Why might countries join alliances?United NationsUNESCO = United National Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, http://en.unesco.org/FAO = Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, http://www.fao.org/home/en/WHO = World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/en/European UnionEU = European UnionSchengen = Countries who are members of the Schengen Area which guarantees freedom of movement to EU citizens and the right to travel and work and live in any EU countries.FrancophoneCountries that have French as an official language? The map depicts the countries that are members of the International Organisation of La Francophonie listed on their official website. Only the 57 member states and governments are included. There are 23 observer states throughout the world. Cape Verde Islands is a member, but not included on the map.Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)Indonesia reactivated its membership in OPEC in January of 2016.Oil production data from http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/publications/MOMR%20June%202016.pdfAfrican Union (AU)founded by 32 countries in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on May 25, 1963Membership in the African Union from http://www.au.int/en/AU_Member_StatesMorocco is not a member of the African Union because it opposed the membership of Western Sahara, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. It is not shown on the map, but did join the AU on February 27, 1976.Other OrganizationsIMF = International Monetary Fund, http://www.imf.org/external/index.htmIBRD = International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), http://www.worldbank.org/en/about/what-we-do/brief/ibrdIAEA = International Atomic Energy Agency, https://www.iaea.org/WMO = World Meteorological Organization, http://public.wmo.int/en

This starter data kit collects extracts from global, open datasets relating to climate hazards and infrastructure systems.

These extracts are derived from global datasets which have been clipped to the national scale (or subnational, in cases where national boundaries have been split, generally to separate outlying islands or non-contiguous regions), using Natural Earth (2023) boundaries, and is not meant to express an opinion about borders, territory or sovereignty.

Human-induced climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of climate and weather extremes. This is causing widespread, adverse impacts to societies, economies and infrastructures. Climate risk analysis is essential to inform policy decisions aimed at reducing risk. Yet, access to data is often a barrier, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Data are often scattered, hard to find, in formats that are difficult to use or requiring considerable technical expertise. Nevertheless, there are global, open datasets which provide some information about climate hazards, society, infrastructure and the economy. This "data starter kit" aims to kickstart the process and act as a starting point for further model development and scenario analysis.

Hazards:

• coastal and river flooding (Ward et al, 2020)
• extreme heat and drought (Russell et al 2023, derived from Lange et al, 2020)
• tropical cyclone wind speeds (Russell 2022, derived from Bloemendaal et al 2020 and Bloemendaal et al 2022)

Exposure:

• population (Schiavina et al, 2023)
• built-up area (Pesaresi et al, 2023)
• roads (OpenStreetMap, 2023)
• railways (OpenStreetMap, 2023)
• power plants (Global Energy Observatory et al, 2018)
• power transmission lines (Arderne et al, 2020)

The spatial intersection of hazard and exposure datasets is a first step to analyse vulnerability and risk to infrastructure and people.

To learn more about related concepts, there is a free short course available through the Open University on Infrastructure and Climate Resilience. This overview of the course has more details.

These Python libraries may be a useful place to start analysis of the data in the packages produced by this workflow:

• snkit helps clean network data
• nismod-snail is designed to help implement infrastructure exposure, damage and risk calculations

The open-gira repository contains a larger workflow for global-scale open-data infrastructure risk and resilience analysis.

For a more developed example, some of these datasets were key inputs to a regional climate risk assessment of current and future flooding risks to transport networks in East Africa, which has a related online visualisation tool at https://east-africa.infrastructureresilience.org/ and is described in detail in Hickford et al (2023).

References

• Arderne, Christopher, Nicolas, Claire, Zorn, Conrad, & Koks, Elco E. (2020). Data from: Predictive mapping of the global power system using open data [Dataset]. In Nature Scientific Data (1.1.1, Vol. 7, Number Article 19). Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3628142
• Bloemendaal, Nadia; de Moel, H. (Hans); Muis, S; Haigh, I.D. (Ivan); Aerts, J.C.J.H. (Jeroen) (2020): STORM tropical cyclone wind speed return periods. 4TU.ResearchData. [Dataset]. DOI: 10.4121/12705164.v3
• Bloemendaal, Nadia; de Moel, Hans; Dullaart, Job; Haarsma, R.J. (Reindert); Haigh, I.D. (Ivan); Martinez, Andrew B.; et al. (2022): STORM climate change tropical cyclone wind speed return periods. 4TU.ResearchData. [Dataset]. DOI: 10.4121/14510817.v3
• Global Energy Observatory, Google, KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Enipedia, World Resources Institute. (2018) Global Power Plant Database. Published on Resource Watch and Google Earth Engine; resourcewatch.org/
• Hickford et al (2023) Decision support systems for resilient strategic transport networks in low-income countries – Final Report. Available online: https://transport-links.com/hvt-publications/final-report-decision-support-systems-for-resilient-strategic-transport-networks-in-low-income-countries
• Lange, S., Volkholz, J., Geiger, T., Zhao, F., Vega, I., Veldkamp, T., et al. (2020). Projecting exposure to extreme climate impact events across six event categories and three spatial scales. Earth's Future, 8, e2020EF001616. DOI: 10.1029/2020EF001616
• Natural Earth (2023) Admin 0 Map Units, v5.1.1. [Dataset] Available online: www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-cultural-vectors/10m-admin-0-details
• OpenStreetMap contributors, Russell T., Thomas F., nismod/datapkg contributors (2023) Road and Rail networks derived from OpenStreetMap. [Dataset] Available at global.infrastructureresilience.org
• Pesaresi M., Politis P. (2023): GHS-BUILT-S R2023A - GHS built-up surface grid, derived from Sentinel2 composite and Landsat, multitemporal (1975-2030) European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) PID: data.europa.eu/89h/9f06f36f-4b11-47ec-abb0-4f8b7b1d72ea, doi:10.2905/9F06F36F-4B11-47EC-ABB0-4F8B7B1D72EA
• Russell, T., Nicholas, C., & Bernhofen, M. (2023). Annual probability of extreme heat and drought events, derived from Lange et al 2020 (Version 2) [Dataset]. Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8147088
• Schiavina M., Freire S., Carioli A., MacManus K. (2023): GHS-POP R2023A - GHS population grid multitemporal (1975-2030). European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) PID: data.europa.eu/89h/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe, doi:10.2905/2FF68A52-5B5B-4A22-8F40-C41DA8332CFE
• Ward, P.J., H.C. Winsemius, S. Kuzma, M.F.P. Bierkens, A. Bouwman, H. de Moel, A. Díaz Loaiza, et al. (2020) Aqueduct Floods Methodology. Technical Note. Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute. Available online at: www.wri.org/publication/aqueduct-floods-methodology.

Why might countries join alliances?United NationsUNESCO = United National Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, http://en.unesco.org/FAO = Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, http://www.fao.org/home/en/WHO = World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/en/European UnionEU = European UnionSchengen = Countries who are members of the Schengen Area which guarantees freedom of movement to EU citizens and the right to travel and work and live in any EU countries.FrancophoneCountries that have French as an official language? The map depicts the countries that are members of the International Organisation of La Francophonie listed on their official website. Only the 57 member states and governments are included. There are 23 observer states throughout the world. Cape Verde Islands is a member, but not included on the map.Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)Indonesia reactivated its membership in OPEC in January of 2016.Oil production data from http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/publications/MOMR%20June%202016.pdfAfrican Union (AU)founded by 32 countries in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on May 25, 1963Membership in the African Union from http://www.au.int/en/AU_Member_StatesMorocco is not a member of the African Union because it opposed the membership of Western Sahara, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. It is not shown on the map, but did join the AU on February 27, 1976.Other OrganizationsIMF = International Monetary Fund, http://www.imf.org/external/index.htmIBRD = International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), http://www.worldbank.org/en/about/what-we-do/brief/ibrdIAEA = International Atomic Energy Agency, https://www.iaea.org/WMO = World Meteorological Organization, http://public.wmo.int/en