined. The population was at it's lowest from 1926 to 1971, where it remained at just under three million, but in the following fifty years the population has grown by over two million people.

  4. Northern Ireland population distribution 1861-2021, by religious belief or...

    • statista.com
    Updated Feb 23, 2024
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    Statista (2024). Northern Ireland population distribution 1861-2021, by religious belief or background [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/384634/religion-of-northern-ireland-residents-census-uk/
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    Dataset updated
    Feb 23, 2024
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Area covered
    Ireland, United Kingdom, Northern Ireland
    Description

    The 2021 Northern Ireland Census marked the first time since records began where the Catholic share of the population was larger than the combined Protestant share. In 2021, over 42 percent of the population classified themselves as Catholic or from a Catholic background, in comparison with 37 percent classified as Protestant or from a Protestant background. Additionally, the share of the population with no religion (or those who did not answer) was 19 percent; larger than any individual Protestant denomination. This marks a significant shift in demographic and societal trends over the past century, as Protestants outnumbered Catholics by roughly 2:1 when Northern Ireland was established in the 1920s. Given the Catholic community's historic tendency to be in favor of a united Ireland, many look to the changing religious composition of the population when assessing the potential for Irish reunification. Religion's historical influence A major development in the history of British rule in ireland was the Plantation of Ulster in the 1600s, where much of the land in the north (historically the most rebellious region) was seized from Irish Catholics and given to Protestant settlers from Britain (predominantly Scots). This helped establish Protestant dominance in the north, created a large section of the population loyal to the British crown, and saw a distinct Ulster-Scots identity develop over time. In the 1920s, the republican movement won independence for 26 of Ireland's 32 counties, however, the six counties in Ulster with the largest Protestant populations remained part of the UK, as Northern Ireland. Following partition, structural inequalities between Northern Ireland's Protestant and Catholic communities meant that the Protestant population was generally wealthier, better educated, more politically empowered, and had better access to housing, among other advantages. In the 1960s, a civil rights movement then emerged for equal rights and status for both sides of the population, but this quickly turned violent and escalated into a the three-decade long conflict now known as the Troubles.

    The Troubles was largely fought between nationalist/republican paramilitaries (mostly Catholic), unionist/loyalist paramilitaries (mostly Protestant), and British security forces (including the police). This is often described as a religious conflict, however it is more accurately described as an ethnic and political conflict, where the Catholic community generally favored Northern Ireland's reunification with the rest of the island, while the Protestant community wished to remain in the UK. Paramilitaries had a large amount of support from their respective communities in the early years of the Troubles, but this waned as the conflict progressed into the 1980s and 1990s. Demographic and societal trends influenced the religious composition of Northern Ireland's population in these decades, as the Catholic community had higher fertility rates than Protestant communities, while the growing secularism has coincided with a decline in those identifying as Protestant - the dip in those identifying as Catholic in the 1970s and 1980s was due to a protest and boycott of the Census. The Troubles came to an end in 1998, and divisions between both sides of the community have drastically fallen, although they have not disappeared completely.

  5. c

    Database of Irish Historical Statistics : Census of Industrial Production...

    • datacatalogue.cessda.eu
    • beta.ukdataservice.ac.uk
    Updated Nov 28, 2024
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    Dowling, M. W.; Kennedy, L.; Crawford, E. Margaret; Clarkson, L. A. (2024). Database of Irish Historical Statistics : Census of Industrial Production and Trade Statistics, 1924-1972 [Dataset]. http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-3545-1
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Nov 28, 2024
    Dataset provided by
    Queen
    Authors
    Dowling, M. W.; Kennedy, L.; Crawford, E. Margaret; Clarkson, L. A.
    Time period covered
    Jan 1, 1990 - Jan 1, 1996
    Area covered
    Ireland
    Variables measured
    Industrial statistics, International trade data, Administrative units (geographical/political), Cross-national, National
    Measurement technique
    Transcription of existing materials
    Description

    Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

    The purpose of the project was to provide machine-readable economic and social history statistics relating to the whole of Ireland for the period 1821-1971. Further information about the project is available on the QUB Centre for Data Digitisation and Analysis website.


    Main Topics:

    The dataset contains census of industrial production data covering output, capital employed, wages, persons employed, firm size and location; and trade statistics covering commodities imported and exported and value of trade between countries. All the relevant background material is incorporated either in the documentation files or in the scanned images of the tables of contents, prefaces, and notes in the original source.

    The main census of industrial production tables are:

    Gross value of output, cost of materials, total net output, salaries, wages, remainder of net output, and number of persons engaged for each industry or trade (1926, 1929, 1932-1971) Republic of Ireland only.

    Value of industrial commodities for each industry or trade (1926, 1929, 1932-1947) Republic of Ireland only.

    Value of stocks of materials, work in progress, stocks of goods made by the establishment, and stocks of goods purchased for resale without further processing for each industry or trade (1953-1963 and 1966-1971) Republic of Ireland only.

    Value of stocks of materials, work in progress, stocks of goods made by the establishment, plant and machinery, and building and land for each industry or trade (1953-1963 and 1966-1971) Republic of Ireland.

    Annual change in value of fixed capital in each year including cost of plant, machinery and vehicles, cost of new buildings including extensions and substantial alterations, cost of land and other fixed assets, value of sales of plant and machinery, value of sales of vehicles, value of sales of land and buildings for each industry or trade (1945-1954, 1956-1965 and 1968-1971) Republic of Ireland only.

    Value of various fuels consumed by each industry and trades (1926, 1929 and 1932-1947) Republic of Ireland only.

    Total number of proprietors, salaried employees, industrial wage earners, other wage earners for each industry or trade, grouped by gender and age under or over 18 (1926, 1929, 1932-1947) Republic of Ireland only.

    Wage rates both for salaried employees and wage earners for each industry or trade (1926, 1929, 1936-1947) Republic of Ireland only.

    Average earnings per week and average hours worked by week for each industry or trade, grouped by gender and age under or over 18 (1937-1944, 1958-1967 and 1969-1971) Republic of Ireland only.

    Number of wage earners for each industry or trade grouped by wage rate and gender(1937, 1958-1967) Republic of Ireland only.

    Number of wage earners for each industry or trade grouped by wage rate and age under or over 18 (1938-1944) Republic of Ireland only.

    Size of labour force in firms for each industry or trade (1929, 1935-1938 and 1944-1947) Republic of Ireland only.

    Number of firms, gross output excluding excise duty, net output, and average number of persons engaged grouped by county for each industry or trade (1936-1947) Republic of Ireland only.

    Value of sales and work done, value of stocks of finished products and work in progress at beginning and end of year, cost of outward transport of goods sold, gross output, net output, persons employed, output per person employed, costs of purchases of materials and fuel, stocks of materials and fuels at beginning and end of year, cost of inward transport of materials and fuels used, and amount paid for work given out for each industry or trade (1951-1957) Northern Ireland only.

    Gross output, sales, purchases of materials and fuels, net output, net output per person, persons employed, and wages and salaries paid for each industry or trade (1963 and 1968-1972) Northern Ireland only.

    Gross output, cost of materials and amount paid to other firms for work given out, cost of inward transport, net output, persons employed, and output per person employed for each industry or trade (1930, 1935 and 1949-1968) Northern Ireland only.

    Number of working proprietors and directors, number of administrative, technical and clerical staff, number of operatives, salaries of administrative, technical and clerical staff, earnings of operatives for each industry or trade (1949-1972) Northern Ireland only.

    Value of plant and machinery and plant acquired during the year, value of vehicles acquired during year, capital expenditure on new buildings, disposal of plant, machinery and vehicles for each industry or trade (1949-1968) Northern Ireland only

    New building work, land and existing buildings, plant and machinery, vehicles, total disposals, net capital...

  6. Northern Ireland Census 2021 - MS-H11 Employment history

    • statistics.ukdataservice.ac.uk
    csv, xlsx
    Updated Jun 10, 2024
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    Office for National Statistics; National Records of Scotland; Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency; UK Data Service. (2024). Northern Ireland Census 2021 - MS-H11 Employment history [Dataset]. https://statistics.ukdataservice.ac.uk/dataset/northern-ireland-census-2021-ms-h11-employment-history
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    xlsx, csvAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Jun 10, 2024
    Dataset provided by
    Office for National Statisticshttp://www.ons.gov.uk/
    Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency
    UK Data Servicehttps://ukdataservice.ac.uk/
    License

    http://reference.data.gov.uk/id/open-government-licencehttp://reference.data.gov.uk/id/open-government-licence

    Area covered
    Ireland, Northern Ireland
    Description

    This dataset provides Census 2021 estimates for Employment history in Northern Ireland. The estimates are as at census day, 21 March 2021.

    The census collected information on the usually resident population of Northern Ireland on census day (21 March 2021). Initial contact letters or questionnaire packs were delivered to every household and communal establishment, and residents were asked to complete online or return the questionnaire with information as correct on census day. Special arrangements were made to enumerate special groups such as students, members of the Travellers Community, HM Forces personnel etc. The Census Coverage Survey (an independent doorstep survey) followed between 12 May and 29 June 2021 and was used to adjust the census counts for under-enumeration.

    The quality assurance report can be found here

  7. Population of the island of Ireland 1821-2011

    • statista.com
    Updated Aug 12, 2024
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    Statista (2024). Population of the island of Ireland 1821-2011 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1014909/population-island-ireland-1821-2021/
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    Dataset updated
    Aug 12, 2024
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Area covered
    Ireland, Ireland, United Kingdom
    Description

    In 1821, Ireland's population was just over 6.8 million people. During this time, the entire island was a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, after both islands were united by the Acts of Union in 1800. From the graph we can see that the population enjoyed steady growth between 1821 and 1841, and it rose by almost 1.4 million people in this time. However the Great Famine, which lasted from 1845 to 1849, had a devastating impact on the population, causing it to drop from 8.18 million in 1841 to 6.55 million in 1851. The Great Hunger The famine was caused by a Europe-wide potato blight that contributed to mass starvation and death throughout the continent, although it's impact on Ireland was much harsher than anywhere else. The potato blight affected Ireland so severely as the majority of potatoes in Ireland were of a single variety which allowed the disease to spread much faster than in other countries. As the potato blight spread, the population became increasingly dependent on dairy and grain products, however a lot of these resources were relocated by the British military to combat food shortages in Britain. Due to disproportional dependency on potatoes, and mismanagement by the British government, over one million people died and a further one million emigrated. The Great Famine lasted from just 1845 to 1849, but it's legacy caused almost a century of population decline, and to this day, the population of Ireland has never exceeded it's pre-famine levels. Road to recovery The population decline continued well into the twentieth century, during which time the Republic of Ireland achieved independence from the British Empire. After centuries of fighting and rebellion against British rule, Irish nationalists finally gained independence from Britain in 1921, although the six counties with the largest Protestant populations formed Northern Ireland, which is still a part of the United Kingdom today. In spite of the conflict that overshadowed Ireland for much of the twentieth century, which claimed the lives of thousands of people (particularly during the Northern Irish Troubles), and despite Ireland's high emigration rate, the population began growing again in the second half of the 1900s. The population was at it's lowest from 1926 to 1961, where it remained around 4.3 million, but in the following half-century the population grew by over two million people, reaching 6.4 million in 2011, although this number is still lower than in 1821. Gender stats The difference between the male and female populations throughout Ireland's recent history has also remained relatively low. The largest difference occurred in 1831, where there are 170,000 more women than men, although these figures do not include military personnel which would reduce the difference significantly. The gap then remains under 60,000 throughout the twentieth century.

  8. T

    Ireland Population

    • tradingeconomics.com
    • tr.tradingeconomics.com
    • +17more
    csv, excel, json, xml
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    TRADING ECONOMICS, Ireland Population [Dataset]. https://tradingeconomics.com/ireland/population
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    excel, csv, json, xmlAvailable download formats
    Dataset authored and provided by
    TRADING ECONOMICS
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Dec 31, 1960 - Dec 31, 2024
    Area covered
    Ireland
    Description

    The total population in Ireland was estimated at 5.3 million people in 2024, according to the latest census figures and projections from Trading Economics. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Ireland Population - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

  9. Table 3.1 - Population aged 3 years and over by ability to speak Irish by...

    • census.geohive.ie
    Updated Dec 1, 2023
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    Central Statistics Office (2023). Table 3.1 - Population aged 3 years and over by ability to speak Irish by Provinces (Census 2022) [Dataset]. https://census.geohive.ie/datasets/IE-CSO::table-3-1-population-aged-3-years-and-over-by-ability-to-speak-irish-by-provinces-census-2022/about
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Dec 1, 2023
    Dataset provided by
    Central Statistics Office Irelandhttps://www.cso.ie/en/
    Authors
    Central Statistics Office
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Area covered
    Description

    Population aged 3 years and over by ability to speak Irish by Province. (Census 2022 Theme 3 Table 1 )Census 2022 table 3.1 is population aged 3+ by ability to speak Irish. Details include population counts by ability to speak Irish. Census 2022 theme 3 is Irish Language. Ireland is divided into four provinces - Leinster, Ulster, Munster and Connacht. They do not have any administrative functions and they are relevant for a number of historical, cultural and sporting reasons. The borders of the provinces coincide with the boundaries of counties. Three of the nine counties in Ulster are within the jurisdiction of the State.Coordinate reference system: Irish Transverse Mercator (EPSG 2157). These boundaries are based on 20m generalised boundaries sourced from Tailte Éireann Open Data Portal. Provinces - National Statutory Boundaries - 2019This dataset is provided by Tailte Éireann

  10. c

    Census Support Digitised Boundary Data, 1840- and Postcode Directories,...

    • datacatalogue.cessda.eu
    Updated Nov 28, 2024
    + more versions
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    University of Edinburgh (2024). Census Support Digitised Boundary Data, 1840- and Postcode Directories, 1980- [Dataset]. http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-5819-1
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    Dataset updated
    Nov 28, 2024
    Dataset provided by
    Census Support
    Authors
    University of Edinburgh
    Area covered
    Ireland, Scotland, England, Wales, Northern Ireland
    Variables measured
    Administrative units (geographical/political), National, Subnational, Individuals, Families/households
    Measurement technique
    Physical measurements, Self-administered questionnaire
    Description

    Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

    The UK censuses took place on 29th April 2001. They were run by the Northern Ireland Statistics & Research Agency (NISRA), General Register Office for Scotland (GROS), and the Office for National Statistics (ONS) for both England and Wales. The UK comprises the countries of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

    Statistics from the UK censuses help paint a picture of the nation and how we live. They provide a detailed snapshot of the population and its characteristics, and underpin funding allocation to provide public services.


    Census Support provides digitised boundary datasets of the UK, available in many Geographic Information System (GIS) formats. Most of these data are available as Open data under OGL v3 license. Postcode directories are also available although some of these are restricted to members of the academic community under 'Special Conditions'.

    There are many digitised boundaries available. The main group of boundaries correspond to the various levels of 2011, 2001, 1991, 1981 and 1971 census geography which are designed to be used for spatial visualisation and analysis of census statistics. Also available are historic boundaries created by the Great Britain Historical GIS Project, held at the UK Data Archive under GN 33288 Great Britain Historical Database, 1841-1939.

    Main Topics:
    Accommodation type (brief)Accommodation type (detailed)
    Adults, Number Employed in Household
    Adults, Number in Household
    Age
    Age of Family Reference Person (FRP)
    Age of Household Reference Person (HRP)
    Age of Students and Schoolchildren
    Amenities
    Armed Forces
    Bath/Shower and Toilet, use of
    Care (unpaid), Provision of
    Care, Provision of
    Carers and their Economic Activity, Number of
    Cars and vans
    Central heating
    Children
    Children, dependent
    Communal Establishment Residents
    Communal establishment, combined type and management
    Concealed families
    Country of birth
    Country of Birth (additional categories)
    Daytime Population
    Dwelling Type
    Economic Activity
    Economic Activity of Associated People Resident in Households
    Economic Activity of Full-time students
    Economic Activity of Household Reference Person (HRP)
    Ethnic group (England and Wales)
    Ethnic group (England and Wales) of Household Reference Person
    Family composition
    Family status
    Family type
    Health, General
    Hours worked
    Household composition
    Household composition (alternative classification)
    Household dependent children
    Household deprivation
    Household Reference Person indicator
    Household size
    Household Space Type
    Household Type
    Households with students away during term-time
    Industry
    Industry, former
    Limiting long-term illness
    Limiting Long-Term Illness (LLTI), Household residents with
    Limiting long-Term Illness, number of people with in household
    Living arrangements
    Living arrangements of Household Reference Person (HRP)
    Lowest floor level
    Marital status
    Migration (armed forces)
    Migration (Communal establishment)
    Migration (People)
    Multiple ethnic identifier
    Occupancy Rating
    Occupation (brief)
    Occupation (detailed)
    Occupation, former
    Pensioner household
    People aged 17 or over in household, Number of
    Population Type
    Public transport users in households
    Qualifications (England and Wales)
    Qualifications, highest level of (England and Wales)
    Qualifications, professional
    Religion (England and Wales)
    Religion (England and Wales) of Household Reference Person
    Resident Basis
    Resident Type
    Rooms in a dwelling, number of
    Rooms, Number of
    Rooms, Persons per
    Sex
    Sex of Household Reference Person (HRP)
    Single Adult Households
    Social Grade of Household Reference Person (HRP), approximated
    Social Grade, approximated
    Socio-economic Classification (NS-SeC)
    Socio-economic Classification (NS-SeC) of Household Reference Person (HRP)Socio-economic Classification (NS-SeC) of Household Reference Person (HRP), Main categories of
    Student accommodation (Standard Output)
    Student accommodation Type
    Student status
    Tenure
    Tenure, dwelling
    Time Since Last Worked
    Travel to Work, distance
    Travel to work, Means of
    Travel to Work, Method of and Number of Employed People
    Working Parents
    Year last worked

    Census Support provides the following facilities:

    • Easy Download
    The most regularly requested Census Support boundaries available as ready to use national datasets. The key 2011 and 2001 census boundary datasets and look-up tables for England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales are available through this facility

    • Boundary Data Selector
    This facility allows selection of boundaries, for the area required, in the format required. For...

  11. Population of Northern Ireland 1821 - 2011

    • statista.com
    Updated Aug 9, 2024
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    Statista (2024). Population of Northern Ireland 1821 - 2011 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1015418/population-northern-ireland-1821-2021/
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    Dataset updated
    Aug 9, 2024
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Area covered
    Ireland, United Kingdom, Northern Ireland
    Description

    Between 1821 and 1921, the entire island of Ireland was a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, after both islands were united by the Act of Union in 1800. This graph shows only the population of the six counties of Ireland that would go on to become Northern Ireland. The population was just under 1.4 million in 1821 and grew to 1.7 million in the next twenty years.

    Between 1845 and 1849 the Great Famine devastated the overall population of Ireland, causing the deaths of approximately one million people, and causing a further million to emigrate. Although the famine affected the population of the west and south of Ireland much more severely than the north, the population of the six counties still fell by over 200,000 people between 1841 and 1851. The population then continued to fall, reaching it's lowest point in the 1890s where it was 1.2 million. The Northern Irish population then grows slowly until the mid to late 1900s, during which time the state of Northern Ireland was founded in 1921. The population the reaches over 1.54 million in the 1960s, before it falls again in the 1970s. This drop in population coincides with the outbreak and the most violent decade of the Troubles in Northern Ireland, which was a conflict that dominated Northern Irish daily life for decades. However, from 1981 onwards the population grows by 70,000 to 12,000 every ten years, surpassing it's pre-famine level in the 1990s.

  12. Population of the United States 1610-2020

    • statista.com
    Updated Aug 12, 2024
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    Population of the United States 1610-2020 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1067138/population-united-states-historical/
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    Dataset updated
    Aug 12, 2024
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    In the past four centuries, the population of the United States has grown from a recorded 350 people around the Jamestown colony of Virginia in 1610, to an estimated 331 million people in 2020. The pre-colonization populations of the indigenous peoples of the Americas have proven difficult for historians to estimate, as their numbers decreased rapidly following the introduction of European diseases (namely smallpox, plague and influenza). Native Americans were also omitted from most censuses conducted before the twentieth century, therefore the actual population of what we now know as the United States would have been much higher than the official census data from before 1800, but it is unclear by how much. Population growth in the colonies throughout the eighteenth century has primarily been attributed to migration from the British Isles and the Transatlantic slave trade; however it is also difficult to assert the ethnic-makeup of the population in these years as accurate migration records were not kept until after the 1820s, at which point the importation of slaves had also been illegalized. Nineteenth century In the year 1800, it is estimated that the population across the present-day United States was around six million people, with the population in the 16 admitted states numbering at 5.3 million. Migration to the United States began to happen on a large scale in the mid-nineteenth century, with the first major waves coming from Ireland, Britain and Germany. In some aspects, this wave of mass migration balanced out the demographic impacts of the American Civil War, which was the deadliest war in U.S. history with approximately 620 thousand fatalities between 1861 and 1865. The civil war also resulted in the emancipation of around four million slaves across the south; many of whose ancestors would take part in the Great Northern Migration in the early 1900s, which saw around six million black Americans migrate away from the south in one of the largest demographic shifts in U.S. history. By the end of the nineteenth century, improvements in transport technology and increasing economic opportunities saw migration to the United States increase further, particularly from southern and Eastern Europe, and in the first decade of the 1900s the number of migrants to the U.S. exceeded one million people in some years. Twentieth and twenty-first century The U.S. population has grown steadily throughout the past 120 years, reaching one hundred million in the 1910s, two hundred million in the 1960s, and three hundred million in 2007. In the past century, the U.S. established itself as a global superpower, with the world's largest economy (by nominal GDP) and most powerful military. Involvement in foreign wars has resulted in over 620,000 further U.S. fatalities since the Civil War, and migration fell drastically during the World Wars and Great Depression; however the population continuously grew in these years as the total fertility rate remained above two births per woman, and life expectancy increased (except during the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918).

    Since the Second World War, Latin America has replaced Europe as the most common point of origin for migrants, with Hispanic populations growing rapidly across the south and border states. Because of this, the proportion of non-Hispanic whites, which has been the most dominant ethnicity in the U.S. since records began, has dropped more rapidly in recent decades. Ethnic minorities also have a much higher birth rate than non-Hispanic whites, further contributing to this decline, and the share of non-Hispanic whites is expected to fall below fifty percent of the U.S. population by the mid-2000s. In 2020, the United States has the third-largest population in the world (after China and India), and the population is expected to reach four hundred million in the 2050s.

  13. g

    Population Aged 5 by Means of Travel to Work, School or College, Provinces,...

    • census.geohive.ie
    Updated Aug 21, 2017
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    censuscurator_geohive (2017). Population Aged 5 by Means of Travel to Work, School or College, Provinces, Census 2016, Theme 11.1, Ireland, 2016, CSO & Tailte Éireann [Dataset]. https://census.geohive.ie/datasets/population-aged-5-by-means-of-travel-to-work-school-or-college-provinces-census-2016-theme-11-1-ireland-2016-cso-osi
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Aug 21, 2017
    Dataset authored and provided by
    censuscurator_geohive
    Area covered
    Description

    This feature layer was created using Census 2016 data produced by the Central Statistics Office (CSO) and Province boundary data (generalised to 100m) produced by Tailte Éireann. The layer represents Census 2016 theme 11.1, population aged 5+ by means of travel to work, school or college. Attributes include a breakdown of population by means of travel to work, school or college (e.g. bicycle, car driver, on foot). Census 2016 theme 11 represents Commuting. The Census is carried out every five years by the CSO to determine an account of every person in Ireland. The results provide information on a range of themes, such as, population, housing and education. The data were sourced from the CSO. Province Boundaries Generalised to 100m. Ireland is divided into four provinces called Leinster, Ulster, Munster and Connacht. Although they presently do not have any administrative functions, they are relevant for a number of historical, cultural and sporting reasons. The borders of the provinces coincide exactly with the boundaries of the administrative counties. Three of the nine counties in Ulster are within the jurisdiction of the State.

  14. B

    Brazil Foreign Capital Census: FDI: Equity Capital: Final Investor: Ireland

    • ceicdata.com
    Updated Feb 15, 2025
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    CEICdata.com (2025). Brazil Foreign Capital Census: FDI: Equity Capital: Final Investor: Ireland [Dataset]. https://www.ceicdata.com/en/brazil/foreign-capital-census-fdi-equity-capital-final-investor-by-country/foreign-capital-census-fdi-equity-capital-final-investor-ireland
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    Dataset updated
    Feb 15, 2025
    Dataset provided by
    CEICdata.com
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Dec 1, 2010 - Dec 1, 2017
    Area covered
    Brazil
    Variables measured
    Foreign Investment
    Description

    Brazil Foreign Capital Census: (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment: Equity Capital: Final Investor: Ireland data was reported at 1,935,795,163.500 USD in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,759,134,214.098 USD for 2016. Brazil Foreign Capital Census: (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment: Equity Capital: Final Investor: Ireland data is updated yearly, averaging 928,840,856.749 USD from Dec 2010 (Median) to 2017, with 8 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,935,795,163.500 USD in 2017 and a record low of 461,561,806.143 USD in 2010. Brazil Foreign Capital Census: (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment: Equity Capital: Final Investor: Ireland data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Investment – Table BR.OC009: Foreign Capital Census: FDI: Equity Capital: Final Investor: by Country.

  15. g

    Families by Age of Youngest Child, Provinces, Census 2016, Theme 4.4,...

    • census.geohive.ie
    Updated Aug 21, 2017
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    censuscurator_geohive (2017). Families by Age of Youngest Child, Provinces, Census 2016, Theme 4.4, Ireland, 2016, CSO & Tailte Éireann [Dataset]. https://census.geohive.ie/datasets/f5eb3b93d0ab4ad4bb554addd4803394
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    Dataset updated
    Aug 21, 2017
    Dataset authored and provided by
    censuscurator_geohive
    Area covered
    Description

    This feature layer was created using Census 2016 data produced by the Central Statistics Office (CSO) and Province boundary data (generalised to 100m) produced by Tailte Éireann. The layer represents Census 2016 theme 4.4, families by age of youngest child. Attributes include breakdown of family units by age of youngest child, number of families and number of persons (e.g. families with youngest child aged 0-4 (No. of families), families with youngest child aged 10-14 (No. of persons)). Census 2016 theme 4 represents Families. The Census is carried out every five years by the CSO to determine an account of every person in Ireland. The results provide information on a range of themes, such as, population, housing and education. The data were sourced from the CSO. Province Boundaries Generalised to 100m. Ireland is divided into four provinces called Leinster, Ulster, Munster and Connacht. Although they presently do not have any administrative functions, they are relevant for a number of historical, cultural and sporting reasons. The borders of the provinces coincide exactly with the boundaries of the administrative counties. Three of the nine counties in Ulster are within the jurisdiction of the State.

  16. d

    Farm Census District Electoral Area 2019

    • data.gov.uk
    • data.europa.eu
    csv, geojson, html +3
    Updated Jun 1, 2021
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    OpenDataNI (2021). Farm Census District Electoral Area 2019 [Dataset]. https://data.gov.uk/dataset/dcfb8a2a-edbe-44fc-b102-0342ee0da6a0/farm-census-district-electoral-area-2019
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    shp, csv, html, geojson, kml, jsonAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Jun 1, 2021
    Dataset authored and provided by
    OpenDataNI
    License

    Open Government Licence 3.0http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/
    License information was derived automatically

    Description

    The data covers all farm business in Northern Ireland. Data is collected directly from farm business through a survey and supplemented with administrative data from the Animal and Public Health Information System (APHIS).

    Information is available on the Number of Farms, Number of Less favourable Area (LFA) Farms, Number of Non LFA Farms, Area Farmed (ha), Crops (ha), Grass (ha), Number of Cattle, Number of Sheep, Number of Pigs, Number of Poultry, Number of Farmers, Number of self Employed, Number of Spouses, Number of Other Workers, Total Labour on Farms, Number of v. small/small/medium/large farms.

    The farm census statistics have been collected since 1847 and historical data are available on the DAERA website. The statistics are used by a wide variety of internal and external stakeholders to understand the nature of farming in Northern Ireland.

  17. c

    Database of Irish Historical Statistics : Agricultural Statistics, 1911-1973...

    • datacatalogue.cessda.eu
    Updated Nov 28, 2024
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    Dowling, M. W.; Kennedy, L.; Crawford, E. Margaret; Clarkson, L. A. (2024). Database of Irish Historical Statistics : Agricultural Statistics, 1911-1973 [Dataset]. http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-3544-1
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    Dataset updated
    Nov 28, 2024
    Dataset provided by
    Queen
    Authors
    Dowling, M. W.; Kennedy, L.; Crawford, E. Margaret; Clarkson, L. A.
    Time period covered
    Jan 1, 1990 - Jan 1, 1996
    Area covered
    Ireland
    Variables measured
    Agricultural statistics, Administrative units (geographical/political), Cross-national, National
    Measurement technique
    Transcription of existing materials
    Description

    Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

    The purpose of the project was to provide machine-readable economic and social history statistics relating to the whole of Ireland for the period 1821-1971. Further information about the project is available on the QUB Centre for Data Digitisation and Analysis website.


    Main Topics:

    The dataset contains agricultural statistics covering areas under various crops, stock numbers, labour employed on farms, and machinery used on farms. All the relevant background material is incorporated either in the documentation files or in the scanned images of the tables of contents, prefaces, and notes in the original source. The main agricultural statistics tables are:

    Acreages under different crops grouped by county districts (1925-1929 Northern Ireland; 1926, 1933, 1954, 1960 and 1965 Republic of Ireland).

    Acreages under different crops grouped by counties (1911, 1916-1918 and 1925-1973).

    Acreages under different crops grouped by size of farms (1925-1926, 1935, 1949, 1951-1952 and 1960) Republic of Ireland only.

    Acreages under different crops grouped by counties and size of farms (1925-1926, 1935, 1949, 1951-1952, 1960, 1967 and 1973) Northern Ireland only.

    Livestock numbers grouped by county districts (1925-1929 Northern Ireland; 1926, 1933, 1954, 1960, 1965 and 1970 Republic of Ireland).

    Livestock numbers grouped by counties (1911, 1916-1918 and 1925-1926; 1927-1934, 1939, 1944, 1949, 1952-1954, 1960, 1965 and 1970) Republic of Ireland; 1930-1973 Northern Ireland).

    Livestock numbers grouped by counties and size of farms (1925, 1935, 1951-1952, 1967 and 1973 Northern Ireland; 1926, 1931, 1949 and 1954 Republic of Ireland).

    Total number of farms grouped by size (1923-1926 and 1928-1973).

    Total acreage of farms grouped by size (1954-1973) Northern Ireland only.

    Total acreage covered by different land types (1923-1953) Northern Ireland only.

    Utilisation of different land types (1954-1973) Northern Ireland only.

    Total number of farm workers classified as either owners in residence, family members under 18, permanent employees under 18, temporary employees under 18, family members over 18, permanent employees over 18 or temporary employees over 18, group by counties (1912 and 1924-1973).

    Total number of male farm workers classified as either family members under 18, permanent employees under 18, temporary employees under 18, family members over 18, permanent employees over 18 or temporary employees over 18, group by counties and size of farms (1912 and 1931).

    Total number of farm workers classified as either male owners, female owners, full-time family members or full-time hired workers group by counties and size of farms (1953) Northern Ireland only.

    Total number of male farm workers classified as either family members under 18, permanent employees under 18, temporary employees under 18, family members over 18, permanent employees over 18 or temporary employees over 18, group by county districts (1965 and 1970) Republic of Ireland only.

    Total number of female farm workers classified as either family members under 18, permanent employees under 18, temporary employees under 18, family members over 18, permanent employees over 18 or temporary employees over 18, group by counties (1912 and 1924-1929) Northern Ireland only.

    Total number of female farm workers classified as either owners, wives of owners, permanent family members, temporary family members, permanent hired workers or temporary hired workers group by counties (1930-1973) Northern Ireland only.

    Total number of female farm workers classified as either family members under 18, permanent employees under 18, temporary employees under 18, family members over 18, permanent employees over 18 or temporary employees over 18, group by counties and size of farms (1912, 1925 and 1926) Republic of Ireland only.

    Total numbers of different types of agricultural machinery (1951, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1966 and 1972).

    Total numbers of different types of agricultural machinery grouped by counties (1917, 1929 (Republic of Ireland only), 1939, 1949, 1952-1954, 1960 and 1966).

    Total numbers of different types of agricultural machinery grouped by counties and size of farms (1971) Northern Ireland only.

    Total numbers of different types of agricultural machinery grouped by counties and size of farms (1929) Republic of Ireland only.

    Total numbers of different types of agricultural machinery grouped by size of farms (1949) Republic of Ireland only.

    Total numbers of different types of agricultural machinery and different types of horses grouped by provinces and size of farms (1949) Republic of Ireland only.

    Please note: this study does not...

  18. I

    Ireland IE: Population: Total

    • ceicdata.com
    Updated Jan 15, 2025
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    CEICdata.com (2024). Ireland IE: Population: Total [Dataset]. https://www.ceicdata.com/en/ireland/population-and-urbanization-statistics/ie-population-total
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    Dataset updated
    Jan 15, 2025
    Dataset provided by
    CEICdata.com
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Dec 1, 2005 - Dec 1, 2016
    Area covered
    Ireland, Ireland
    Variables measured
    Population
    Description

    Ireland IE: Population: Total data was reported at 4,813,608.000 Person in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 4,755,335.000 Person for 2016. Ireland IE: Population: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 3,536,158.500 Person from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2017, with 58 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,813,608.000 Person in 2017 and a record low of 2,824,400.000 Person in 1961. Ireland IE: Population: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ireland – Table IE.World Bank: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates.; ; (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2017 Revision. (2) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (3) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (4) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Reprot (various years), (5) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database, and (6) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme.; Sum; Relevance to gender indicator: disaggregating the population composition by gender will help a country in projecting its demand for social services on a gender basis.

  19. HHR01 - HSE Health Region Populations - Census 2022

    • datasalsa.com
    • data.europa.eu
    csv, json-stat, px +1
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    Central Statistics Office, HHR01 - HSE Health Region Populations - Census 2022 [Dataset]. https://datasalsa.com/dataset/?catalogue=data.gov.ie&name=hhr01-hse-health-region-populations-census-2022
    Explore at:
    json-stat, xlsx, px, csvAvailable download formats
    Dataset provided by
    Central Statistics Office Irelandhttps://www.cso.ie/en/
    Authors
    Central Statistics Office
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Mar 23, 2025
    Description

    HHR01 - HSE Health Region Populations - Census 2022. Published by Central Statistics Office. Available under the license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY-4.0).HSE Health Region Populations - Census 2022...

  20. Table 3.2 - Irish speakers aged 3 years and over by frequency of speaking...

    • census.geohive.ie
    Updated Dec 4, 2023
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    Central Statistics Office (2023). Table 3.2 - Irish speakers aged 3 years and over by frequency of speaking Irish by Provinces (Census 2022) [Dataset]. https://census.geohive.ie/maps/IE-CSO::table-3-2-irish-speakers-aged-3-years-and-over-by-frequency-of-speaking-irish-by-provinces-census-2022
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    Dataset updated
    Dec 4, 2023
    Dataset provided by
    Central Statistics Office Irelandhttps://www.cso.ie/en/
    Authors
    Central Statistics Office
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Area covered
    Description

    Irish speakers aged 3 years and over by frequency of speaking Irish by Province. (Census 2022 Theme 3 Table 2 )Census 2022 table 3.2 is Irish speakers aged 3+ by frequency of speaking Irish. Details include population by frequency of speaking Irish and sex. Census 2022 theme 3 is Irish Language. Ireland is divided into four provinces - Leinster, Ulster, Munster and Connacht. They do not have any administrative functions and they are relevant for a number of historical, cultural and sporting reasons. The borders of the provinces coincide with the boundaries of counties. Three of the nine counties in Ulster are within the jurisdiction of the State.Coordinate reference system: Irish Transverse Mercator (EPSG 2157). These boundaries are based on 20m generalised boundaries sourced from Tailte Éireann Open Data Portal. Provinces - National Statutory Boundaries - 2019This dataset is provided by Tailte Éireann

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Fernihough, A (2025). Irish Civil Parishes: 1841 and 1851 Digitized and Mapped, 1821-1851 [Dataset]. http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-856187

Irish Civil Parishes: 1841 and 1851 Digitized and Mapped, 1821-1851

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7 scholarly articles cite this dataset (View in Google Scholar)
Dataset updated
Mar 23, 2025
Dataset provided by
Queen
Authors
Fernihough, A
Time period covered
Sep 30, 2016 - Sep 29, 2018
Area covered
Ireland
Variables measured
Geographic Unit
Measurement technique
Parish-level data transcribed from published sources, the official census returns for 1841 and 1851. In addition, to 1821 and 1831 were partially transcribed where they could be satisfactorily matched. Spatial data (shapefiles) were downloaded from townlands.ie. Both the transcribed census returns and the townlands.ie shapefile were amended to ensure concordance between all of the sources. For example, in instances where a civil parish straddled two or more baronies the individual returns for the parish were aggregated to a single data observation, which was then matched to the corresponding townlands.ie spatial polygon. Variables from the 1841 and 1851 censuses are split according to total and rural portions of each parish. The census reports reported the non-rural (towns, villages, etc.) share of each parish separately. In parishes with no non-rural portions (villages, small towns, etc.) the totals for the complete and rural variables will be equal. 58 per cent of parishes fit this criteria.
Description

This data collection contains data primarily from both the 1841 and 1851 Census of Ireland used in Fernihough and Ó Gráda (2022). Also contained, where available, are population counts from the 1821 and 1831 censuses. The data collection also includes an amended version of the Civil Parish Shapefile from townlands.ie (OpenStreetMap Ireland, 2020). Both data sources were adjusted to ensure concordance. The towlands.ie data is open data is open data, licensed under the Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODbL). Please contact Alan Fernihough for further details or queries.

The “shapefile” files are the GIS files one needs to load the spatial boundaries. The census data is included in the “data.csv” file and one must merge this to the shapefiles to work with these data. However, this is a simple process. The file “load and join.R” is an example of how this could be performed using the R statistical software package.

Was early 19th century Ireland overpopulated and fertility at an unsustainable level, or did other factors cause the Great Irish Famine? Did the famine-induced migration to Britain spread infectious diseases and have a substantial impact on British mortality rates? Similarly, what impact did the famine have on the British labour force and economy generally? This research project will answer these questions.

The Great Famine was a watershed in global history. It was the last major famine to occur in a Western economy, and had long-run impacts. The enduring legacy of the famine has sparked the interest of numerous novelists and playwrights.

Earlier this year, news that media group Channel 4 was considering commissioning a Great Famine-based sitcom stoked an intense public debate. Many felt that this would trivialise the tragedy. The length and breadth of this debate underlined the immense interest that still surrounds the famine. However, the spectrum of opinions as to the causes and consequences of the famine also highlighted the need for further historical research.

Let the Data Speak

Joel Mokyr's influential 1983 book Why Ireland Starved redefined famine research. Before, famine-related research was largely based on qualitative assessments that left ample room for both conjecture and, rhetoric, and errors. Unlike previous researchers, Mokyr, wanted to let the data decide whether or not it was Ireland's overpopulation that caused the famine. To do this he gathered data on the population density of Irish regions and found that it was Ireland's least densely populated regions that were the ones that suffered worse during the famine. Mokyr's test did not support the overpopulation theory (captured by what is known as the Malthusian model).

I hasten to add that the Malthusian model cannot be considered to have been refuted by this finding. For one thing, the possibility that more sophisticated econometric techniques and improved data will reverse the finding cannot be ruled out. (Mokyr, 1983).

Whilst striking, Mokyr's analysis was based on variation between relatively few data points (Ireland's 32 counties), as the quote above testifies. This study is motivated by the above quote. Better data (from over 3,000 civil parishes) and more sophisticated econometric techniques exist, and therefore Mokyr's findings can at last be re-evaluated, something this project will do.

Mokyr's philosophy of letting the data speak, can also be applied to help uncover some of the Great Famine's consequences. Specifically, this project will quantify the impact that famine-induced migration had on Britain.

The famine caused a mass movement of the Irish population to Britain. Before the famine, there were around 430,000 Irish born in Britain. By 1851, the Irish-born population had grown to 730,000. This crisis-driven mass-migration echoes Europe's migration crisis today, as people flea from war-torn and economically desolate nations in Africa and Asia. In this sense, the Great Irish Famine provides a form of historical natural experiment from which we can learn from and gain a greater understanding of the consequences of mass migrations.

What effect did the Irish famine have on Britain? This research will use newly available census data (released as part of the ESRC-funded ICeM project) to uncover how the Irish famine influenced the British economy and labour force. For example, did the influx of Irish in certain cities such as Liverpool and Manchester boost demand and help to speed up economic growth, or did this migration depress the wages of locals and therefore stifle economic advancement? In addition, this project will also use newly available records of regional mortality to calculate what impact, if any, the Great Famine had on mortality in England and Wales. If the Irish famine caused elevated levels of mortality, this implies that the ultimate death toll of the Irish famine is underestimated.

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