Nigeria NG: Gini Coefficient (GINI Index): World Bank Estimate data was reported at 43.000 % in 2009. This records an increase from the previous number of 40.100 % for 2003. Nigeria NG: Gini Coefficient (GINI Index): World Bank Estimate data is updated yearly, averaging 43.000 % from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2009, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 51.900 % in 1996 and a record low of 38.700 % in 1985. Nigeria NG: Gini Coefficient (GINI Index): World Bank Estimate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Nigeria – Table NG.World Bank.WDI: Poverty. Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.; ; World Bank, Development Research Group. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. For more information and methodology, please see PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm).; ; The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than one thousand six hundred household surveys across 164 countries in six regions and 25 other high income countries (industrialized economies). While income distribution data are published for all countries with data available, poverty data are published for low- and middle-income countries and countries eligible to receive loans from the World Bank (such as Chile) and recently graduated countries (such as Estonia) only. See PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/WhatIsNew.aspx) for definitions of geographical regions and industrialized countries.

Graph and download economic data for GINI Index for Nigeria (SIPOVGININGA) from 1985 to 2022 about Nigeria, gini, and indexes.

According to governmental data from 2020, the Gini coefficient in Nigeria was **** points as of 2019. The Gini index gives information on the distribution of income in a country. In an ideal situation in which incomes are perfectly distributed, the coefficient is equal to zero.

The first eight countries with the biggest inequality in income distribution in the world are located in Sub-Saharan Africa, with an index over ** points.

Historical dataset showing Nigeria income inequality - gini coefficient by year from N/A to N/A.

NG：基尼系数（GINI系数）：世界银行估计在12-01-2009达43.000%，相较于12-01-2003的40.100%有所增长。NG：基尼系数（GINI系数）：世界银行估计数据按年更新，12-01-1985至12-01-2009期间平均值为43.000%，共5份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于12-01-1996，达51.900%，而历史最低值则出现于12-01-1985，为38.700%。CEIC提供的NG：基尼系数（GINI系数）：世界银行估计数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于World Bank，数据归类于全球数据库的尼日利亚 – 表 NG.世行.WDI：贫困。

Fish products are highly traded and global fish trade has been increasing very rapidly in recent decades with an estimated 45% of the world catch now traded internationally. West Africa has a huge potential for trade in intra-regional terms and vibrant markets for fish and fish products in Nigeria, Ghana and the Ivory Coast being the three major importers of fish products in the region. Intra-regional fish trade is important in improving food and nutritional security; and poverty eradication in Africa. However, trade has so far not served as an effective tool for the achievement of rapid and sustainable economic growth and development for many of the countries of the continent because, there is paucity of information on market structure and value of intra-regional fish trade. This information is needed to ensure the proper integration of intraregional fish trade into the nation-state policy agenda. This study therefore investigated the marketing structure, profitability and trade flow along the borders of Nigeria. In this study, Nigeria was divided into four major areas according to the countries at her borders viz: Nigeria-Cameroon-Chad, Nigeria-Niger, and Nigeria-Benin border and the Lake Kainjiinland fisheries with multi-stage experimental design adopted. Sixteen States including Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Benue, Taraba, Adamawa, Borno, Sokoto, Katsina, Jigawa, Yobe, Kebbi, Kwara, Oyo, Ogun, Lagos and Niger States along the borders were sampled. One hundred and eight (108) Local Governments Areas in the States were sampled based on the prevalence of fishing activities in these areas. Structured questionnaires were administered to a total of 814 producers, 814 processors and 814 marketers randomly selected based on their active involvement in fish marketing. Information on socio-economic characteristics, quantity and values of fish products marketed, trade flow and market structure were collected. Data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis, Gini coefficient, linear regression and ANOVA at α0.05. The results showed that fish production was dominated by males along the three borders with the highest percentage recorded in Sokoto and Katsina (100.0%), while more females were involved in processing and marketing in four States (Cross River, Akwa Ibom, Taraba and Benue States) along the Nigeria-Cameroon-Chad border with the highest percentage in Cross River (90.0% and 90.0%). About 1.69% of the fishermen along Nigeria-Cameroon border import fresh while 0.67% of the fish marketers import smoked and dried fish into Nigerian fish market. Marketers and processors of 1.51% were involved in cross-border importation of smoked fish into Nigeria through Nigeria-Benin border while 0.81% of the sampled marketers engaged in importation of fresh and dried fish products. 0.40% of the marketers and processors along Nigeria-Niger border and Lake Kainji-inland fisheries were involved in cross-border trade of dried and fried fish products. About 1.19% of the fish marketers export fried fish from Nigeria to Niger Republic through Nigeria-Niger border. Exportation of smoked fish of about 2008.22±856.51kg (₦3,260,028.25±1,231,860.25) was recorded in Jigawa State while dried fish of 1,800.00±0.00kg (₦4,606,200±0.00) and 2,500.00±0.00kg (₦4,425,000.00±0.00) were observed among respondents in Yobe and Niger States, respectively along Nigeria-Niger border and Lake Kainjiinland fisheries. Along Nigeria-Cameroon-Chad border smoked fish of 1,278.06±0.00kg (N2,581,672.22±0.00) and 951.56±214.34kg (₦2,136,666.84±306,413.18) were exported from Benue and Borno State, respectively. In Lagos State, 20.56% (1,088.75±292.76kg) and 31.69% (441.00±241.83kg) of the total smoked and dried fish, respectively traded in the State were supplied through the cross-border trade while 14.67% (2,300.00±424.26kg) and 4.50% (150.88±97.21kg) of fresh and smoked fish, respectively were imported from Benin Republic through cross-border trade in Ogun State. The Gini coefficient value for most of the actors in the States along the Nigeria-Niger border and Lake Kainji-inland fisheries was 0.34, 0.45, 0.41, and 0.43 for wholesalers of smoked fish, retailers of spiced fish, wholesalers and retailers of frozen fish respectively. The linear regression (b) coefficient for all the forms of fish were positive except for dried and fried whose b values were -7.66 and -5.15 respectively. Gini coefficients were 0.63, 0.70, 0.71 and 0.59 for fresh, smoked, dried and frozen fish markets in the States along the Nigeria-Cameroon-Chad border and the linear regression coefficient was positive for all forms of fish. The linear regression coefficient for all forms of fish marketed along the Nigeria-Benin border were positive except for fried fish with b value of -485.89. In conclusion, the fish markets along Nigeria-Niger border, Lake Kainji-inland fisheries, the Northern part of the Nigeria-Cameroon-Chad and the Nigeria-Benin border which includes...

Better integration of intra-regional fish trade into nation-state policy agenda is reported as a tool for improving food and nutritional security; and poverty reduction in Africa. However, critical information on market structure and value of intra-regional fish trade needed to ensure food security in the West African corridor are very limited. This study therefore investigated the marketing nodes and structure for fish trade along Nigeria-Cameroon-Chad border. Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Benue, Taraba, Adamawa and Borno States along Nigeria-Cameroon Chad border were selected for this study. Snowball sampling technique was employed for data collection. The election of respondents was based on their involvement in fishing and fish marketing activities and their acceptance to provide the primary data for this research. Structured questionnaires were administered to 900 respondents comprising 300 producers, 300 processors and 300 marketers. The questionnaire was used to obtain data on socio-economic characteristics, marketing operations, market structure, fish distribution and cross border trade in the study area. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis, Herfindahl index, Gini coefficient, stochastic production frontier model, linear regression analysis and ANOVA at α0.05. The results of the study revealed that males 93.3% dominated the production node, while females dominated the processing (55.0%) and marketing (56.0%) nodes. Majority of the producers (34.3%), processors (34.0%) and marketers (39.7%) were within the age bracket of 41-50 years. Majority of the respondents were married; 87.7%, 88.3% and 85.3% and secondary school leavers; 31.7%, 40.7% and 43.7% and they Majority of the respondents were members of marketers’ associations; 51.3%, 65.7% and 67.7% with marketing experiences (> 15 years for producers, 11-15 years for processors and 6-10 years for marketers). The empirical findings on Gini coefficients for actors in fresh fish production node (0.63, 0.53) and marketing node (0.43, 0.43); smoked fish processing node (0.68) and marketing node (0.46, 0.39); dried fish processing node (0.69) and marketing node (0.51, 0.34) and frozen fish marketing node (0.36, 0.25) revealed an imperfect competitive market structure. Herfindahl index was highest for fresh (0.72), smoked (0.80) and dried (0.99) fish markets in Borno, Cross River and Adamawa States, respectively and frozen (1.00) fish markets in Akwa Ibom, Cross River and Borno States. Linear regression coefficient was positive in majority of the fish markets assessed. Processing node had the highest gross margin (₦371559.91±282965.56) and marketing margin (₦405394.09±392255.64), and marketing node had the highest marketing efficiency of 87.69±84.86. Fresh fish (564.13±552.27kg) was the highest volume of fish sold in intra-State marketing. The bulk of inter State and intra-regional inflow and outflow trade came from the quantity of fresh (1250.64±703.53kg and 1719.44±638.63kg, respectively) and dried (2098.00±306.88kg and 2205.11±987.43kg, respectively) fish products traded. The processing node is the most profitable, the marketing node is the most efficient of the fish marketing nodes identified, and the marketing participants in the various nodes exhibited partial inequality and equality in the share of their monthly revenue. Hence, people should be encouraged to go into fish marketing as a source of livelihood being an efficient business venture.

Foraging for wild resources links urban citizens to nature and biodiversity while providing resources important for local livelihoods and culture. However, the abundance and distributional (in)equity of forageable urban tree resources have rarely been examined. Consequently, this study assessed the abundance of forageable street trees and their distribution in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. During a survey of 32 randomly selected wards across 16 local government areas (LGAs) in the metropolis, 4,017 street trees from 46 species were enumerated. The LGA with the highest number of street trees was Ikeja, with 818 trees, while Lagos Island had the lowest count, with two trees. This disparity in tree numbers could be attributed to variations in human population density within each LGA. Ninety-four percent of the street trees surveyed had at least one documented use and 76 % had two, and thus were potentially forageable. However, the most common species had relatively low forageability scores. Only 5.6 % of the total street tree population was rated as highly forageable, with a usability score of at least 11 out of 15. The most forageable street trees were fruit trees and non-native species. The forageable street trees in the LGAs showed a significant disparity in their distribution, as evidenced by a Gini coefficient of 0.81. Overall, richer neighbourhoods had a higher street tree abundance, richness, and forageability potential. To meet greening and foraging goals and address the current inequitable distribution, we suggest allocating more funds for greening, particularly in low-income neighbourhoods. Further research should evaluate forageable species from other sites to acquire a detailed understanding of the distribution and abundance of forageable resources in Lagos metropolis.

Improvement of food, nutritional security and poverty reduction in Africa can be addressed through better integration of intra-regional fish trade into the nation-state policy agenda. Data crucial to the development of regional fish trade needs to be obtained. However, there is paucity of information on market structure, products and value of fish trade along regional borders in Africa. This study therefore investigated fish marketing structure, the marketing actor’s characteristics, fish distribution channels, market profitability and efficiency along the Nigeria-Niger border and Lake Kainji inland fisheries. A multistage sampling procedure was used in the selection of respondents for this study. Random sampling was carried out in selecting four states Sokoto, Katsina, Jigawa and Yobe along the Nigeria-Niger border, Niger state was purposively selected based on its location in the Lake Kainji inland fisheries. Data was collected from 150 respondents in each of the states comprising 50 producers, processors and marketers each, amounting to 750 with the use of a structured questionnaire. Data on socio-economic characteristics, marketing operations, marketing channel, market structure, profitability and trade flow were obtained. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, budgetary indices, gini coefficient, linear regression, Stochastic production frontier model and ANOVA at α 0.05. There was a predominance of male producers, marketers and processors in Katsina (100.0%, 98.0%, 98.0%), while in Niger state, processors were dominated by women (54.0%). Majority of producers (36.0%), processors (40.0%) in Sokoto state, marketers (36.0%) and processors (53.0%) in Katsina state; and processors (50.0%) in Niger were within the age of 31-40 years. The producer-consumer channel had an efficiency of 618.47 while that for producer-retailerconsumer channel was 435.85. The minimum and maximum average volume (kg) of fish traded within and across the States were for fried (882.25±339.15, 730.72±283.39) and fresh fish (1702.23±978.32; 1673.20±439.88). An average volume (kg) traded of 1386.46±760.57 for dried fish was traded across the regional border. 478.22±292.01 and 91.04±80.53 were the highest and least marketing efficiency among artisanal fishermen and retailers respectively for fresh fish. Processors had the highest average gross margin per kg (₦1157.94±492.26) while wholesalers had the least ₦387.94±363.87 for smoked fish. The Gini coefficient value for most of the actors showed partial inequality in the revenue distribution of fresh, smoked, dried, fried, spiced and frozen fish, except for wholesalers of smoked fish (0.34), retailers of spiced fish (0.45) and iii wholesalers (0.41) and retailers (0.43) of frozen fish. The linear regression b values for all the forms of fish were positive except for dried and fried whose b values were -7.66 and -5.15 respectively. The direct marketing channels were most efficient for fresh and processed fish. The market structures for most of the producers (capture), marketers and processors were monopolistic in nature and there was barrier into entry for fried and dried fish. Therefore there is need for better organization of fish markets.

South Africa concentrated the largest amount of private wealth in Africa as of 2021, some 651 billion U.S. dollars. Egypt, Nigeria, Morocco, and Kenya followed, establishing the five wealthier markets in the continent. The wealth value referred to assets, such as cash, properties, and business interests, held by individuals living in each country, with liabilities discounted. Overall, Africa counted in the same year approximately 136,000 high net worth individuals (HNWIs), each with net assets of one million U.S. dollars or more.

 COVID-19 and wealth constraints  

Africa held 2.1 trillion U.S. dollars of total private wealth in 2021. The amount slightly increased in comparison to the previous year, when the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic led to job losses, drops in salaries, and the closure of many local businesses. However, compared to 2011, total private wealth in Africa declined 4.5 percent, constrained by poor performances in Angola, Egypt, and Nigeria. By 2031, however, the private wealth is expected to rise nearly 40 percent in the continent.

 The richest in Africa 

Besides 125 thousand millionaires, Africa counted 6,700 multimillionaires and 305 centimillionaires as of December 2021. Furthermore, there were 21 billionaires in the African continent, each with a wealth of one billion U.S. dollars and more. The richest person in Africa is the Nigerian Aliko Dangote. The billionaire is the founder and chairman of Dangote Cement, the largest cement producer on the whole continent. He also owns salt and sugar manufacturing companies.

In 2025, nearly 11.7 percent of the world population in extreme poverty, with the poverty threshold at 2.15 U.S. dollars a day, lived in Nigeria. Moreover, the Democratic Republic of the Congo accounted for around 11.7 percent of the global population in extreme poverty. Other African nations with a large poor population were Tanzania, Mozambique, and Madagascar. Poverty levels remain high despite the forecast decline Poverty is a widespread issue across Africa. Around 429 million people on the continent were living below the extreme poverty line of 2.15 U.S. dollars a day in 2024. Since the continent had approximately 1.4 billion inhabitants, roughly a third of Africa’s population was in extreme poverty that year. Mozambique, Malawi, Central African Republic, and Niger had Africa’s highest extreme poverty rates based on the 2.15 U.S. dollars per day extreme poverty indicator (updated from 1.90 U.S. dollars in September 2022). Although the levels of poverty on the continent are forecast to decrease in the coming years, Africa will remain the poorest region compared to the rest of the world. Prevalence of poverty and malnutrition across Africa Multiple factors are linked to increased poverty. Regions with critical situations of employment, education, health, nutrition, war, and conflict usually have larger poor populations. Consequently, poverty tends to be more prevalent in least-developed and developing countries worldwide. For similar reasons, rural households also face higher poverty levels. In 2024, the extreme poverty rate in Africa stood at around 45 percent among the rural population, compared to seven percent in urban areas. Together with poverty, malnutrition is also widespread in Africa. Limited access to food leads to low health conditions, increasing the poverty risk. At the same time, poverty can determine inadequate nutrition. Almost 38.3 percent of the global undernourished population lived in Africa in 2022.

South Africa was home to the highest number of millionaires in Africa as of 2023. The country had 37,400 high net worth individuals (HNWIs), corresponding to roughly one-third of the total number of millionaires on the continent. Second, in rank, Egypt counted 15,600 HNWIs. According to the source, approximately 135,000 HNWIs lived in Africa, each with one million U.S. dollars or more net assets, excluding government funds. The wealth value refers to assets such as cash, properties, and business interests held by individuals living in a country with fewer liabilities. The rich in Africa Compared to 2020, the number of African millionaires increased by nearly nine percent. This means that 11,000 people joined the group of individuals with minimum net assets of one million U.S. dollars. The number of centi- and multimillionaires has increased as well. In 2022, the Nigerian Aliko Dangote held the title of the wealthiest person in Africa. Founder and chairman of Dangote Cement, the largest cement producer in the whole African continent, the billionaire also owns salt and sugar manufacturing companies. His net worth is estimated at nearly 15 billion U.S. dollars. Trillions of U.S. dollars in riches Total private wealth in Africa amounted to 2.1 trillion U.S. dollars in 2021, a slight increase from 2020. That year, the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic had led to job losses, drops in salaries, and the closure of many local businesses. Compared to other African countries, South Africa concentrated the largest private wealth. Egypt, Nigeria, Morocco, and Kenya completed the leading wealth markets. The five nations accounted for over 50 percent of Africa’s total wealth in 2021.