The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) is a program of studies designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States. The NHANES combines personal interviews and physical examinations, which focus on different population groups or health topics. These surveys have been conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) on a periodic basis from 1971 to 1994. In 1999 the NHANES became a continuous program with a changing focus on a variety of health and nutrition measurements which were designed to meet current and emerging concerns. The surveys examine a nationally representative sample of approximately 5,000 persons each year. These persons are located in counties across the United States, 15 of which are visited each year. For NHANES 2007-2008, there were 12,946 persons selected for the sample, 10,149 of those were interviewed (78.4 percent) and 9,762 (75.4 percent) were examined in the mobile examination centers (MEC). Many of the NHANES 2007-2008 questions were also asked in NHANES II 1976-1980, Hispanic HANES 1982-1984, NHANES III 1988-1994, and NHANES 1999-2006. New questions were added to the survey based on recommendations from survey collaborators, NCHS staff, and other interagency work groups. As in past health examination surveys, data were collected on the prevalence of chronic conditions in the population. Estimates for previously undiagnosed conditions, as well as those known to and reported by survey respondents, are produced through the survey. Risk factors, those aspects of a person's lifestyle, constitution, heredity, or environment that may increase the chances of developing a certain disease or condition, were examined. Data on smoking, alcohol consumption, sexual practices, drug use, physical fitness and activity, weight, and dietary intake were collected. Information on certain aspects of reproductive health, such as use of oral contraceptives and breastfeeding practices, were also collected. The diseases, medical conditions, and health indicators that were studied include: anemia, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and lower extremity disease, environmental exposures, equilibrium, hearing loss, infectious diseases and immunization, kidney disease, mental health and cognitive functioning, nutrition, obesity, oral health, osteoporosis, physical fitness and physical functioning, reproductive history and sexual behavior, respiratory disease (asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema), sexually transmitted diseases, skin diseases, and vision. The sample for the survey was selected to represent the United States population of all ages. The NHANES target population is the civilian, noninstitutionalized United States population. Beginning in 2007, some changes were made to the domains being oversampled. The primary change is the oversampling of the entire Hispanic population instead of just the Mexican American (MA) population, which has been oversampled since 1988. Sufficient numbers of MAs were retained in the sample design so that trends in the health of MAs can continue to be monitored. Persons 60 years of age and older, Blacks, and low income persons were also oversampled. In addition, for each of the race/ethnicity domains, the 12-15 and 16-19 year age domains were combined and the 40-59 year age minority domains were split into 10-year age domains of 40-49 and 50-59. This has led to an increase in the number of participants aged 40 and older and a decrease in 12- to 19-year-olds from previous cycles. The oversample of pregnant women and adolescents in the survey from 1999-2006 was discontinued to allow for the oversampling of the Hispanic population. NCHS is working with public health agencies to increase knowledge of the health status of older Americans. NHANES has a primary role in this endeavor. In the examination, all participants visit the physician who takes their pulse or blood pressure. Dietary interviews and body measurements are included for everyone. All but the very young have a blood sample taken and see the dentist. Depending upon the age of the participant, the rest of the examination includes tests and procedures to assess the various aspects of health listed above. Usually, the older the individual, the more extensive the examination. Demographic data file variables are grouped into three broad categories: (1)

1999-2008; 2005-2008. This dataset is a de-identified summary table of vision and eye health data indicators from NHANES, stratified by all available combinations of age group, race/ethnicity, gender, and risk factor. NHANES is a program of studies conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics at CDC designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the U.S, and combines interviews and physical examinations. NHANES stopped collecting vision and eye health data in 2008. Approximate sample size is 5,000 persons per year. NHANES data for VEHSS includes questions and examinations related to Visual Function, Vision Exam Measures, Eye Health Conditions, Service Utilization, and Examination Measures. Data were suppressed for cell sizes less than 30 persons, or where the relative standard error more than 30% of the mean. Detailed information on VEHSS NHANES analyses can be found on the VEHSS NHANES webpage (https://www.cdc.gov/visionhealth/vehss/data/national-surveys/national-health-and-nutrition-examination-survey.html). Additional information about NHANES can be found on the NHANES website (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/index.htm). The VEHSS NHANES dataset was last updated in June 2018.

1999-2000 forward. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a program of studies designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States. The survey is unique in that it combines interviews and physical examinations. Indicators from this data source have been computed by personnel in CDC's Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention (DHDSP). This is one of the datasets provided by the National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System. The system is designed to integrate multiple indicators from many data sources to provide a comprehensive picture of the public health burden of CVDs and associated risk factors in the United States. The data can be plotted as trends and stratified by age group, sex, and race/ethnicity.

Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HTN, hypertension; HDL, high density lipoprotein; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; NA, not available.*Weighted number.†The unweighted number (for means) or numerator (for prevalences) corresponding with each variable category.‡In order to account for a change in NHANES race/ethnicity definitions in 2005–2010, we placed Hispanic in the “Other” to be consistent with NHANES 1988–2004.§Defined as >6.0 mg/dL (360 µmol/L) in women and >7.0 mg/dL (420 µmol/L) in men.∥Gout medications included allopurinol, probenecid, colchicine, sulfinpyrazone, alloxanthine.

Analysis of ‘National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) – Vision and Eye Health Surveillance’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/17db5667-8dc2-48f5-aba9-e42cbb10a1f2 on 12 February 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

1999-2008; 2005-2008. This dataset is a de-identified summary table of vision and eye health data indicators from NHANES, stratified by all available combinations of age group, race/ethnicity, gender, and risk factor. NHANES is a program of studies conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics at CDC designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the U.S, and combines interviews and physical examinations. NHANES stopped collecting vision and eye health data in 2008. Approximate sample size is 5,000 persons per year. NHANES data for VEHSS includes questions and examinations related to Visual Function, Vision Exam Measures, Eye Health Conditions, Service Utilization, and Examination Measures. Data were suppressed for cell sizes less than 30 persons, or where the relative standard error more than 30% of the mean. Detailed information on VEHSS NHANES analyses can be found on the VEHSS NHANES webpage (https://www.cdc.gov/visionhealth/vehss/data/national-surveys/national-health-and-nutrition-examination-survey.html). Additional information about NHANES can be found on the NHANES website (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/index.htm). The VEHSS NHANES dataset was last updated in June 2018.

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

1999–2000 to 2017–2018. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a program of studies designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States. The survey is unique in that it combines interviews and physical examinations. Indicators from this data source have been computed by personnel in CDC's Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention (DHDSP). This was one of the datasets provided by the National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System and presented on DHDSP’s Data, Trends, and Maps online tool. This tool was retired in April of 2024 and this dataset will not be updated. Contact dhdsprequests@cdc.gov if you need assistance with data previously included in this dataset. The data can be plotted as trends and stratified by age group, sex, and race/ethnicity.

Distribution of assets in study sample of U.S. adults by race/ethnicity (N = 26,382).

Analysis of ‘National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) - National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/c0dabf9b-fe14-4bd3-b30f-f5195b729b2b on 28 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

1999-2000 forward. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a program of studies designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States. The survey is unique in that it combines interviews and physical examinations. Indicators from this data source have been computed by personnel in CDC's Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention (DHDSP). This is one of the datasets provided by the National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System. The system is designed to integrate multiple indicators from many data sources to provide a comprehensive picture of the public health burden of CVDs and associated risk factors in the United States. The data can be plotted as trends and stratified by age group, sex, and race/ethnicity.

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

Aim: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) exhibits a racial disparity. We examined the prevalence and the association between race, gender, and NAFLD among prediabetes and diabetes populations among adults in the United States.Methods: We analyzed data for 3,190 individuals ≥18 years old from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017–2018. NAFLD was diagnosed by FibroScan® using controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) values: S0 (none) < 238, S1 (mild) = 238–259, S2 (moderate) = 260–290, S3 (severe) > 290. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression, adjusting for confounding variables and considering the design and sample weights.Results: Of the 3,190 subjects, the prevalence of NAFLD was 82.6%, 56.4%, and 30.5% (p < 0.0001) among diabetes, prediabetes and normoglycemia populations respectively. Mexican American males with prediabetes or diabetes had the highest prevalence of severe NAFLD relative to other racial/ethnic groups (p < 0.05). In the adjusted model, among the total, prediabetes, and diabetes populations, a one unit increase in HbA1c was associated with higher odds of severe NAFLD [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.8, 95% confidence level (CI) = 1.4–2.3, p < 0.0001; AOR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.1–4.4, p = 0.033; and AOR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1–1.9, p = 0.003 respectively].Conclusion: We found that prediabetes and diabetes populations had a high prevalence and higher odds of NAFLD relative to the normoglycemic population and HbA1c is an independent predictor of NAFLD severity in prediabetes and diabetes populations. Healthcare providers should screen prediabetes and diabetes populations for early detection of NAFLD and initiate treatments including lifestyle modification to prevent the progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis or liver cancer.

BackgroundThyroid dysfunction significantly affects the health and development of adolescents. However, comprehensive studies on its prevalence and characteristics in US adolescents are lacking.MethodsWe investigated the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in US adolescents aged 12–18 years using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2002 and 2007–2012 cycles. Thyroid dysfunction was assessed using serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) measurements. We analyzed the prevalence across demographic subgroups and identified associated risk factors.ResultsThe study included 2,182 participants, representing an estimated 12.97 million adolescents. The group had a weighted mean age of 15.1 ± 0.06 years, with males constituting 51.4%. Subclinical hyperthyroidism emerged as the most prevalent thyroid dysfunction, affecting 4.4% of the population. From 2001–2002 to 2011–2012, subclinical hyperthyroidism remained consistent at 4.99% vs. 5.13% in the overall cohort. Subclinical and overt hypothyroidism was found in 0.41 and 1.03% of adolescents respectively, and overt hyperthyroidism was rare (0.04%). The prevalence of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) positivity in the overall population were 5.8 and 9.8%, respectively. Positivity for TgAb was risk factors for hypothyroidism, while older age, female and Black Americans were risk factors for hyperthyroidism. Female adolescents and adolescents with an older age were more likely to be positive for TPOAb and TgAb, while Black and Mexican Americans had a lower risk of TPOAb and TgAb positivity.ConclusionSubclinical hyperthyroidism was the most common form of thyroid dysfunction, and its prevalence remained stable from 2001–2002 to 2011–2012. Notable disparities in the prevalence of hyperthyroidism and antibody positivity were observed among different age, sex and racial/ethnic groups.

Odds ratios of death from COVID-19 based on age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, education, and veteran status.

Context: The body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) as diagnostic tools of obesity do not reflect the same level of fat mass and whether obesity leads to various effects on cardiometabolic risk factors among different racial/ethnic population is unknown.

Objective: The study aims to address the multicollinearity between BMI and WC by using the residual model approach, and to assess and compare the effects of obesity metrics on cardiometabolic risk factors among different races/ethnicities.

Design, setting and participants: Data from a nationally representative sample of Mainland Chinese adults collected in 2010, and data from the National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES) 2005-2016 were used. By conducting a regression analysis between WC and BMI, the variation of BMI was removed from WC measures and residual of WC was obtained. The associations between obesity metrics and cardiometabolic risk factors were compared among different races/ethnicities by sex.

Results: The residual WC was significantly associated with all the cardiometabolic risk factors in Mainland Chinese, and most of the factors in Non-Hispanic White and Non-Hispanic Black adults, but not in the other races/ethnicities. The standardized regression coefficients of the associations between obesity metrics and cardiometabolic factors showed that the obesity metrics had greater impact on systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and triglyceride in Chinese adults than those of other racial/ethnic groups.

Conclusions: Chinese adults are more susceptible to the effects of overall obesity and fat distribution on cardiometabolic risk factors than the other racial/ethnic population.

In 2008 the National Center for Health Statistics released a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) whole body dataset from the NHANES population-based sample acquired with modern fan beam scanners in 15 counties across the United States from 1999 through 2004. The NHANES dataset was partitioned by gender and ethnicity and DXA whole body measures of %fat, fat mass/height2, lean mass/height2, appendicular lean mass/height2, %fat trunk/%fat legs ratio, trunk/limb fat mass ratio of fat, bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were analyzed to provide reference values for subjects 8 to 85 years old. DXA reference values for adults were normalized to age; reference values for children included total and sub-total whole body results and were normalized to age, height, or lean mass. We developed an obesity classification scheme by using estabbody mass index (BMI) classification thresholds and prevalences in young adults to generate matching classification thresholds for Fat Mass Index (FMI; fat mass/height2). These reference values should be helpful in the evaluation of a variety of adult and childhood abnormalities involving fat, lean, and bone, for establishing entry criteria into clinical trials, and for other medical, research, and epidemiological uses.

ObjectiveTo determine differences in DM in the U.S. population according to demographic characteristics, physical indicators and living habits.Methods23 546 participants in the 2009 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) who were 20 year of age or older and not pregnant. All analyses used weighted samples and considered the stratification and clustering of the design. Specific indicators include length of leg (cm), BMI (kg/cm2), TCHOL (mg/dL), fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) and comparison of means and the proportion of participants with DM.ResultsThe prevalence of DM in the USA has been rising modestly in the past decade, and were consistent and robust for the observed differences in age, sex, and ethnicity. Compared with white participants, black participants and Mexican-American were both more likely (P

1999-2000 forward. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a program of studies designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States. The survey is unique in that it combines interviews and physical examinations. Indicators from this data source have been computed by personnel in CDC's Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention (DHDSP). This is one of the datasets provided by the National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System. The system is designed to integrate multiple indicators from many data sources to provide a comprehensive picture of the public health burden of CVDs and associated risk factors in the United States. The data can be plotted as trends and stratified by age group, sex, and race/ethnicity.

1999-2000 forward. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a program of studies designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States. The survey is unique in that it combines interviews and physical examinations. Indicators from this data source have been computed by personnel in CDC's Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention (DHDSP). This is one of the datasets provided by the National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System. The system is designed to integrate multiple indicators from many data sources to provide a comprehensive picture of the public health burden of CVDs and associated risk factors in the United States. The data can be plotted as trends and stratified by age group, sex, and race/ethnicity.

1999-2000 forward. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a program of studies designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States. The survey is unique in that it combines interviews and physical examinations. Indicators from this data source have been computed by personnel in CDC's Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention (DHDSP). This is one of the datasets provided by the National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System. The system is designed to integrate multiple indicators from many data sources to provide a comprehensive picture of the public health burden of CVDs and associated risk factors in the United States. The data can be plotted as trends and stratified by age group, sex, and race/ethnicity.

Measurements of discrimination by sex and race/ethnicity, NHANES III linked mortality file 1988–2006.

BackgroundPer- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure and cardiovascular disease are controversial. We aimed to assess the association between serum PFAS exposure and cardiovascular health (CVH) in U.S. adults.MethodsWe analyzed serum PFAS concentration data of U.S. adults reported in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) study (2005–2018). We employed two weighted logistic regression models and a restricted cubic spline (RCS) to examine the association between each PFAS and impaired CVH (defined as moderate and low CVH). Quantile g-computation (Qgcomp) and weighted quantile sum (WQS) analysis were used to estimate the effects of mixed exposures to PFASs on impaired CVH.ResultsPFAS were associated with an increased risk of impaired CVH (ORPFNA: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.80; ORPFOA: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.88; ORPFOS: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.25, 2.11). PFOA and PFOS exhibited nonlinear relationships with impaired CVH. Significant interactions were observed for impaired CVH between race/ethnicity and PFHxS (p = 0.02), marital status and PFOA (p = 0.03), and both marital status and race/ethnicity with PFOS (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). Analysis via WQS and Qgcomp revealed that the mixture of PFAS was positively associated with an increased risk of impaired CVH.ConclusionPFNA, PFOA, and PFOS exposure are associated with an increased risk of impaired CVH in U.S. adults. Race/ethnicity and marital status may influence CVH. Reducing PFAS exposure could alleviate the burden of disease associated with impaired CVH.

Characteristics of age, anthropometric traits and ALT levels by race/ethnicity and gendera.