Abstract

The Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) asks questions to a country wide sample of households and household members about housing conditions, education, economic activities, household production and income, household level and structure of consumption, health, victimization, etc. There are also questions related to people in the labour force, e.g. labour force participation.

Poverty reduction is a major commitment by the Royal Government of Cambodia. Accurate statistical information about the living standards of the population and the extent of poverty is an essential instrument to assist the Government in diagnosing the problems, in designing effective policies for reducing poverty and in monitoring and evaluating the progress of poverty reduction. The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) has been adopted by the Royal Government of Cambodia and a National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) has been developed. The MDGs are also incorporated into the "Rectangular Strategy of Cambodia".

Cambodia is still a predominantly rural and agricultural society. The vast majority of the population get their subsistence in households as self-employed in agriculture. The level of living is determined by the household's command over labour and resources for own-production in terms of land and livestock for agricultural activities, equipments and tools for fishing, forestry and construction activities and income-earning activities in the informal and formal sector. The CSES aims to estimate household income and consumption/expenditure as well as a number of other household and individual characteristics.

The main objective of the survey is to collect statistical information about living conditions of the Cambodian population and the extent of poverty. The survey can be used for identifying problems and making decisions based on statistical data. They would also prove useful for the production of National Accounts in Cambodia.

A long-term objective of the entire project is to build national capability in NIS for conducting socio-economic surveys and for utilizing survey data for planning for national development and social welfare.

Among specific objectives, the following deserve special mention: - Obtain data on infrastructural facilities in villages, especially facilities for schooling and health care and associated problems. - Obtain data on retail prices of selected food, non-food and medicine items prevailing in the villages. - Collect data on migration - Collect data on utilization of education, housing and land ownership - Collect data on household assets and outstanding loans. - Collect data on household's construction activities. - Collect information on maternal health, child health/care. - Collect information on health of the household members related to illness, injury and disability. - Collect information on economic activities including the economic activities for children aged between 5 and 17 years. - Collect information on victimization by the household - Collect information on the presence of the household members. - Collect information on household income and receipts, expenditure and consumption of own production (also in diaries).

Geographic coverage

National Phnom Penh / Other Urban / Other Rural

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals

Universe

The target population for CSES is all “normal” households in Cambodia. The term normal is defined in the Population Census 2008 as households that are not institutional households, homeless households, boat population households or households of transient population. (Institutional households are boarding houses, military barracks, prisons, student dormitories, etc.).

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample Design

The sample of villages for CSES 2011 is just a simple random 50 % subsample from the CSES 2009 sample of villages, just like for 2010. Consequently, the description of the CSES 2011 sample design will by necessity begin with a description of the CSES 2009 design.

The sample design for CSES 2010 is basically the same as the CSES 2009 design. For the 2010 and 2011 survey a subsample of 360 EAs (stage 2 units) was selected from the CSES 2009 sample of 720 EAs. The selection was done by simple random sampling within strata. The selection resulted in 136 urban EAs and 224 rural EAs.

Households were selected in the same way as in CSES 2009. For CSES 2010 and 2011 only 10 households are selected in each rural EA, as compared to 20 households in 2009. In urban areas 10 households were selected, just as in 2009.

The sampling resulted in a sample of 3,600 households, 1,360 urban households and 2,240 rural households.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Four different questionnaires or forms were used in the survey:

Form 1: Household listing sheets to be used in the sampling procedure in the enumeration areas.

Form 2: Village questionnaire answered by the village leader about economy and infrastructure, crop production, health, education, retail prices and sales prices of agriculture, employment and wages, and recruitment of children for work outside the village.

Form 3: Household questionnaire with questions for each household member, including modules on migration, education and literacy, housing conditions, crop production, household liabilities, durable goods, construction activities, nutrition, fertility and child care, child feeding and vaccination, health of children, mortality, current economic activity, health and illness, smoking, HIV/AIDS awareness, and victimization.

Form 4: Diary form on daily household expenditure and income

Cleaning operations

The NIS team commenced their work of checking and coding in begining of February after the first month of fieldwork was completed. Supervisors from the field delivered questionaires to NIS. SIDA project expert and NIS Survey Manager helped in solving relevant matters that become apparent when reviewing questionnaires on delivery.

Response rate

The CSES 2011 enjoyed almost a 100 percent response rate. The high response rate together with close and systematic fieldwork supervision by the core group members were a major contribution for achieving high quality survey results.

Abstract

The CSES is a household survey with questions to households and the household members. In the household questionnaire there are a number of modules with questions relating to the living conditions, e.g. housing conditions, education, health, expenditure/income and labour force. It is designed to provide information on social and economic conditions of households for policy studies on poverty, household production and final consumption for the National Accounts and weights for the CPI.

The main objective of the survey is to collect statistical information about living standards of the population and the extent of poverty. Essential areas as household production and cash income, household level and structure of consumption including poverty and nutrition, education and access to schooling, health and access to medical care, transport and communication, housing and amenities and family and social relations. For recording expenditure, consumption and income the Diary Method was applied for the first time. The survey also included a Time Use Form detailing activities of household members during a 24-hour period.

Another main objective of the survey is also to collect accurate statistical information about living standards of the population and the extent of poverty as an essential instrument to assist the government in diagnosing the problems and designing effective policies for reducing poverty, and in evaluating the progress of poverty reduction which are the main priorities in the "Rectangular Strategy" of the Royal Government of Cambodia.

Geographic coverage

National

Urban/Rural

Analysis unit

1. household

2. individual

Universe

All resident households in Cambodia

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2003-04 (CSES) is conducted in a nationwide representative sample of 15,000 households within 900 sampling units (villages). It is divided into 15 monthly representative samples of 1000 households in 60 villages.

The sampling design and implementation was made in March 2003. A three-stage sample design was devised. Since NIS already had a master sample based on the Population Census 1998, consisting of 600 villages, it was used. But in order to reach the preferred number of 900 villages, the sample was extended to include an additional 300 villages.

In the first stage, a sample of villages was selected in the head office. The villages were initially stratified into 45 strata (province*urban/rural). The villages were selected using systematic sampling with probabilities proportionate to size (PPS). The size measures used for the selection were number of households in the village according the 1998 Census. The resulting sample thus consisted of 900 villages, of which 600 are in rural areas and 300 in urban areas.

In the second stage one Census Enumeration Area (EA or alternatively PSU) was selected randomly also in the head office. At the beginning of the fieldwork, all households in the selected EA were listed using a household listing form, and following internationally recommended procedures. A systematic sample of households was then drawn in a third stage. The third stage sample was 20 households in rural areas and 10 households in the urban areas.

Design work

The work on sample design was carried out in the following areas:

• Estimation of sampling errors and design effects in the CSES 1999

• Calculation of optimal sample size within primary sampling units

• Sample size and sample allocation for CSES 2003

The work was done in a group of NIS staff in the form of expert assisted hands-on training in sampling design and calculation of sampling errors.

In previous surveys PSUs have been villages. It was decided to use village as PSU also for the CSES 2004 mainly because the communes were considered too large (and too few) to serve efficiently as PSUs. Another factor weighing in favor of villages was the fact that there already exists a master sample of villages at NIS.

The master sample consists of 600 villages (88 urban and 512 rural villages). The selection of villages was made with PPS sampling, hence facilitating an approximately self-weighing design with equal workloads in the villages. It was discussed whether a further stratification on 3-4 crude income-level strata should be done in urban Phnom Penh in order to secure a good spread of the sample over different income levels. It was decided not to do such stratification. Phnom Penh has a large sample (90 villages) selected with systematic sampling over a geographically ordered sample frame; this will in itself secure a reasonably good spread of PSUs.

The master sample is allocated over the strata proportionally to the total number of households in the strata. A problem with the master sample is that due to the proportional allocation the urban sample is too small to provide for good estimates in the urban domain. It was therefore decided to expand the sample to include 600 rural villages and 300 urban villages.

Secondary Sampling Units (SSU)

The 600 villages in the master sample are divided in small segments containing approximately ten households each by using census enumeration area maps. As a consequence the boundaries of the segments would be difficult to identify in the field. There would be a risk that housing units constructed after the census will be missed when households are listed within segments during the fieldwork. It was therefore decided not to use the segments in the second stage sampling. The available options are in this situation either (a) to select households directly on stage in the village or (b) to use the enumeration areas as secondary sampling units. Selecting households directly would require a listing of all households in the village prior to the fieldwork. Such a listing would become time-consuming in large villages. It was therefore decided that enumeration areas would be used as SSUs, and that one enumeration area is selected within each sampled village.

Implementation

Villages were selected with a systematic PPS procedure within each stratum. For each sampled village one census enumeration area (EA) was selected. As the enumeration areas are roughly of the same size, the selection was done with equal probability sampling.

Ten (10) households were selected in each sampled village in the CSES 99. Calculations indicated that this sample size was close to optimum. Since the optimum is rather flat, the loss in efficiency from sample sizes of 12-15 is fairly small.

From a purely sampling efficiency point of view, a larger sample than 15 households per village should not be taken. However, factors relating to interviewers' security and well-being weighed in favor of having two interviewers per village in the rural areas. A workload of 10 households between the two interviewers in the village was considered too small. A workload of 15-20 households would be reasonable. All things taken together resulted in a sample of 10 households in urban areas (with one interviewer per village) and 20 households in rural areas.

The resulting sample consisted of 300 urban PSUs and 600 rural PSUs. From the urban PSUs 10 households were selected while 20 households were selected from rural PSUs. The sample thus contained 15000 households to be interviewed during 15 fieldwork months with 1000 different households each month.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Five different questionnaires or forms were used in the survey:

Form 1: Household listing sheets to be used in the sampling procedure in the enumeration areas.

Form 2: Village questionnaire answered by the village leader about economy and infrastructure, crop production, health, education, retail prices and sales prices of agriculture, employment and wages, and recruitment of children for work outside the village.

Form 3: Household questionnaire with questions for each household member, including modules on migration, education and literacy, housing conditions, crop production, household liabilities, durable goods, construction activities, nutrition, fertility and child care, child feeding and vaccination, health of children, mortality, current economic activity, health and illness, smoking, HIV/AIDS awareness, and victimization.

Form 4: Diary form on daily household expenditure and income

Form 5: Time use form detailing activities of household members during one 24-hour period.

Questionnaire design

The questionnaire is one of the first items in a strategy for quality control in data collection through surveys. Any piece of information to be collected must be formulated as a question so that all interviewers can be trained to read the questions in the same way. The questions must be formulated in such a way that all interviewers feel comfortable reading the questions aloud and that all respondents understand the questions in the same way. The layout of the questionnaire must be done so that the interviewer immediately understands how the respondent's answer should be recorded. A lot of work is normally needed to meet these requirements that are built into the process of communication in the interview situation. This is the kind of work in which final perfection is elusive and further improvements can always be made.

The initial work on questionnaire design resulted in a first draft prepared by NIS in early 2003. With expert assistance from Statistics Sweden in March the same year, a systematic walk-through question by question was done. A number of essential problems to be solved were then identified while errors or minor problems

Abstract

The main objective of CSES 1999 was to, supplement the data base generated through CSES 1997, fill critical data gaps in a number of topics, and meet the data needs for analyzing and monitoring poverty, and support the anti-poverty programmes and interventions of the Royal Government of Cambodia. Accordingly, the scope of the survey was determined to canvass detailed information on household income and consumption, employment and earnings, labour utilization, child labour, and other current data needed to compile socio-economic indicators in several subject areas. Establishing and strengthening the capacity of NIS to conduct large scale household surveys and thereby institutionalize CSES as a national survey program was an important objective of the project.

The scope of the survey with respect to items of information collected at village level and household level are follows

I. Village Level Information

 1.Demographic Information

 2. Economy and Infrastructure

 3. Education

 4. Health and Immunization

 5. Retail Prices and wages

 6. Rain Fall and Natural Disasters

I. Household Information

 1.Demographic Characteristics

 2. Education

 3. Labour Force Characteristics based on short and long reference periods

 4. Child Activities

 5. Health

 6. Housing and Environment

 7. Household Consumption Expenditures

 8. Household Assets and Liabilities

 9. Fertility, Mortality and Child Care 

 10. Household Income

Geographic coverage

The sample was designed to provide estimates of the indicators at :

National (24 provinces) Phnom Penh, Other Urban and Other Rural Plain, Tonle Sap, Coastal, and Plateau/Mountain

Analysis unit

• Individual

• Household

Universe

Select sample households from non-institutional households (All regular residents in Cambodia) in Cambodia.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

A two stage stratified sampling design with the villages as the first stage units (PSU's) and households as the second stage units(SSU's) was used in the sampling strategy which was based on the method of inter-penetrating sub-samples. A truncated frame which excluded 4.5% of the villages was used because of the difficulty of conducting field work for security reasons in the excluded villages. The survey covered all non-institutional households including one person households. CSES 1999 sampled 6,000 households distributed in 600 villages in the country. The survey was conducted in two rounds to capture seasonal changes in the characteristics studied. The sampling design provided for estimates to be prepared for the urban and rural sectors and the capital city of Phnom Penh as well as for the four ecological zones of the Plain, Tonle Sap Lake, Coastal and Plateau and Mountain Regions. The design is not self-weighting and weights were used in the preparation of survey estimates.

Although CSES 1997 was successful operationally, improvements in the sampling design were considered essential while retaining the main features of the design which has been briefly outlined earlier. The inclusion of such topics as employment, child labor, per capita expenditure of households, health, and education expenditure demonstrated that the sample size should be adequate to produce statistically reliable estimates for the main stratification. The approximate computation of sampling errors of some key estimates in CSES 1997 that sampled 6,000 households showed that the relative errors were in the range of 3 % to 10% or a margin of error twice as much. It was thus necessary to reduce the sampling errors and it was evident that the sampling errors of estimates of the same variables canvassed in CSES 1999 as well as those which had similar prevalence rates would be high. Thus, it was clear that the sample size in fact should be raised above 6,000 households to produce nationally and sectorally representative and statically reliable estimates in respect of some of the key variables in the core questionnaire and in the income and employment module. Because of financial and administrative constraints, it was not feasible to increase the total number of households to be sampled. Therefore it was necessary to resort to the other options available that of improving the precision of the estimates by adopting a more efficient sampling design and attempting to lower the sampling errors.

When compared with the sampling designs that were adopted in surveys conducted earlier in Cambodia, a more efficient and improved sampling strategy was adopted in CSES 1999. The new sampling strategy has provided for estimates for the urban and rural sector, and the capital city of Phnom Penh as well as for the different ecological zones. The method of interpenetrating sub-samples has also provided for the preparation of separate estimates for ecological zones of the country from independent sub-samples enabling checks on the quality of data collected and on the precision of the estimates. Apart from these major innovations, the sampling procedures for the selection of villages which were the primary sampling units (PSU's) and households which formed the secondary sampling units (SSU's) were also improved by adopting circular systematic sampling with probability proportional to size (CSSPPS) techniques.

The sampling design of CSES 1997 followed the sampling strategy adopted in the two socio-economic surveys conducted earlier namely SESC 1993/94 and SESC 1996. The designs in these surveys were based on the division of the country into three domains Phnom Penh, other urban and rural areas so that separate estimates can be prepared for the capital city, and urban and rural sectors. These surveys used truncated frames that had excluded provinces, communes and villages in which data collection was difficult for security or other reasons. From each domain a specified number for villages were selected as first stage units (PSUs) and the second stage units (SSUs) which were households were selected after a pre-listing of households in the sample PSUs.

CSES 1999 sampled 6,000 households from 600 sample villages distributed in all 24 provinces in the country. The survey covered both urban and rural areas of Cambodia. Approximately 4% of the villages were excluded in 14 provinces because of difficulties of conducting field work for security reasons. The number of households sampled from each village was restricted to 10 to reduce the cluster effect and improve the precision of the estimates.

Estimates for round one and round two are provided separately for certain characteristics in addition to the estimates from both rounds of the survey. The estimates provided in the report are for the truncated frame used in the survey that excluded 4.2% of the villages because of the difficulty of conducting fieldwork for security reasons. In respect of a few key variables extrapolated estimates were prepared which covered the excluded areas of the country in addition to the truncated frame used in the survey.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

As in CSES 1997, four questionnaires were used in CSES 1999 for data collection. These include:

CSES Form 1: household listing sheet was used to record all households in the village or part thereof selected for household enumeration. The current list of households was necessary for sampling households and also as an input to derive household weights.

CSES Form 2: Village Questionnaire canvassed data on village population, physical and social infrastructure, development programmes and institutions at the village level and village level prices and unskilled wage rates

CSES Form 3: Core Questionnaire canvassed data on demographic characteristics, education, health and immunization, household and housing characteristics; and household consumption.

CSES Form 4: Income and Employment Module canvassed detail information on employment, wages and earnings; child labour; all types of household economic activities; household assets and household income.

Cleaning operations

Data processing was carried out at the NIS on a net-worked computer system with 16 microcomputers and peripherals. 35 NIS staff were trained as editors and coders, key entry and supervisory staff. Completed questionnaires were checked, edited and coded by trained editors before the data was keyed in. IMPS (Integrated Micro Processing System ) software developed and supported by the US Bureau of the Census was used for data processing. The data entry and verification system designed for the survey provided for on-line editing. A number of edit programs were prepared to eliminate duplicate records and range edits and consistency checks were used in data cleaning and validation. The tabulations presented in this report were extracted after cleaning the data files.

Response rate

Non-responding households were replaced. The need to adjust the weights for non-response did not arise as completed questionnaires from all sampled villages and households were retrieved achieving a 100% response rate.

Sampling error estimates

The approximate computation of sampling errors of some key estimates in CSES 1997 that sampled 6,000 households showed that the relative errors were in the range of 3 % to 10% or a margin of error twice as much. It was thus necessary to reduce the sampling errors and it was evident that the sampling errors of estimates of the same variables canvassed in CSES 1999 as well as those which had similar prevalence rates would be high (Please see

Abstract

The primary objective of Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) 1997 was to obtain data for the measurement of living standards in geographic stratification and different segments of the Cambodian society. The other objectives were to provide information needed by a variety of users such as government institutions, donor agencies, non-government organizations; to assist NIS to train its staff in planning, designing and conducting a household based survey system and institutionalize survey taking capability. The expansion of the scope of the survey to meet the data needs of a wide variety of users and thus minimize the duplication of household surveys and promote the acceptance of CSES as the national household survey programme was also an important objective.

Specifically the survey had the following objectives: i) To provide data required for the measurement of living standards through a single source of data for a comprehensive and detailed analysis of living standards and poverty in Cambodia. ii) To provide information on school facilities, schooling and enrollments, cost of education and related information. iii) To provides information on health issues, utilization of health facilities and costs incurred in treating illnesses. iv) To provide information on demographic and economic characteristics of the population such as age-sex distribution, marital status, fertility, mortality, literacy, employment incomes. v) To derive information on socio-economic conditions of villages including infrastructure and access to education and health facilities. vi) To establish survey taking capability within NIS for the Institute to conduct multi-objective large scale household-based survey programmes.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

A sampling frame based on a national population census is not available for Cambodia. A list of village and village population prepared by the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) for conducting the general elections held in 1993, which was updated for undertaking the household surveys conducted during the past few years was used as the sampling frame.

As in other household surveys conducted recently, the coverage of the survey had to be restricted due to security reasons; excluded areas were considered not sage for the enumerators to conduct fieldwork. Accordingly two provinces and a number of communes from 15 other provinces were excluded from the frame. The truncated frame used for the survey covered 100% of the villages in Phnom Penh, 91.2% of villages in the Other Urban towns and 86.3% of the Rural villages. The proportions of excluded households were lower, and amounted to only 4.8% of households in other urban areas and 11.6% of households in the rural sector.

A two-stage stratified random sampling design was adopted with villages as primary sampling units (PSU's) and households as secondary sampling units (SSU's). Considering the socio-economic stratification, the spread of the items canvassed, and sample size of the survey, Cambodia was divided into 3 strata viz. Phnom Penh, Other Urban areas and Rural areas. The frame which had villages grouped by communes, and communes by districts and provinces in effect, provided for an implicit stratification of the universe for the probability proportional to size (PPS) systematic random sampling procedure adopted in the selection of the PSU's. The procedure also provided for the preparation of estimates for the four geographic zones namely, Plains, Tonle Sap Lake, Plateau and Mountains and Coastal regions of the country.

Sampling deviation

The sampling design for the CSES 1997 considered several factors including the precision of data required by the users, the capacity of the national statistics office to conduct the survey, and most importantly the time constraint imposed to complete survey field work before the end of July 1997. Taking into account these factors, and specially the experience gained from the two socio-economic surveys conducted in 1993/94 and 1996, including estimates of feasible work loads, a sample of 6000 households to be selected from 474 villages was considered to be sufficient and manageable.

The design also took into consideration the need for separate analyses of three geographical domains, namely Phnom Penh, other urban areas aggregated together, and the rural area. In deciding the sample allocation to the three domains, it was decided that a size of around 1000 households would be adequate for the first two domains and the rest should be allocated to Domain 3 - Rural area, since it was envisaged that more detailed analysis of the poverty groups in this domain would be undertaken.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Four questionnaires were used in the survey. Form 1: Household Listing Form was used to prepare the current list of households for sampling. Form 2: Village Questionnaire was used to collect village level data on socio-economic infrastructure and facilities including prices and wages from key informants. Form 3: Core Questionnaire was used to collect demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the population. Form 4: Social Sector Module was designed to collect detailed information on education and health service utilization and related household expenditures.

Cleaning operations

All completed questionnaires were brought to NIS for processing. Although completed questionnaires were checked and edited by supervisors in the field, specially because of the length of questionnaires and the complexity of the topics covered the need for manual editing and coding by trained staff was accepted as an essential priority activity to produce a cleaned data file without delay. In all, 39 staff comprising 35 processing staff and 4 supervisors were trained for three days by the project staff. An instruction manual for manual editing and coding was prepared and translated into Khmer for the guidance of processing staff. Manual processing of questionnaires commenced in mid August 1997.

In order to produce an unedited data file, keying in the data as recorded by field enumerators and supervisors, (without subjecting data to manual edit as required by the Analysis Component Project staff), it was necessary to structure manual editing as a two-phase operation. Thus in the first phase, the processing staff coded the questions such as those on migration, industry, and occupation which required coding. Editing was restricted to selected structural edits and some error corrections. These edits were restricted to checking the completeness and consistency of responses, legibility, and totaling of selected questions. Error corrections were made without canceling or obliterating the original entry made by the enumerator, by inserting the correction close to the original entry.

Much of the manual editing was carried out in the second phase, after key entry and one hundred percent verification and extraction of error print outs. A wide range of errors had to be corrected which was expected in view of the complexity of the survey and the skill background of the enumeration and processing staff. The manual edits involved the correction of errors arising from incorrect key entry, in-correct/ failure to include identification, miss-coding of answers, failure to follow skip patterns, misinterpretation of measures, range errors, and other consistency errors.

Response rate

Despite the length of the questionnaire, the respondents had cooperated with the survey staff and provided answers to both questionnaires and it was possible to achieve a 100% response rate. At this stage it is not possible to comment on item non-response, and completeness of information provided by the respondents, and the respondent’s fatigue arising from the length of the interviews which may have had a bearing on these issues.

Sampling error estimates

The results obtained from the survey are subject to sampling errors. Sampling errors in surveys occur as a result of limiting the survey observations to a subset rather than the whole population. These errors are related to the sample size selected and sampling design adopted in the survey. In order to maintain these errors within acceptable levels, the efficient sampling design with the sample allocation described earlier was adopted.

In addition to sampling errors, the estimates are also subject to non-sampling errors that arise in different stages of any survey operation. These include - errors that are introduced at the preparatory stage - errors committed during data collection including those committed by interviewers and respondents - processing errors

The first item includes errors arising from questionnaire design, preparation of definitions and instructions, preparation of table formats etc. The other two categories are clear from the terminology used. The use of trained enumerators and processing staff and careful organization and thorough supervision are essential to control and minimize these errors. As already referred to, it was possible to obtain responses from all the villages and households that were sampled, and thus it was not necessary to adjust the data for non-response. Thus the bias that is introduced into the estimates as a result of non-response was avoided. The standard error of a survey estimate provides a measure of how far the survey estimate is likely to vary from the true population value(i.e. parameter ) as a result of having collected

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

households/individuals

Kind of data

survey

Frequency of data collection

Yearly

Sampling procedure

Sample size:

Abstract

The Cambodian Socio-Economic Survey 2009 (CSES) is the eighth survey collecting data from household and individuals in Cambodia on different areas relating to poverty. The survey is conducted by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) of the Ministry of Planning (MOP). The first Socio-Economic Survey to a nationwide sample was conducted in 1994 (CSES 1994).

The CSES2004 was the fifth survey that was conducted as a countrywide sample survey of villages and households in Cambodia. CSES2004 was the first survey with a collection of income and receipts, expenditure and consumption of own production from diary were daily transactions are reported. The sample size in CSES2004 was 1000 households every month. Since 2007 the Socio-Economic Survey is conducted every year with a sample size of 300 households every month. The annual surveys are undertaken as a part of the project, "Capacity Development for Socio-Economic Surveys and Planning" of the Royal Government of Cambodia. This project is supported and financed by SIDA (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency).

The principal aim of the Socio-Economic Surveys is to collect important information from representative villages and households on various facets of socio-economic conditions of the people of Cambodia. The CSES 2009 is almost similar to the 2004 Socio-Economic survey with a sample size of 1000 households every month. The data collected will be used to produce indicators of levels of living and poverty of the people in different geographical areas and in different social and economic classes. These indicators will help in monitoring and analyzing poverty in Cambodia and in formulating and targeting anti-poverty program for alleviating the removal of different weaker sections of the Cambodian population. Such poverty-oriented analysis has already been started using CSES 1997, CSES 1999, CSES 2004 and CSES2007. The CSES 2009 will contribute in a big way towards the pursuit of these objectives in Cambodia.

General Objectives: CSES 2009 would extend the work started through CSES 2004 and the annual CSES 2007 and 2008 and would primarily aim at producing information needed for planning and policy making for reduction and eventual eradication of poverty in Cambodia. This goal has been given high priority in Cambodia's National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP 2005-2010). In addition to this, the survey data would help in various other ways in developmental planning and policy making in the country. They would also prove useful for the preparation of national accounts of the country.

A long-term objective of the entire project is to build national capability in Cambodia for conducting socio-economic surveys and for utilizing survey data for planning for national development and social welfare.

Specific Objectives: Among specific objectives, the following deserve special mention: 1) Obtain data on infrastructural facilities in villages, especially facilities for schooling and health care and associated problems. 2) Obtain data on retail prices of selected food, non-food and medicine items prevailing in the villages. 3) Collect data on migration 4) Collect data on utilization of education, housing and land ownership 5) Collect data on household assets and outstanding loans. 6) Collect data on household's construction activities. 7) Collect information on maternal health, child health and care and health check of children. 8) Collect information on health of the household members related to illness, injury and disability. 9) Collect information on economic activities including the economic activities for children aged between 5 and 17 years. 10) Collect information on victimization by the household 11) Collect information on the presence of the household members. 12) Collect information on household income and receipts, expenditure and consumption of own production (also in diaries).

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals
• Villages/ Communities

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2003-04 (CSES) is conducted in a nationwide representative sample of 12,000 households on annual basis. The sampling design has remained the same since CSES 2004 and the sample size in CSES 2009 was the same as in 2004. The CSES 2009 was conducted from January to December 2009, i.e. the calendar year 2009.

The size measures used for the selection were number of households in the village according to the 1998 General Population Census, whereas the CSES 2009 using number of households in the village from the 2008 Population Census.

The sampling design for the 2009 survey is the same as that used for the CSES 2004. The sampling design for the 2004 CSES is described in for instance National Institute of Statistics (2005a). The sampling frame for the 2009 survey is based on preliminary data from the General Population Census conducted in 2008. The sample is selected as a three stage cluster sample with villages in the first stage, enumeration areas in the second stage and households in the third.

The sampling design in the CSES 2009 survey is a three-stage design. In stage one a sample of villages is selected, in stage two an Enumeration Area (EA) is selected from each village selected in stage one, and in stage three a sample of households is selected from each EA selected in stage two. The sampling designs used in the three stages were:

Stage 1. A systematic pps sample of villages, Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) was selected from each stratum, i.e. without replacement systematic sampling with probabilities proportional to size. The size measure used was the number of households in the village according to the sampling frame.

Stage 2. One EA was selected by Simple Random Sampling (SRS), in each village selected in stage 1. As mentioned above, in a few large villages more than one EA was selected.

Stage 3. In each selected EA a sample of households was selected by systematic sampling. The selection of villages and EAs were done at NIS while the selection of households in stage three was done in field.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Five different questionnaires or forms were used in the survey:

Form 1: Household listing sheets to be used in the sampling procedure in the enumeration areas.

Form 2: Village questionnaire answered by the village leader about economy and infrastructure, crop production, health, education, retail prices and sales prices of agriculture, employment and wages, and recruitment of children for work outside the village.

Form 3: Household questionnaire with questions for each household member, including modules on migration, education and literacy, housing conditions, crop production, household liabilities, durable goods, construction activities, nutrition, fertility and child care, child feeding and vaccination, health of children, mortality, current economic activity, health and illness, smoking, HIV/AIDS awareness, and victimization.

Form 4: Diary form on daily household expenditure and income

Form 5: Time use form detailing activities of household members during one 24-hour period.

Cleaning operations

The NIS team commenced their work of checking and coding in beginning of February after the first month of fieldwork was completed. Supervisors from the field delivered questionnaires to NIS. Sida project experts and NIS Survey Manager helped solving relevant matters that became apparent when reviewing questionnaires on delivery.

In late 2006 and beginning of 2007 a new system for data processing and storage were introduced for the Cambodia Socio Economic Survey (CSES). It includes a relational database system for storing CSES data in SQL format and an application framework developed in-house for data-entry. Since NIS staff already was familiar with Visual Basic and Microsoft SQL Server database software the transition from previous data processing system was feasible. A modern network infrastructure within the NIS was also implemented to host the new CSES system and facilitate for concurrent data-entry. The application and storage platform developed in 2006 and supervised by Statistics Sweden consultancy has since been used consecutively for all CSES data processing from 2007 and onwards. The database contains data tables for all modules comprising the CSES household, village and diary questionnaires. There are also code-tables used for data integrity controls during data-entry and tables for data management including error lists. In all the database counts a total of 185 tables divided by:

Response rate

The CSES 2009 enjoyed almost a 100 percent response rate. The high response rate together with close and systematic fieldwork supervision by the core group members were a major contribution for achieving high quality survey results.

Sampling error estimates

In order to provide a basis for assessing the reliability or precision of CSES estimates, the estimation of the magnitude of sampling error in the survey data shall be computed. Since most of the estimates from the survey are in the form of weighted ratios, thus variances for ratio estimates will thus be presented.

The Coefficients of Variation (CV) on national level estimates are generally below 4 percent. The exception is the CV for total value of assets where there are rather high CVs especially in the urban areas, which should be expected.

The CVs are somewhat higher in the urban and rural domains but still generally below 7 percent. For the five zones, the average CVs are in the range 5 to 13

Abstract

The Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) asks questions to a country wide sample of households and household members about housing conditions, education, economic activities, household production and income, household level and structure of consumption, health, victimization, etc. There are also questions related to people in the labour force, e.g. labour force participation.

Poverty reduction is a major commitment by the Royal Government of Cambodia. Accurate statistical information about the living standards of the population and the extent of poverty is an essential instrument to assist the Government in diagnosing the problems, in designing effective policies for reducing poverty and in monitoring and evaluating the progress of poverty reduction. The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) has been adopted by the Royal Government of Cambodia and a National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) has been developed. The MDGs are also incorporated into the "Rectangular Strategy of Cambodia".

Cambodia is still a predominantly rural and agricultural society. The vast majority of the population get their subsistence in households as self-employed in agriculture. The level of living is determined by the household's command over labour and resources for own-production in terms of land and livestock for agricultural activities, equipments and tools for fishing, forestry and construction activities and income-earning activities in the informal and formal sector. The CSES aims to estimate household income and consumption/expenditure as well as a number of other household and individual characteristics.

The main objective of the survey is to collect statistical information about living conditions of the Cambodian population and the extent of poverty. The survey can be used for identifying problems and making decisions based on statistical data. They would also prove useful for the production of National Accounts in Cambodia.

A long-term objective of the entire project is to build national capability in NIS for conducting socio-economic surveys and for utilizing survey data for planning for national development and social welfare.

Among specific objectives, the following deserve special mention: - Obtain data on infrastructural facilities in villages, especially facilities for schooling and health care and associated problems. - Obtain data on retail prices of selected food, non-food and medicine items prevailing in the villages. - Collect data on migration - Collect data on utilization of education, housing and land ownership - Collect data on household assets and outstanding loans. - Collect data on household's construction activities. - Collect information on maternal health, child health/care. - Collect information on health of the household members related to illness, injury and disability. - Collect information on economic activities including the economic activities for children aged between 5 and 17 years. - Collect information on victimization by the household - Collect information on the presence of the household members. - Collect information on household income and receipts, expenditure and consumption of own production (also in diaries).

The main user is the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) as the survey supports monitoring the National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) by different socio-economic indicators. Other users are university researchers, analysts, international organizations e.g. the World Bank and NGO's. The World Bank has published a report on poverty profile and social indicators using CSES 2007 data . In this regard, the CSES continues to serve all stakeholders involved as essential instruments in order to assist in diagnosing the problems and designing their most effective policies. The CSES micro data at NIS is available for research and analysis by external researchers after approval by Senior Minister of Planning. The interesting research questions that could be put to the data are many; NIS welcomes new research based on CSES data

Geographic coverage

National Phnom Penh / Other Urban / Other Rural

Analysis unit

Households Individuals

Universe

The target population for CSES is all “normal” households in Cambodia. The term normal is defined in the Population Census 2008 as households that are not institutional households, homeless households, boat population households or households of transient population. (Institutional households are boarding houses, military barracks, prisons, student dormitories, etc.).

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample design

The sample of villages for CSES 2011 is just a simple random 50 % subsample from the CSES 2009 sample of villages, just like for 2010. Consequently, the description of the CSES 2011 sample design will by necessity begin with a description of the CSES 2009 design.

The sample design for CSES 2010 is basically the same as the CSES 2009 design. For the 2010 and 2011 survey a subsample of 360 EAs (stage 2 units) was selected from the CSES 2009 sample of 720 EAs. The selection was done by simple random sampling within strata. The selection resulted in 136 urban EAs and 224 rural EAs.

Households were selected in the same way as in CSES 2009. For CSES 2010 and 2011 only 10 households are selected in each rural EA, as compared to 20 households in 2009. In urban areas 10 households were selected, just as in 2009.

The sampling resulted in a sample of 3,600 households, 1,360 urban households and 2,240 rural households.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Four different questionnaires or forms were used in the survey:

Form 1: Household listing sheets to be used in the sampling procedure in the enumeration areas.

Form 2: Village questionnaire answered by the village leader about economy and infrastructure, crop production, health, education, retail prices and sales prices of agriculture, employment and wages, and recruitment of children for work outside the village.

Form 3: Household questionnaire with questions for each household member, including modules on migration, education and literacy, housing conditions, crop production, household liabilities, durable goods, construction activities, nutrition, fertility and child care, child feeding and vaccination, health of children, mortality, current economic activity, health and illness, smoking, HIV/AIDS awareness, and victimization.

Form 4: Diary form on daily household expenditure and income

Cleaning operations

The NIS team commenced their work of checking and coding in begining of February after the first month of fieldwork was completed. Supervisors from the field delivered questionaires to NIS. SIDA project expert and NIS Survey Manager helped in solving relevant matters that become apparent when reviewing questionnaires on delivery.

Response rate

The CSES 2011 enjoyed almost a 100 percent response rate. The high response rate together with close and systematic fieldwork supervision by the core group members were a major contribution for achieving high quality survey results.

Abstract

The Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) has been conducted by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) in 1993/94, 1996, 1997, 1999 and 2004. Since 2007 NIS conducts the CSES annually.The CSES is a household survey covering many areas relating to poverty and living conditions. Questions are asked for the household and for the household members. The CSES is a sample survey and the sample used in 2007 is a subsample of the sample used in 2004.

In the 2004 survey the diary method for collecting data about household expenditure/consumption and household income was introduced. As the recall method has been used in the previous rounds it was decided to include also the recall modules. Both methods are retained in the annual CSES. The following main areas have been surveyed in the previous survey rounds and in the annual CSES as well: 1. Level and structure of household expenditure/consumption, including poverty 2. Household production and cash income-earning activities by the labour force 3. Education and literacy 4. Health and access to medical care 5. Housing and amenities 6. Family and social relations, including gender and vulnerability issues.

In CSES 2007 some changes have been introduced in the household questionnaire.

The main objective of the survey is to collect statistical information about living conditions of the Cambodian population and the extent of poverty. The survey can be used for identifying problems and making decisions based on statistical data.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals
• Villages/ Communities

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling design in the CSES survey is a three-stage design. In stage one a sample of villages is selected, in stage two an Enumeration Area (EA) is selected from each village selected in stage one, and in stage three a sample of households is selected from each EA selected in stage two. The sampling designs used in the three stages were:

Stage 1: A stratified systematic (systematic sampling with probabilities proportional to size ) sample of villages was selected. Strata were defined by provinces and the urban/rural classification of villages. The size measure used in the systematic pps sampling was the number of households in the village according to the population census 1998.

Stage 2. One EA was selected by Simple Random Sampling (SRS), in each village selected in stage 1.

Stage 3. In each selected EA a sample of households was selected by systematic sampling. The design described above was used for the CSES 2004 survey.7 In 2007, a subsample of the villages, or EAs, in the 2004 sample was selected by SRS. The villages and EAs surveyed in 2007 were thus included in the sample in both years. In each selected EA a sample of households was selected by systematic sampling. The selected households in 2007 are not necessarily the same as those included in the sample in 2004.

The selection of households in stage three was done in field by first listing the households in the selected EA, and then selecting a systematic sample of households. Selected households were observed during one calendar month. The allocation of the households over the months in 2007 was done so that each village in the 2007 sample was observed in the same calendar month as in 2004.

The sample size in 2007 was 360 villages or 3,600 households, compared to the sample for the 2004 survey of 720 villages or 12,000 households.

Some provinces were excluded, due to cost and other reasons, in the sample for 2007. The estimates are however, adjusted for the under coverage error caused by excluding those provinces.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Four different questionnaires or forms were used in the CSES 2007: 1. Household listing form The listing of households was used for sampling households, see section 4.3.

1. Village questionnaire The village questionnaire was responded by the village leader or a representative of the village leader. The questions are about economy and infrastructure, crop production, health, education, retail prices, rental and sales prices of land etc.

2. Household questionnaire The household questionnaire was responded by the head of the household, spouse of the head of the household or of another adult household member.

The household questionnaire includes questions about housing conditions, crop production and other agricultural activities, liabilities, durable goods, construction activities and income from other sources than economic activity.

The household questionnaire also includes questions for each household member about education and literacy, migration, current economic activity and employment, health, smoking, HIV/AIDS awareness, and victimization. Some of these questions were responded by the head of household/spouse and some were responded by each household member.

The questions in the first part of the household questionnaire are posed during the initial visit to the household. This part includes questions about e.g. the household member's age, sex, marital status, relation to head of household, and questions about household expenditure/consumption of food and non-food items.

During a survey month different questions have been asked different weeks according to the following: • Week 1. Questions about education, migration, and housing • Week 2. Questions about economic activity, agricultural and non-agricultural business, household liabilities and other incomes. • Week 3. Questions about construction, durable goods, and child health • Week 4. Questions about current economic activities, health and victimization

1. Diary sheet The diary sheet on daily household expenditure, including value of own production, and income have been filled in during the entire month.

To monitor the socioeconomic impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and inform policy responses and interventions, the COVID-19 High-Frequency Phone Survey (HFPS) of households was designed aspart of a World Bank global initiative. For Cambodia, a total of 5 survey rounds are planned, with households being called back every 1 to 2 months. This allows for the impact of the pandemic to be tracked as it unfolds and provides data to the government and development partners in near real-time, supporting an evidence-based response to thecrisis. Two additional rounds are conducted in 2022. Due to the higher attrition rate of LSMS+, the World Bank teamdecided to use the same sample of households that had been interviewed for the 2019/2020 Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) implemented from July 2019 to June 2020 by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS). The CSES is representative at national and urban/rural level.

The extensive information collected in CSES 2019/20 providesa rich set of background information on which the COVID-19 High-Frequency Phone Survey of households can beleveraged to assess the differential impacts of the pandemic in the country. Data collection of the Cambodia COVID-19 HFPS based on CSES sample started in February 2022. The HFPS interviewed 1698 households from the 2019/20 CSES with a phone number. Sampling weights were adjusted to make sure that the surveyed sample remains representative at national and urban/rural.

The questionnaire covers a series of topics, such as access to food, foodinsecurity, impact of the Covid-19 on income sources and coping mechanisms, access to social assistance, and impactof Covid-19 on economic activity. The questionnaire is designed to be administered between 20 to 25 minutes. Thesurvey is implemented using Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing.

Abstract

The immediate objective of the Survey is the development of institutional capacity of the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) of the Ministry of Planning (MOP) to implement a demand driven multi-purpose living standards household survey based data collection system which produces regular, timely and relevant feed back to government policy makers. The project has provided technical assistance for the conduct of two large scale multi-objective national household surveys, the first one in 1997 and the second to be conducted in 1998/99. The primary objective of Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) 1997 was to obtain data for the measurement of living standards in geographic stratification and different segments of the Cambodian society. The other objectives were to provide information needed by a variety of users such as government institutions, donor agencies, non- government organizations; to assist NIS to train its staff in planning, designing and conducting a household based survey system and institutionalize survey taking capability. The expansion of the scope of the survey to meet the data needs of a wide variety of users and thus minimize the duplication of household surveys and promote the acceptance of CSES as the national household survey programme was also an important objective.

Geographic coverage

The sample was designed to provide estimates of the indicators at :

National (24 provinces) Phnom Penh, Other Urban and Other Rural Plain, Tonle Sap, Coastal, and Plateau/Mountain

Analysis unit

• Individual

• Household

Universe

Select sample households from non-institutional households (All regular residents in Cambodia) in Cambodia.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

A two stage stratified sampling design with the villages as the first stage units (PSU's) and households as the second stage units(SSU's) was used in the sampling strategy:

1. First Stage Selection

In the first stage the villages or primary sampling units ( PSU’s ) were drawn from

each domain. Within the three domains the villages were arranged by geographic codes with

the villages grouped within communes and the communes within districts and districts within

the provinces providing for some implicit stratification. The villages that had geographic

codes also had the reported number of households based on the frame. The latter was used as

the measure of size (MOS) in deriving the cumulated list for sampling. The sample villages

were selected using the systematic sampling method with a random start with probability

proportional to size method (PPS). The selection of sample villages was carried out through

the use of a computer program.

1. The Second Stage Selection

For each selected village (PSU) a field listing was undertaken and let the actual

number of households listed in the PSU be Mhi

• ,

then the probability of selecting a household in the i th PSU in the h th domain is

ph( j / i ) = nh / Mhi

where nh is equal to 10 in domains 1 and 2 and 15 for domain 3. Circular systematic

random sampling with a random start was used to select households. The sampling interval

would be equal to the current estimate of households in the PSU ascertained through the

listing operation divided by 10 in the urban domains and 15 in the rural domain..

Please see Sample Selection in report or technical report of external resources

Sampling deviation

The sampling design for the CSES 1997 considered several factors including the precision of data required by the users, the capacity of the national statistics office to conduct the survey, and most importantly the time constraint imposed to complete survey field work before the end of July 1997. Taking into account these factors, and specially the experience gained from the two socio-economic surveys conducted in 1993/94 and 1996, including estimates of feasible work loads, a sample of 6000 households to be selected from 474 villages was considered to be sufficient and manageable.

The design also took into consideration the need for separate analyses of three geographical domains, namely Phnom Penh, other urban areas aggregated together, and the rural area. In deciding the sample allocation to the three domains, it was decided that a size of around 1000 households would be adequate for the first two domains and the rest should be allocated to Domain 3 - Rural area, since it was envisaged that more detailed analysis of the poverty groups in this domain would be undertaken.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The CSES 1997 questionnaire comprises 4 forms, namely:

Form 1: Listign of Households in the Village

Form 2: Village Questionnaire

Form 3: Core Questionnaire for Households

Form 4: Social Sector Household Module

Cleaning operations

All completed questionnaires were brought to NIS for processing. Although completed questionnaires were checked and edited by supervisors in the field, specially because of the length of questionnaires and the complexity of the topics covered the need for manual editing and coding by trained staff was accepted as an essential priority activity to produce a cleaned data file without delay. In all, 39 staff comprising 35 processing staff and 4 supervisors were trained for three days by the project staff. An instruction manual for manual editing and coding was prepared and translated into Khmer for the guidance of processing staff. Manual processing of questionnaires commenced in mid August 1997.

In order to produce an unedited data file, keying in the data as recorded by field enumerators and supervisors, (without subjecting data to manual edit as required by the Analysis Component Project staff), it was necessary to structure manual editing as a two-phase operation. Thus in the first phase, the processing staff coded the questions such as those on migration, industry, and occupation which required coding. Editing was restricted to selected structural edits and some error corrections. These edits were restricted to checking the completeness and consistency of responses, legibility, and totaling of selected questions. Error corrections were made without canceling or obliterating the original entry made by the enumerator, by inserting the correction close to the original entry.

Much of the manual editing was carried out in the second phase, after key entry and one hundred percent verification and extraction of error print outs. A wide range of errors had to be corrected which was expected in view of the complexity of the survey and the skill background of the enumeration and processing staff. The manual edits involved the correction of errors arising from incorrect key entry, in-correct/ failure to include identification, miss-coding of answers, failure to follow skip patterns, misinterpretation of measures, range errors, and other consistency errors.

Response rate

Despite the length of the questionnaire, the respondents had cooperated with the survey staff and provided answers to both questionnaires and it was possible to achieve a 100% response rate. At this stage it is not possible to comment on item non-response, and completeness of information provided by the respondents, and the respondent’s fatigue arising from the length of the interviews which may have had a bearing on these issues.

Sampling error estimates

The results obtained from the survey are subject to sampling errors. Sampling errors in surveys occur as a result of limiting the survey observations to a subset rather than the whole population. These errors are related to the sample size selected and sampling design adopted in the survey. In order to maintain these errors within acceptable levels, the efficient sampling design with the sample allocation described earlier was adopted.

In addition to sampling errors, the estimates are also subject to non-sampling errors that arise in different stages of any survey operation. These include

• errors that are introduced at the preparatory stage

• errors committed during data collection including those committed by interviewers and respondents

• processing errors

The first item includes errors arising from questionnaire design, preparation of definitions and instructions, preparation of table formats etc. The other two categories are clear from the terminology used. The use of trained enumerators and processing staff and careful organization and thorough supervision are essential to control and minimize these errors.

As already referred to, it was possible to obtain responses from all the villages and

households that were sampled, and thus it was not necessary to adjust the data for non-response. Thus the bias that is introduced into the estimates as a result of non-response was avoided.

The standard error of a survey estimate provides a measure of how far the survey estimate is likely to vary from the true population value(i.e. parameter ) as a result of having collected the data on a sample basis rather through a complete census. The standard error se(r) of a survey estimate is by definition

se( r ) = var( r )^1/2

The relative standard error or coefficient of variation ( cv ), on the other hand provides a measure of the relative variance of a survey estimate; that is the magnitude of the estimated sampling error relative to the magnitude of the estimate itself. The cv that is expressed as a proportional error

Abstract

Cambodia Living Standards Measurement Study – Plus (LSMS+) Survey 2019- 2020 was implemented by the National Institute of Statistics, with support from the World Bank LSMS+ program (www.worldbank.org/lsmsplus). The survey attempted to conduct private interviews with all the adult household members (aged 18 and older) in each sampled household as part of a nationally-representative survey sample. The individual disaggregated data collection had a focus on (i) ownership of and rights to physical and financial assets, (ii) work and employment, and (iii) non-farm enterprises, and was anchored in the latest international recommendations for survey data collection on these topics.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) of this survey were the subsamples of the selected PSUs of the Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) 2019/20. The PSU in this case can either be a village (if the village is small) or an Enumeration Area (EA) from the mapping operation of 2019 General Population Census of Cambodia (if the village is large, exceeding 120 households). The Cambodia LSMS+ sample covered all the CSES’ s sample villages in three months (those selected for interviews during the October - December period of fieldwork) out of its twelve-month sample.

The Secondary Sampling Units (SSUs) in this survey constitute sample households. In this stage, 6 households were selected in each selected PSU. The selections of these households were carried out in the field by the field enumerators. The selection was done under the Circular Systematic Random Sampling (CSRS) scheme using the PSU frame of household from the household listing conducted by the CSES field enumerator in the selected PSU. More details can be found in the Basic Information Document.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The Cambodia LSMS+ covered the following topics:

Household Questionnaire: - Household Roster - Children Living Elsewhere - Housing - Food Consumption - Non-food Consumption - Household Enterprises - Land Roster - Livestock Roster - Durables Roster

Individual-level Questionnaire: - Education - Health - Internal and International Migration - Labor - Time Use - Land Ownership and Rights - Livestock Ownership - Durables Ownership - Mobile Phone Ownership - Financial Accounts

Cleaning operations

Data Entry Platform

The Cambodia LSMS+ was conducted using Computer Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI) techniques. The questionnaire was implemented using the CAPI software, Survey Solutions. The Survey Solutions software was developed and maintained by the Data Analytics and Tools Unit within the Development Economics Data Group (DECDG) at the World Bank. Each interviewer was given one tablet, which they used to conduct the interviews. Overall, implementation of survey using Survey Solutions CAPI was highly successful, as it allowed for timely availability of the data from completed interviews.

Data Management

The data communication system used in the Cambodia LSMS+ was highly automated. Field teams were provided with routers to carry with them in the field so they could connect to internet as frequently as possible to sync their questionnaires and this ensured access to the data in real-time.

Data Cleaning The data cleaning process was done in two main stages. The first stage was to ensure proper quality control during the fieldwork. This was achieved in part by incorporating validation and consistency checks into the Survey Solutions application used for the data collection and designed to highlight many of the errors that occurred during the fieldwork.

The second stage of cleaning involved a comprehensive review of the final raw data following the first stage of cleaning. Every variable was examined individually for (1) consistency with other sections and variables, (2) out of range responses, and (3) formatting.

Abstract

The Socio-Economic Survey of Cambodia (SESC) 1996 is a two-round sample survey of households in Cambodia conducted by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) of the Ministry of Planning and sponsored by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in collaboration with UNICEF, UNDP/CARERE and ILO. This survey is second in the series, the first SESC being conducted in four rounds beginning in October 1993 to September 1994 and funded by the UNDP and ADB.

The first round of the SESC 1996 was conducted in May-June and the second round was in November-December. The survey entrailed listing and recording of the characteristics of each individual person in the sample households. It gathered data on the demographic, social and economic characteristics of the population as well as on household and housing characteristics. The information collected are vital in making rational plans and programs for the country.

Geographic coverage

A. National, Urban and Rural

B. Phnom Penh, Other Urban and Other Rural

C. The 10 Domains:

   1. Banteay Meanchey

   2. Battambang 

   3. Kampong Thom 

   4. Pursat

   5. Ratanakiri 

   6. Siem Reap 

   7. Svay Rieng

   8. Phnom Penh

   9. Other Urban

  10. Other Rural

The SESC 1996 covered 87.26 per cent of Cambodian villages.

Analysis unit

1. Individuals

2. Household

Universe

All non-institutional households in Cambodia (All regular resident households in Cambodia)

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The SESC used a stratified two-stage probability sampling technique with the following areas as domains of analysis: Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Kampong Thom, Pursat, Ratanak Kiri, Siem Reap, Svay Rieng, Phnom Penh, Other Urban, and Other Rural. The number of strata was increased to come up with estimates for the above mentioned provinces.

For each survey round, 390 primary sampling units (PSUs) or a total of 780 PSUs (villages) for the two rounds were selected using the linear systematic sampling with a random start method, with probability proportional to size. The number of households in the village was used as a measure of size. These information are based on the population database compiled in the National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, and from several sources including a gazetteer of the Geographic Department, a village file constructed in 1993 by the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), population statistics of Battambang province constructed by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and supplemental population estimates supplied by the Ministry of Interior and the Municipality of Phnom Penh. The merger of these multiple sources constitutes the sampling frame for the Socio-Economic Survey of Cambodia (SESC) 1996.



The households constituted the secondary sampling units (SSUs). From each PSU, 10 or 20 households were selected systematically with a random start. The method of selecting the samples is explained in the next section.



The first stage of sample selection involved the drawing of sample villages from each stratum. Within each stratum, villages were arranged by geographic codes and the number of households for every village based on the sample frame records was cumulated. Sample villages were selected using the linear systematic sampling with random start method, with probability proportional to size (pps). The number of households in the village was used as a measure of size. Sample village selection was done through the use of a computer program.



For each sample village (PSU), a field listing operation was undertaken except for large villages. Large villages were segmented first, comprising about 300 households or less based on the current household estimates by the commune or village leaders. A segment was then chosen randomly in which a complete listing of households was done. This entailed carrying out a complete canvass of the PSU in order to make a current and complete listing of households contained within. The procedure involved creating a sketch map for the PSU where physical boundaries in the village and the location of each household were sketched. Canvassing, on the other hand, entailed a systematic covering of the entire village following a prescribed path of travel in order to make sure that all housing units in which the households reside will be accounted for.



After the listing operation was completed, a fixed sample size of 10 households was selected in each PSU for the following strata: Banteay Meanchey, Phnom Penh, Pursat, Siem Reap, Other Urban and Other Rural, while 20 households werer selected from each PSU for Battambang, Kampong Thom, Ratanakiri and Svay Rieng. The selection was carried out using circular systematic random sampling with a random start. The sampling interval was equal to the current household estimates in the PSU divided by 10 or 20, as the case maybe.



The sampling strategy required the selection of a total of 9,000 sample households from 780 sample villages for the two rounds.

Sampling deviation

Pailin was excluded from the sampling frame due to security issues.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Listed below are the forms that used during the field enumeration:

SESC Form 1 - Listing Sheet: This is a sheet wherein buildings, housing units and households within an enumeration pertaining to population of households are listed

SESC Form 2 - Household Questionnaire: This is the basic SESC questionnaire which was used for interviewing and recording information about a household. This questionnaire contains information on the following: demographic, social and economic characteristics of the population, household and housing characteristics. The Questionnaire consists of 4 parts, namely:

1. Part II - Demographic and Economic Characteristics of the Household Population

2. Part III - Child Labour (For Children 5 - 17 Years Old)

3. Part IV - Health and Nutritional Status of Children Under 5 Years Old

4. Part V - Household and Housing Particulars

SESC Form 3 - Appointment Slip: This form is used to set an appointment with the household head (or spouse) in case the interviewer was unable to interview anyone during the first visit. The date and time of next visit is jotted down in the form.

Cleaning operations

All completed questionnaires were brought to NIS for processing. Although completed questionnaires were checked and edited by supervisors in the field, especially because of the length of questionnaires and the complexity of the topics covered the need for manual editing and coding by trained staff was accepted as an essential priority activity to produce a cleaned data file without delay. Processing staff and supervisors were trained for three days by the project staff. An instruction manual for manual editing and coding was prepared and translated into Khmer for the guidance of processing staff.

In order to produce an unedited data file, keying in the data as recorded by field enumerators and supervisors, (without subjecting data to manual edit as required by the Analysis Component Project staff), it was necessary to structure manual editing as a two-phase operation. Thus in the first phase, the processing staff coded the questions such as those on migration, industry, and occupation which required coding. Editing was restricted to selected structural edits and some error corrections. These edits were restricted to checking the completeness and consistency of responses, legibility, and totalling of selected questions. Error corrections were made without cancelling or obliterating the original entry made by the enumerator, by inserting the correction close to the original entry.

Much of the manual editing was carried out in the second phase, after key entry and one hundred percent verification and extraction of error print outs. A wide range of errors had to be corrected which was expected in view of the complexity of the survey and the skill background of the enumeration and processing staff. The manual edits involved the correction of errors arising from incorrect key entry, in-correct/ failure to include identification, miss-coding of answers, failure to follow skip patterns, misinterpretation of measures, range errors, and other consistency errors.

Response rate

100%

Sampling error estimates

It has to be noted that the data were obtained through a sample survey and are therefore subject to both sampling and nonsampling errors. Sampling errors are those that are related to the sample size and the kind of samples selected. Non-sampling errors include those such as errors committed by the interviewers in recording

responses, errors made by respondents and coding errors. Moreover, the 1996 population and other estimates from the SESC may not be directly comparable with estimates based from other surveys because of differences in the sampling frame, survey design and concepts used. The concepts used in this survey are found

Abstract

The Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey, 2013 was conducted with the following objectives: i. To strengthen the capacity of the staff of NIS and the provincial and district staff in demographic data collection; and

ii. To provide information to government and data users on population and household characteristics such as household size, age, sex, marital status, literacy and educational characteristics, economic characteristics, fertility, mortality and migration as well as housing and household characteristics and amenities. This should be useful to the government to evaluate the Rectangular Strategy Plan in achieving its intended goals. It will help outline priority goals and strategies to reduce poverty rapidly, and develop Cambodia Millennium Development Goals (CMDG’s) and other Socioeconomic Development Goals. It will also be useful to the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) in improving data availability and accessibility and in utilization of data until the 2018 census information is made available.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Units of Analysis: 1. Individual 2. Household 3. Province

Universe

Population and housing units of all regular households in Cambodia excluding special settlements and institutional households

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The draft questionnaires for the CIPS 2013 were more or less on the 2008 General Census pattern. Some modifications, however, were made by adding new questions on (i) whether children aged 0-14 living with own mother (ii) whether a person's mother is alive and (iii) details of deaths in households in the last one year with focus on maternal mortality.

Questions mentioned at (i) and (ii) were intended respectively to estimate fertility (by application of own child method) and mortality (by application of orphan hood method). The questions to be included were carefully considered by a Working Group of Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2013, whose members were mostly from Ministries, NGOs and International Agencies. The Questionnaires were tested twice in the field (both urban and rural) by NIS staff in November 2012. The purpose of the pre-test was to have a full-dressed rehearsal of the whole process and particularly to test the questions in the field so as to make corrections in wording or definitions and to estimate the time taken for enumeration area mapping, house listing, sampling and enumeration of selected household. Based on the pre-test experience the questionnaires were modified and finalized.

Two types of questionnaires were used in the CIPS 2013: Form A House-list and Form B Household Questionnaire.

The Form A was used to collect information on buildings containing one or more households during the preliminary round preceding survey night (March 3, 2013). The information collected related to: construction material of wall, roof and floor, whether it is a wholly or partly residential building, number of households within the building, name and sex of head of household and number of persons usually living in the household.

The Form B, which has five parts, was used for survey enumeration in the period closely following the reference time.

In Part I, information on usual members of the selected household present on survey night, visitors present as well as usual members absent on survey night, was collected.

Part II was used to collect information on each usual member of the household and each visitor present on survey night. The information collected included: full name, relationship to household head, sex, age, natural mother, child aged 0-14 living with own mother, marital status, age at first marriage, mother tongue, religion, place of birth, previous residence, duration of stay, reason for migration, literacy, full time education and economic characteristics.

Part III was used to collect information on females of reproductive age (15-49) as well as children born to these women.

The information collected in part IV related to household conditions and facilities: main source of light, main cooking fuel used, whether toilet facility is available, main source of drinking water and number of living rooms occupied by household.

Part V was used to record the following information in respect of deaths in the household within the last one year:- name of deceased, sex, relationship to head of household, age at death, whether the death has been registered with the civil authorities or not, the cause of death and maternal mortality information.

Cleaning operations

The completed records (Forms A, Form B, Form I, Form II, Map, and other Forms) were systematically collected from the provinces by NIS Survey Coordinators on the due date and submitted to the team receptionist at NIS. NIS Survey Coordinators formed into three teams of two persons were trained from March 7 to 10 to receive and arrange the completed forms and maps for processing after due checking form the field.

Control forms were prescribed by DUC to record every form without any omission. These records were carefully checked, registered and stored in the record room. Editing and coding of the questionnaires were done manually, after which the questionnaires were submitted to the computer section for further processing.

The instruction for editing and coding were revised and expanded. Training on editing and coding was conducted for senior staff, who in turn had to train other editors and coders. The purpose of the editing process was to remove matters of obvious inconsistency, incorrectness and incompleteness, and to improve the quality of data collected. Coding had to be done very carefully in respect of birthplace and previous place of residence by using the district and province codes, and occupation and industry by using the UN International Standard Classification of Occupation (ISCO) and the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) respectively. For these purposes, NIS utilized staff with sound knowledge and experience of the survey and its concepts. Those who worked as trainers or supervisors were put on this job supplemented by well-trained and tested staff. Editing and Coding was done by two teams (each with six editors and one team leader); so that one of the editors who was trained specifically in occupation/industry coding should do that coding for columns 20 and 22 of part 2 household questionnaire. The work of team members was completely checked by the Team leaders. The training on editing and coding was done from 23 to 26 March. The manual processing commenced on March 29 and was completely done by the end of May 2013.

Response rate

Response rate is 95 per cent.

Sampling error estimates

Calculations of sampling errors have been made for some estimates of totals, means and proportions for variables in Form B (annex 3).

The software used for the calculations is STATA 8.0. For the calculations presented here we have assumed that stratification was done on provinces and urban/rural (an implicit57 stratification on province and urban/rural was used for the sample selection).

In seven of the 45 strata there are only one PSU (EA) selected. This causes a problem for the standard error calculations. It is not possible get standard errors in these strata. In these strata we have split the sole EA in two parts and defined the parts as two PSUs.

The standard errors are generally rather small for estimates for major domains like urban/rural and men/women. The coefficients of variation (CV)1 are below 1% in many cases. The coefficients of variation are substantially higher for provincial estimates, especially for provinces with a small sample (e.g. province19). Design effects (Deff) have been calculated for some estimates. They are, as expected, quite low for estimates of demographic characteristics. They are considerably higher for estimates of socio-economic characteristics like employment status (also as expected). For the demographic characteristics "age at first marriage" and "marital status" we find design effects below 5 for major domains like men/women and urban/rural. The socio-economic characteristics are typically more "clustered" than the demographic characteristics, this shows up in generally higher design effects. For the major domain estimates we find design effects up to 20 and occasionally very high values of 200 or more. These "freak" values occur when the sample in terms of number of PSUs is small and when the PSU averages (or proportions) show large variation. One example is the design effect of 285 for the estimate of proportion of government employees in urban areas. The proportion is varying substantially between the 102 PSUs in the domain, the range is from 0 % to75%.

Abstract

The Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey, 2013 was conducted with the following objectives:

i. To strengthen the capacity of the staff of NIS and the provincial and district staff in demographic data collection; and

ii. To provide information to government and data users on population and household characteristics such as household size, age, sex, marital status, literacy and educational characteristics, economic characteristics, fertility, mortality and migration as well as housing and household characteristics and amenities. This should be useful to the government to evaluate the Rectangular Strategy Plan in achieving its intended goals. It will help outline priority goals and strategies to reduce poverty rapidly, and develop Cambodia Millennium Development Goals (CMDG’s) and other Socioeconomic Development Goals. It will also be useful to the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) in improving data availability and accessibility and in utilization of data until the 2018 census information is made available.

Geographic coverage

National Provincial

Analysis unit

Units of Analysis: 1. Individual 2. Household 3. Province

Universe

Population and housing units of all regular households in Cambodia excluding special settlements and institutional households

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The draft questionnaires for the CIPS 2013 were more or less on the 2008 General Census pattern. Some modifications, however, were made by adding new questions on

(i) whether children aged 0-14 living with own mother (ii) whether a person's mother is alive and (iii) details of deaths in households in the last one year with focus on maternal mortality.

Questions mentioned at (i) and (ii) were intended respectively to estimate fertility (by application of own child method) and mortality (by application of orphan hood method). The questions to be included were carefully considered by a Working Group of Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2013, whose members were mostly from Ministries, NGOs and International Agencies. The Questionnaires were tested twice in the field (both urban and rural) by NIS staff in November 2012. The purpose of the pre-test was to have a full-dressed rehearsal of the whole process and particularly to test the questions in the field so as to make corrections in wording or definitions and to estimate the time taken for enumeration area mapping, house listing, sampling and enumeration of selected household. Based on the pre-test experience the questionnaires were modified and finalized.

Two types of questionnaires were used in the CIPS 2013: Form A House-list and Form B Household Questionnaire.

The Form A was used to collect information on buildings containing one or more households during the preliminary round preceding survey night (March 3, 2013). The information collected related to: construction material of wall, roof and floor, whether it is a wholly or partly residential building, number of households within the building, name and sex of head of household and number of persons usually living in the household.

The Form B, which has five parts, was used for survey enumeration in the period closely following the reference time.

In Part I, information on usual members of the selected household present on survey night, visitors present as well as usual members absent on survey night, was collected.

Part II was used to collect information on each usual member of the household and each visitor present on survey night. The information collected included: full name, relationship to household head, sex, age, natural mother, child aged 0-14 living with own mother, marital status, age at first marriage, mother tongue, religion, place of birth, previous residence, duration of stay, reason for migration, literacy, full time education and economic characteristics.

Part III was used to collect information on females of reproductive age (15-49) as well as children born to these women.

The information collected in part IV related to household conditions and facilities: main source of light, main cooking fuel used, whether toilet facility is available, main source of drinking water and number of living rooms occupied by household.

Part V was used to record the following information in respect of deaths in the household within the last one year:- name of deceased, sex, relationship to head of household, age at death, whether the death has been registered with the civil authorities or not, the cause of death and maternal mortality information.

Cleaning operations

The completed records (Forms A, Form B, Form I, Form II, Map, and other Forms) were systematically collected from the provinces by NIS Survey Coordinators on the due date and submitted to the team receptionist at NIS. NIS Survey Coordinators formed into three teams of two persons were trained from March 7 to 10 to receive and arrange the completed forms and maps for processing after due checking form the field.

Control forms were prescribed by DUC to record every form without any omission. These records were carefully checked, registered and stored in the record room. Editing and coding of the questionnaires were done manually, after which the questionnaires were submitted to the computer section for further processing.

The instruction for editing and coding were revised and expanded. Training on editing and coding was conducted for senior staff, who in turn had to train other editors and coders. The purpose of the editing process was to remove matters of obvious inconsistency, incorrectness and incompleteness, and to improve the quality of data collected. Coding had to be done very carefully in respect of birthplace and previous place of residence by using the district and province codes, and occupation and industry by using the UN International Standard Classification of Occupation (ISCO) and the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) respectively. For these purposes, NIS utilized staff with sound knowledge and experience of the survey and its concepts. Those who worked as trainers or supervisors were put on this job supplemented by well-trained and tested staff. Editing and Coding was done by two teams (each with six editors and one team leader); so that one of the editors who was trained specifically in occupation/industry coding should do that coding for columns 20 and 22 of part 2 household questionnaire. The work of team members was completely checked by the Team leaders. The training on editing and coding was done from 23 to 26 March. The manual processing commenced on March 29 and was completely done by the end of May 2013.

Response rate

Response rate is 95 per cent.

Sampling error estimates

Calculations of sampling errors have been made for some estimates of totals, means and proportions for variables in Form B (annex 3).

The software used for the calculations is STATA 8.0. For the calculations presented here we have assumed that stratification was done on provinces and urban/rural (an implicit57 stratification on province and urban/rural was used for the sample selection).

In seven of the 45 strata there are only one PSU (EA) selected. This causes a problem for the standard error calculations. It is not possible get standard errors in these strata. In these strata we have split the sole EA in two parts and defined the parts as two PSUs.

The standard errors are generally rather small for estimates for major domains like urban/rural and men/women. The coefficients of variation (CV)1 are below 1% in many cases. The coefficients of variation are substantially higher for provincial estimates, especially for provinces with a small sample (e.g. province19). Design effects (Deff) have been calculated for some estimates. They are, as expected, quite low for estimates of demographic characteristics. They are considerably higher for estimates of socio-economic characteristics like employment status (also as expected). For the demographic characteristics "age at first marriage" and "marital status" we find design effects below 5 for major domains like men/women and urban/rural. The socio-economic characteristics are typically more "clustered" than the demographic characteristics, this shows up in generally higher design effects. For the major domain estimates we find design effects up to 20 and occasionally very high values of 200 or more. These "freak" values occur when the sample in terms of number of PSUs is small and when the PSU averages (or proportions) show large variation. One example is the design effect of 285 for the estimate of proportion of government employees in urban areas. The proportion is varying substantially between the 102 PSUs in the domain, the range is from 0 % to75%.

Abstract

Toward EC2011, the pilot survey aims to:

(1) gain statistical data on the current Cambodian economy which are comparable with the results of EC2011;

(2) gain the updated list of large-scaled establishments;

(3) test the form and other documents; and

(4) test the work procedures of every stage of the enumerators, supervisors, local government offices and NIS.

An establishment is an enterprise or part of enterprise which is situated in a single location and in which only a single (non-ancillary) productive activity is carried out or in which the principal productive activity accounts for most of the value added. This conforms to the International Standard Industrial Classifications (ISIC) Rev.4 of the United Nations. Generally speaking, there are three kinds of establishments: fixed, movable, and I-8 mobile. “Fixed” means an establishment running some economic activity always in the fixed place and building. “Movable” means an establishment running some economic activity always in the fixed place, but it is possible to move the place easily. And “mobile” means an establishment running some economic activity on the run. Since the PS2010 covered “fixed” and “movable” only, unfixed “mobile" was not included in these final results.

Geographic coverage

National Province

Analysis unit

Establishment

Universe

The pilot survey covers all establishments which exist at the reference date in the territory of the Kingdom of Cambodia.

The following establishments, however, are excluded:

(1) establishments classified into "Section A, Agriculture, forestry, and fishing" specified in the United Nations International Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities, Revision 4 (hereinafter, quoted as ISIC);

(2) establishments classified into "Section O, Public administration and defense; compulsory social security" specified in ISIC;

(3) establishments classified into "Section U, Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies" specified in ISIC; and

(4) establishments classified into "Section T Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods-and services-producing activities of households for own use" specified in ISIC.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

(1) All the villages were stratified into 72 strata by 24 provinces and 3 characteristics of villages (dominant industry in each village: B-F, G-I and J-U except T of ISIC),and 1-5 villages were sampled randomly from each stratum to select 199 villages/Enumeration Areas in total.

(2) Establishments with 99 persons engaged or less existing in the 199 selected villages were enumerated, and appropriate multipliers were used to estimate national total figures from the data thus collected.

(3) In addition, all the large-scaled establishments with 100 persons engaged andmore (estimated to be around 600 establishments) were enumerated throughout the country.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Listed below are the forms that used during the field enumeration:

Listing Form: This is a Form where in establishment within a certain village area. The establishment can be defined as an economic unit that engages, under a single ownership or control - that is, under a single legal entity - in one, or predominantly one, kind of economic activity at a single physical location.

Form Questionaire:

1.Area information

2.Establishment Information

Section for Enumerator

3.Characteristics of representative of the establishment

4.Registration to administrative agencies

5.Ownership of Establishment

6.Single unit, Head or Branch office

7.Tenure, Kind and Area

8.Opening Time

9.Year of starting business

10.Number of persons engaged actually in this establishment one week before 1 March 2010

11.Kind of main business activities

12.Number of Branch offices that this head office supervises

13.Total number of entire regular employees at the end of December 2009

14.Kind of business activities of the entire enterprise that include not only those of this head offices but also those of branch offices.

15.Does this Establishment or this Enterprise keep documents of the Balance Sheet and the Income Statements

16.Amount of sales and operating expense per day in a recent month and number of working days

17.Total amounts of assets at the end of December 2009

18.Total amount of equity held at the end of December 2009

19.Total amount of Non-current liabilities at the end of December 2009

20.Total amount of Current liabilities at the end of December 2009

21.Amount of revenue and expense in a year 2009 under “Accrual basis accounting”, which records revenues and related expenses in same period.

Cleaning operations

Coding is a part of the manual editing process that quantifies the descriptive answers to questions that are not pre-coded. The questionnaires used for the Pilot Survey 2010 of economic census have a number of questions for which descriptive answers should be recorded. Descriptive information collected in the survey that should be coded before entering the data into computer are listed below.

Questionnaire Form

• Registration to the Ministry of Commerce or Provincial Department of Commerce Q4.1 to Q4.

• Kind of Main Business Activities which this establishment only is engaged in Q11

• Kind of business activities of the entire enterprise that include not only those of this Head Q14.1 to Q14.2

Sampling error estimates

Not available

Abstract

The primary objective of this study was to help the government of Cambodia diagnose issues and propose directions for improving effectiveness and efficiency of public financing in the health sector.

The study was part of the broader process to reform public finance and health sectors in Cambodia. This research assesed to what extent resources reach frontline health facilities, and what were the main issues related to the management of resources. The study also hopes to contribute to the building of global knowledge base on the design and implementation of public expenditure tracking instruments.

17 Provincial Health Departments (PHD), 30 Operational Districts (OD), 200 Health Centers, and 29 Referral Hospitals were covered in the survey. The study examined public health sector expenditures for 2003 and 2004. The fieldwork was conducted from August to December 2005.

In parallel with collecting quantitative data, the PETS also interviewed the following officials: PHD directors or deputy-director, PHD accountants, OD directors, OD accountants, referral hospital directors, and health center chiefs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted following for respondents to explain and quantify the flow of funds and resources from PHD down. They also focused on fund management issues related to delays in funding, leakages and coping mechanisms.

Analysis unit

• Provincial Health Departments;
• Operational Districts;
• Health Centers;
• Referral Hospitals.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling approach was designed to meet the numerous requirements of all stakeholders (Ministry of Economy and Finance, Ministry of Health, donors, researchers) while ensuring that results would be nationally representative, and could later be linked to Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey data.

Facilities were selected as a random sample from the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) database of public health facilities. The sample was representative of all Cambodia, and was stratified to represent specific characteristics to be able to compare among facilities that were: - Located in urban vs. rural and remote areas; - Included or not included in government Priority Action Program - a special modality of government budget disbursement; - Included or not included in the contracting operational districts - a health services management and financing modality where the management of district level health services was contracted to non-governmental organizations.

Data was then collected at the two levels of government administration: provincial health department (PHD) and operational district (OD); and, from sampled referral hospitals and health centers.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Questionnaires were prepared for the three types of institutions: Provincial Health Department (PHD), Operational Health District Office (OD) and health facilities. The PHD and OD questionnaires consisted of four sections.

Questionnaires for health facilities consisted of five sections as follows: Section 1: General information on the institution, including identification, distance to higher and lower-level institution, number of staff members, level of supervision, and any NGOs support to the institution. Section 2: Financial and accounting information, including budget and expenditures in 2003 and 2004 by chapter and by lower level institution, mode of expenditure, cash received and cash transferred, in-kind contribution received and transferred, and user fees collected under the institution. Section 3: Drug and medical consumables, drugs and medical consumables received, dispensed and/or distributed to lower-level institutions. Section 4: Health information focusing on key outputs of health services such as the number of outpatient consultations (OPD), deliveries and number of day of inpatients. Section 5: Client profile. This section was administered to health facilities only. It covers the age, gender, and address of clients, their diagnoses, and treatments received.

Abstract

The 2008 Cambodia Anthropometrics Survey (CAS) is a nationally representative sample of 7,495 households with children 0 to 59 months of age. The survey includes representative samples of nineteen survey domains, or areas, throughout the country. The 2008 CAS includes valid anthropometric measurements of over seven thousand children, making it the largest national sample of child measurements ever collected in the country. The main purpose of the survey is to provide policymakers and planners with updated information on nutrition in light of steep increases in the price of food. In order to provide a comprehensive view on nutrition in the country, data on anthropometry, micronutrient deficiency, food consumption, disease, coping strategies, infant/young child feeding, and health services were included in the survey. In addition to the national survey, 400 households in the informal settlements of Phnom Penh were sampled using the same methodology and questionnaire.

Geographic coverage

• National

• Province: Fourteen individual provinces and Five groups of provinces

Analysis unit

Individuals

Households

Children 0 to 59 months of age

Women aged 15- 49 years old

Universe

All private households with children 0 to 59 months ofage

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample design of this survey is based on the most appropriate design for the multiple objectives of the survey, which were determined by starting with the intended actions. After the actions were listed a survey matrix was completed to decide which questions were needed to guide the actions and what data was needed to answer those questions.

Please refer to Technical Documents for details.

Sampling deviation

Not available

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaire for this survey is designed to make trend analysis possible. It is largely based on the 2005 CDHS questionnaire. The questions used to calculate indicators shared by CAS 2008 and CDHS 2005 are identical. Indicators of coping strategies are compared to the CDRI 2008 survey and the questions used in CAS 2008 are the same as CDRI 2008. The layout of the questionnaire is designed to ensure data collection could be carried out in one month. The CAS 2008 questionnaire consists of three sections: household, child, and mother. The household section includes a list of women, their anthropometric measurements and questions on socio-economic characteristics and coping strategies. The child section consists of a child list and anthropometric measurements. A separate child section was given to each mother age 15-49 years in the household. The final section includes background characteristics, disease, health services, and food consumption. For some indicators CAS 2008 does differ from the CDHS 2005 because the base population of some indicators is different. All comparisons made in this report are of comparable estimates. A detailed account of analysis is provided in the Analysis Methodology section.

Cleaning operations

Not available

Response rate

Not available

Sampling error estimates

Not available

Data appraisal

Not available

Abstract

The main impetus for CRUMP rests upon the extraordinarily rapid migration now occurring from rural areas of Cambodia to the city of Phnom Penh and the need for policy-makers to understand the social aspects of this migration. With this in mind, the Ministry of Planning of the country of Cambodia, UNFPA and a foreign expert consultant from the University of California, San Francisco, came together to plan the project. Thus, CRUMP involves contributions from government, non-government and university entities. A group of individuals, which we call the CRUMP team, was brought together with representation from across these entities. The CRUMP team determined appropriate aims for the project and a plan and carry out the research and write this report. Methodological suggestions by individuals from the Ministry, UNFPA and from the foreign consultant were made, considered and discussed, and all three units are responsible for the final methodology.

Over the last two decades, migration to the city of Phnom Penh has been rapid. Cambodians have seen their capital grow by leaps and bounds every year. The growth accelerated in more recent years. We now boast a very vibrant and energetic capital city, with tremendous amenities. But, there is a need to carefully examine migrants coming into Phnom Penh to assure that their wellbeing is maintained as the city continues to develop. In addition, there is a need to carefully examine rural areas around the country from where migrants originate, and to investigate the impact of migration out of rural Cambodia to all other destinations. It is only through careful study that we will be able to prioritize programs and an overall strategy to meet the challenge of rapid migration.

The definition of migrant for this survey was an individual who was a regular household member that moved outside of the district of origin. This would include individuals that came back to the household of origin but moved away again and have been living away for at least three continuous months.

CRUMP involved an eighteen month undertaking, thorough planning and implementation, sophisticated analysis and careful writing. The work was conducted through a remarkable collaboration that involved the Ministry of Planning of the Royal Government of Cambodia, the UNFPA and Professor Zachary Zimmer from University of California, San Francisco, USA. An enormous effort took place to assure that the survey conducted for this project was of the high quality. The methodology and techniques that were applied to the CRUMP project are of the high quality and allow for us to drawn upon the data and results for follow-up study of migration.

Geographic coverage

Rural and Urban

Analysis unit

Individual and household

Universe

The population for the Phnom Penh survey would include individuals that have permanently moved to the city of Phnom Penh from another province.

The population for the rural household survey would include both households that have and have not experienced the recent migration of a household member.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

(1) The rural household component took place in 375 villages with 1,500 surveys of households designated as non-migrant and 3,000 surveys of households designated as migrant. (2) The rural village component consisting of surveys of the 375 village chiefs from the villages selected for the rural household component. (3) The Phnom Penh component consisting of 1,000 surveys of recent migrants living in urban Phnom Penh.

The latest sampling frame is from the general population census of Cambodia, 2008 conducted by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS). It was employed for this survey. This frame consists of province codes and names, district codes and names, commune codes and names, village codes and names and a national map showing boundaries between the villages as well as total number of households within villages. All villages are classified as belonging to the urban or rural sector based on the new 'Reclassification of Urban and Rural Areas in Cambodia'. The coverage of the survey entailed rural areas in 23 provinces and the urban area of Phnom Penh. The coverage percentage for each component compared to the sampling frame is about 0.2% for the combination of non-migrant and migrant households in rural areas, about 3.0% for villages and village chiefs, and about 0.6% for urban Phnom Penh migrants.

For details please refer to Section 2.2, page 14, of the study report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Among other things, the questionnaire for this survey would be used to determine the motivations for migration, the impact of migration on the sending household, as well as the destination of migrants and differences in destination on migration experiences, remittances and other aspects of migration. The questionnaire for the migrant and non-migrant households would be identical except for the absence of questions about the migrant and migration experience in the case of the latter.

The village chief survey would be used to get a broader look at migration and its impacts at a level beyond the individual or household. The village chiefs would come from the same villages that were sampled for the rural household survey. This survey would ask questions about number of migrants coming and going from the village, the overall impact of migration on the village according to an informed person, as well as gather information about the village itself so that issues such as impact of village amenities or distance to highways or provincial capitals on the tendency to migrate could be examined.

Questionnaires were developed through a collaboration effort across the research team. Many questionnaire items were borrowed from surveys conducted elsewhere in the world, in addition to surveys conducted in Cambodia, such as the Cambodian Socio-economic Surveys and the 2004 Survey of the Elderly in Cambodia (Knodel, Kim, Zimmer, & Puch, 2005). Items were discussed and altered to suit the Cambodian context and purpose of CRUMP.

Cleaning operations

Data entry and cleaning took place in October and November of 2011. Data editing, coding and cleaning involved the work of two supervisors and 32 data entry operators. Data processing used the Census and Survey Processing System (CSPro) for developing data entry and data cleaning programs. CSPro is a software package for entering, editing, tabulating, and disseminating data from censuses and surveys. CSPro combines the features of the Integrated Microcomputer Processing System (IMPS) and the Integrated System for Survey Analysis (ISSA).

Sampling error estimates

Not available

Abstract

Under the legal basis of the Statistics Law, the EC2011 aims at compiling basic statistics on establishments and enterprises in the whole Cambodia's territory. The final results provide information on the current situation of establishments in Cambodia and serve for various users such as policy makers, government officials at both national and local levels, international organizations, NGOs, private sectors, researchers, and development partners.

The Census aimed: a) to provide the fundamental statistics on the current status of the business activities of the establishments and enterprises including the financial aspectst which central and local governments require for profiling the nationt policy-making, calculating national accounts etc., and which academic researchers and other users need for their own study b) to provide the directories of establishments and enterprises as the master sampling frame of various sample surveys on businesses.

Legal basis of the Census The Census was taken on the basis of the following legislation: a) Statistics Law, Article 6 and 7 b) Sub-decree on Defining Datet Organizing and Proceeding of Cambodia 2011 Economic Census

Geographic coverage

Nation-wide Urban/Rural

Group of Provinces

Individual Province

1. Banteay Meanchey
2. Battambang
3. Kampong Cham
4. Kampong Chhnang
5. Kampong Speu
6. Kampong Thom
7. Kampot
8. Kandal
9. Koh Kong
10. Kratie
11. Mondul Kiri
12. Phnom Penh
13. Preah Vihear
14. Prey Veng
15. Pursat
16. Ratanak Kiri
17. Siem Reap
18. Preah Sihanouk
19. Stung Treng
20. Svay Rieng
21. Takeo
22. Oddar Meanchey
23. Kep
24. Pailin

Analysis unit

Establishment Individual

Universe

Coverage ofthe Census (Refer to Appendix 7 and 8.) The Census covered all establishments which existed at the reference date in the territory of the Kingdom of Cambodia. The following establishmentst however, were excluded: a) Establishments classified into "Section At Agriculturet forestry and fishingtt specified in the United Nations International Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities, Revision 4 (hereinaftert
quoted as the ISIC); b) Establishments classified into "Section 0, Public administration and defense;compulsory social security" specified in the ISIC; c) Establishments classified into "Section T Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods-and services-producing activities of households for own use" specified in the ISIC; d) Establishments classified into "Section U, Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodiestt specified in the ISIC.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

Not Applicable

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

EC 2011 only uses one form

Cleaning operations

The economic census data processing division of NIS is responsible for manual editing and coding of questionnaires, data entry, computer editing and tabulation, and the generation of products like the economic census database and maintenance of the web site

Sampling error estimates

Not Applicable

Abstract

The main objective of the NCAC 2013 is to provide data on the current agricultural situation in the country that will be utilized by the planners and policy-makers. Specifically, the census data will be useful in: 1. Providing sampling frame in the conduct of agricultural sample surveys; 2. Providing data at the smallest administrative unit in the country; and, 3. Providing data on the current structure of the agricultural holdings with growing of crops activity and/or raising livestock and/or poultry and aquaculture activities in the county.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Households

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

This census used stratified systematic sampling using one-stage. The two strata that were used, were households with large agricultural holdings and households with small agricultural holdings. All large agricultural holdings were interviewed while 5 percent of small agricultural holdings were selected using systematic sampling. Large agricultural holdings are defined in two ways:

1. Households with at least 10 hectares and over used wholly or partly for agricultural activities were considered to have large agricultural holdings
2. Households with at least 10 cattle/buffaloes/other large livestock and/or at least 20 pigs/goats/other small livestock and/or at least 100 poultry were considered to have large agricultural holdings.

Hence, those households cultivating agricultural lands between 0.03 ha. to 9.99 hectares and/or with large livestock ranging from 2 to 9 and/or with 3-19 small livestock and/or with 25-99 poultry were considered to have small agricultural holdings. These households with small agricultural holdings were subjected to systematic sampling. The sampling rate was 5% of the total households with small agricultural holdings. The sample selection was done at the commune level, which was the domain for this census. Hence, the lowest administrative unit in which all estimated results from SMISAH was produced is at the commune level.

The sampling procedures in choosing the sample households with agricultural holdings were as follows: 1. In each commune, number the households with small agricultural holdings consecutively from 1 to the last number. 2. Add all these households with small agricultural holdings. The total should correspond to the last number provided in the last household in the commune. 3. Then compute 5% of these total households with small agricultural holdings and these were the total sample households with small agricultural holdings for that commune. For example, the total households with small agricultural holdings are equal to 550. 5% of 550 are 27.5 or when rounded off, it will be 28 sample households. 4. Divide the total households with small agricultural holdings by the number of sample households with small agricultural holdings. This was the sampling interval (SI). For example, 550/28 = 19.6 or approximately 20. 5. Get a random start (RS) between 1 and the sampling interval. For example, if the sampling interval is 20; a random start between 1 and 20 should be selected. Let us say 9 is the random start. 6. If between 1 and the sampling interval, a random number has been selected, the numbers of the sample households in the commune are determined using the following series of formulas starting at the random start: RS; RS+SI; RS+2SI; RS+3SI; RS+4SI; RS+5SI; …; RS+(n-1)SI. For example, if 9 is the random start, #9 household will be the first sample; then followed by 9+20=29 will be the second sample household; 29+20=49 will be the 3rd sample household; 49+20=69; 69+20=89; 89+20=109; 109+20=129; 129+20=149; 149+20=169; 169+20=189; 189+20=209; 209+20=229; 229+20=249; 249+20=269; 269+20=289; 289+20=309; 309+20=329; 329+20=349; 349+20=369; 369+20=389; 389+20=409; 409+20=429; 429+20=449; 449+20=469; 469+20=489; 489+20=509; 509+20=429; 429+20=449. In summary, the sample households with small agricultural holdings in the given example will be: 9; 29; 49; 69; 89; 109; 129; 149; 169; 189; 209; 229; 249; 269; 289; 309; 329; 349; 369; 389; 409; 429; 449; 469; 489; 509; 529; 549.

Sample selection was done in the provincial office of the NIS. All NIS/MAFF central census staff acting as the overall supervisor(s) in their respective provinces were the lead person to select the sample households with small agricultural holdings.

For details on the sampling procedure please refer to Annex 1 of the Enumerator's Manual.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The NCAC 2013 utilizes six questionnaires for the household sector; two of which were used in the core module phase and the other four for the supplementary module phase. A listing form to determine the household whether engaged in agriculture activity undertaken in an agriculture holding with size of at least 0.03 hectare was also included in the household sector. There were separate questionnaires for the non-household sector agricultural holdings as well as non-household aquaculture operators. One questionnaire was self-administered by the village leaders.

Form A - Listing Form Form B - Basic Information on Agricultural Holding Form C - Growing of Crops Form D - Raising of Livestock/Poultry Form E - Aquaculture Activity Form F - Relevant Information on Agricultural Household Form G - Village Questionnaire

Cleaning operations

Manual processing of questionnaires verified status of completeness, correctness, and consistency of the data entries. Manual editing and coding were performed by four persons (one supervisor and three processors) all of them from NIS. They participated in editing and coding of many surveys conducted by NIS.

CA data processing refers to all activities through which the census documents undergo at the CA Processing Center to prepare them for tabulation of results. Data processing at the CA Processing Center covered the processing of the following documents: · Form A (Listing of Household); · Form B (Basic Information on Agricultural Holding); · Form C (Growing of Crops); · Form D (Raising Livestock and Poultry); · Form E (Aquaculture Activity); · Form F (Agricultural Household and Its Socio-Economic Characteristics) and · Form G (Village Questionnaire)

Data Processing consists of the following activities: a. Receipt and control of all forms from provincial/municipal office b. Data entry c. Key verification d. Consistency and completeness checking e. Submission of data files and weekly reports to the CA Director General.