In 2022, the union territory of Delhi had the highest urban population density of over ** thousand persons per square kilometer. While the rural population density was highest in union territory of Puducherry, followed by the state of Bihar.

As of December 2024, the northern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh had the highest urban teledensity among Indian states, with around *** telephone connections for every 100 individuals living in that state. The state also had the highest rural teledensity in the same time period.

BackgroundIn India, acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a leading cause of mortality in children under 5 years. Mapping the hotspots of ARIs and the associated risk factors can help understand their association at the district level across India.MethodsData on ARIs in children under 5 years and household variables (unclean fuel, improved sanitation, mean maternal BMI, mean household size, mean number of children, median months of breastfeeding the children, percentage of poor households, diarrhea in children, low birth weight, tobacco use, and immunization status of children) were obtained from the National Family Health Survey-4. Surface and ground-monitored PM2.5 and PM10 datasets were collected from the Global Estimates and National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme. Population density and illiteracy data were extracted from the Census of India. The geographic information system was used for mapping, and ARI hotspots were identified using the Getis-Ord Gi* spatial statistic. The quasi-Poisson regression model was used to estimate the association between ARI and household, children, maternal, environmental, and demographic factors.ResultsAcute respiratory infections hotspots were predominantly seen in the north Indian states/UTs of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, and Chandigarh, and also in the border districts of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir. There is a substantial overlap among PM2.5, PM10, population density, tobacco smoking, and unclean fuel use with hotspots of ARI. The quasi-Poisson regression analysis showed that PM2.5, illiteracy levels, diarrhea in children, and maternal body mass index were associated with ARI.ConclusionTo decrease ARI in children, urgent interventions are required to reduce the levels of PM2.5 and PM10 (major environmental pollutants) in the hotspot districts. Furthermore, improving sanitation, literacy levels, using clean cooking fuel, and curbing indoor smoking may minimize the risk of ARI in children.

BackgroundParaoxonases (PONs) are a unique family of calcium-dependent enzymes which are tightly associated with the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), plays a crucial role in protecting the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) from oxidation, thereby providing protection against atherosclerosis-a key factor for the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). The activity of PON enzymes is influenced by genetic polymorphisms in the PON genes. The present case-control study was performed to investigate the association of PON1 (p.L55M, rs854560) and PON2 (p.S311C, rs7493) polymorphisms with CAD in the North Indian Punjabi population.Methods and resultsThe present study included 211 CAD patients and 260 healthy controls genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction-reaction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the SC and CC genotypes of the PON2 (p.S311C) conferred 2-and 3.5-folds increased risk for CAD (OR: 2.03, 95%CI: 1.36-3.01, p=0.001; OR: 3.49, 95%CI: 1.86-6.55, p=0.001, respectively). Moreover, the dominant (OR: 2.29, 95%CI: 1.58-3.32, p=0.0001), co-dominant (OR: 1.62, 95%CI: 1.11-2.36, p=0.012), recessive (OR: 2.58, 95%CI: 1.41-4.72, p=0.001), and log-additive (OR: 1.92, 95%CI: 1.46-2.54, p=0.0001) are the best-fit inheritance models to predict the susceptible gene effects. Furthermore, the LC haplotype (PON1 and PON2) was found to be significantly and independently associated with the increased risk of CAD (OR: 2.34, 95%CI: 1.65-3.32, p=0.0001).ConclusionsOur results indicate a significant and independent association of PON2 (p.S311C) polymorphism with CAD even after gender stratification in North Indian Punjabi population.

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High Density Polyethylene Pipe Market Size 2024-2028

The high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe market size is forecast to increase by USD 6.73 billion at a CAGR of 5.9% between 2023 and 2028. The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing demand for efficient water distribution systems. HDPE pipes offer numerous advantages, including durability, resistance to corrosion, and lightweight properties, making them ideal for both potable water and wastewater applications. In the mining sector, HDPE pipes are increasingly being used for mining exploration and extraction activities due to their ability to withstand harsh conditions. Additionally, the oil and gas industry is increasingly adopting HDPE pipes, boosting market growth. However, the prevalence of substitutes, such as ductile iron and PVC pipes, poses a challenge to market growth. Additionally, the focus on water conservation and reducing water wastage is driving the adoption of HDPE pipes, as they are recyclable and offer cost savings over the long term. Overall, the HDPE pipe market is expected to continue its expansion in the US, driven by these trends and challenges.

What will be the Size of the Market During the Forecast Period?

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The market is a significant sector within the thermoplastic polymer industry, offering numerous advantages over traditional metal pipes for various applications. HDPE pipes are renowned for their exceptional resistance to chemical corrosion, abrasion, and weathering, making them a preferred choice for transporting natural gas, petroleum products, water supply, and agricultural applications. HDPE pipes provide unparalleled reliability, ensuring minimal leaks and reducing the need for frequent maintenance. Their flexibility allows for easy installation, even in areas with shifting soil, while their strong design can withstand the demands of heavy-duty applications. In the natural gas and petroleum distribution sectors, HDPE pipes offer a cost-effective and efficient solution for transporting these resources.

Additionally, their resistance to corrosion and abrasion reduces the risk of leaks and contamination, ensuring safety and environmental sustainability. In the agricultural sector, HDPE pipes are widely used for irrigation systems and transporting agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides. The pipes' resistance to chemical corrosion ensures the longevity of the infrastructure and minimizes the risk of contamination. Furthermore, HDPE pipes' flexibility allows for easy installation in farmlands, enabling efficient water supply to crops. HDPE pipes also find extensive applications in the automotive industry. They are used as automotive components, including fuel tanks, bumpers, and interior parts, due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and resistance to environmental stresses.

Also, emission regulations have become increasingly stringent in the automotive industry, leading to a growing demand for lightweight materials. HDPE pipes' contribution to vehicle weight reduction, coupled with their fuel efficiency benefits, makes them a preferred choice for automakers. The HDPE pipe market's growth is driven by the increasing demand for infrastructure that is reliable, flexible, and cost-effective. The market's future potential lies in its ability to cater to the evolving needs of various industries, including natural gas, petroleum distribution, agriculture, and automotive.

In conclusion, the market offers a versatile and durable solution for various applications, providing unmatched resistance to chemical corrosion, abrasion, and weathering. Its flexibility and ease of installation make it a preferred choice for infrastructure development, while its contribution to reducing vehicle weight and improving fuel efficiency makes it an essential component in the automotive industry. The market's potential for growth lies in its ability to cater to the evolving needs of various industries, ensuring a sustainable and efficient infrastructure for the future.

Market Segmentation

The market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Application

  Water supply
  Agricultural irrigation
  Sewage system
  Oil and gas
  Others


Type

  PE 100
  PE 80
  PE 63


Geography

  APAC

    China
    India


  North America

    US


  Europe

    Germany
    France


  Middle East and Africa



  South America

By Application Insights

The water supply segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The demand for water is on the rise due to population growth and shifting consumption patterns, leading to an increase in water usage by approximately 1% annually. This trend is observed across all economic s

Asphalt Density Gauges Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global Asphalt Density Gauges market size stood at USD 191.7 million in 2024, with a recorded compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2% expected through the forecast period. This market is projected to reach USD 301.3 million by 2033, driven by the increasing emphasis on infrastructure development and stringent quality control regulations in road construction. The growth of the Asphalt Density Gauges market is underpinned by a surge in highway and pavement projects worldwide, coupled with technological advancements enhancing measurement accuracy and operational safety.

A primary growth factor for the Asphalt Density Gauges market is the rapid expansion of global infrastructure projects, particularly in emerging economies. Governments and private sectors are investing heavily in road construction and maintenance to support urbanization, industrialization, and economic development. These investments necessitate reliable and precise quality control tools, making asphalt density gauges indispensable for ensuring pavement durability and compliance with regulatory standards. The adoption of advanced density measurement technologies helps construction companies optimize asphalt compaction, reduce material wastage, and extend pavement lifespan, thereby boosting demand for both nuclear and non-nuclear gauges.

Technological innovation is another significant driver propelling the Asphalt Density Gauges market forward. The transition from traditional nuclear-based gauges to non-nuclear alternatives is gaining momentum due to enhanced safety profiles, ease of use, and reduced regulatory hurdles. Non-nuclear gauges, leveraging electromagnetic and dielectric measurement principles, are particularly attractive in regions with stringent safety regulations surrounding radioactive materials. These advancements not only improve the accuracy and efficiency of density measurements but also broaden the market's appeal to a wider range of end-users, including smaller contractors and research institutions.

Furthermore, the increasing focus on sustainability and lifecycle cost optimization in construction practices is fueling market growth. Asphalt density gauges play a pivotal role in quality assurance processes, enabling real-time monitoring and immediate corrective actions during pavement compaction. This proactive approach minimizes the risk of premature pavement failures, reduces maintenance costs, and aligns with sustainable construction objectives. The integration of digital connectivity and data analytics into modern gauges further enhances their value proposition, enabling seamless data transfer, remote monitoring, and comprehensive project documentation.

Regionally, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing market for asphalt density gauges, driven by massive infrastructure investments in China, India, and Southeast Asia. North America and Europe continue to hold substantial market shares due to established road networks and stringent quality regulations. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are witnessing steady growth, supported by government-led infrastructure modernization initiatives. Each region presents unique opportunities and challenges shaped by regulatory environments, technological adoption rates, and the scale of construction activities.

Product Type Analysis

The Asphalt Density Gauges market is segmented by product type into Nuclear Asphalt Density Gauges and Non-Nuclear Asphalt Density Gauges. Nuclear gauges have historically dominated the market due to their proven accuracy and reliability in measuring the density and moisture content of asphalt layers. These devices utilize radioactive isotopes to penetrate the pavement and provide direct readings, making them a preferred choice for large-scale road construction projects where precision is paramount. However, the use of radioactive materials necessitates strict regulatory compliance, specialized training, and safety measures, which can increase operation