In 2023, the highest regional Gross Domestic Product in Italy was registered in the northern region of Lombardy, roughly 490 billion euros, followed by Lazio, about 239 billion euros, and Veneto, 137 billion euros. The lowest GDP was recorded in Aosta Valley, in the north, and in Molise, in the south of Italy. A deep economic gap Among the top-10 Italian regions with the highest GDP, five are located in the north of the country: Lombardy, Veneto, Emilia Romagna, Piedmont, and Liguria. Campania, the most populous region in the south, ranked only seventh nationally. These results highlight the deep economic disparities between the north and the south of Italy. The GDP of the northwestern regions reached 709 billion euros in 2023, while the south recorded less than half of the northern regions’ figures. Thus, Lombardy, Piedmont, Liguria, and Aosta Valley constitute Italy's economic driving force. In particular, Lombardy is the region with the highest salaries nationwide, 33,635 euros gross per year, 4,300 euros more than in Campania. Actions by policymakers aimed at closing the economic and wage gap are essential for the full development of southern Italian regions. The demographic divide Despite weaker economic indicators compared to the north, southern regions record better demographic figures. Italy’s population is progressively aging and the number of residents has declined recently. The median age of Italians is expected to reach 52.9 years by 2050. However, the south of the country contributes to mitigating the demographic decline. In fact, birth rates are the highest in the southern regions, in Sicily, and in Sardinia, with 6.6 childbirths per 1,000 inhabitants, well above the 6.2 births per 1,000 residents recorded in the northwest. Additionally, the southern population is on average two years younger than the those living in the northern regions.

In 2022, the Gross domestic product (GDP) in Italy reached roughly 33,000 euros per capita. When analyzed from the regional perspective, the highest GDP per capita can be observed in the Northern areas of the country. Trentino-South Tyrol led the ranking, with a GDP per inhabitant of almost 50,000 euros. Lombardy and Aosta Valley ranked in the second and third place, with a GDP per capita of 44,000 euros and 43,000 euros, respectively. The figure of Trentino-South Tyrol represented more than the double of the GDP per capita of the southern regions of Calabria, Sicily, Campania, Apulia, and Molise, confirming the critical divide between these two areas of the country.Economic performance of a country Gross domestic product per capita is an indicator of economic performance, calculated as a division of the total gross domestic product of a country in a certain period of time by its population. Whereas nominal and real GDP help to understand the economic strength of the country as a whole, per capita values illustrate the standard of living and wellbeing of the citizens. COVID-19 and GDPForecasts published at the end of 2019 estimated that Italy's economy would have experienced a slow growth during 2020. However, the outbreak of COVID-19 significantly changed this scenario. Different estimations on Italy's GDP growth have been published since the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic. Some of the most recent data from 2021 show the GDP decreased by 8.8 percent in 2020. Similarly, a forecast from December 2020 estimated that this figure might decline by 8.9 percent during 2021.

PC Users: per 100 Person: Northern Italy (NI) data was reported at 61.100 Person in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 61.200 Person for 2015. PC Users: per 100 Person: Northern Italy (NI) data is updated yearly, averaging 51.500 Person from Dec 2001 (Median) to 2016, with 15 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 61.200 Person in 2015 and a record low of 41.300 Person in 2002. PC Users: per 100 Person: Northern Italy (NI) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.TB001: Personal Computer and Internet Statistics.

The northern regions had the highest amount of Gross Domestic Product per capita in the whole country in 2023. In fact, this indicator stood at around ****** euros per inhabitant. In southern Italy, instead, the GDP per resident was about ****** euros, almost the half compared to the one recorded in the north. These figures well highlight the deep economic divide that Italy has been constantly facing between the northern regions, more industrialized and more densely populated, and the south, economically disadvantaged and with a profoundly negative internal migration rate.

Internet Users: per 100 Person: Northern Italy (NI) data was reported at 67.300 Person in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 64.800 Person for 2015. Internet Users: per 100 Person: Northern Italy (NI) data is updated yearly, averaging 48.300 Person from Dec 2001 (Median) to 2016, with 15 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 67.300 Person in 2016 and a record low of 30.700 Person in 2001. Internet Users: per 100 Person: Northern Italy (NI) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.TB001: Personal Computer and Internet Statistics.

This statistic illustrates the share of people satisfied with their economic situation in 2018 in Italy, divided by region. According to the source, the inhabitants of the Italian region Trentino-South Tyrol are the most satisfied with their economic situation in Italy (75 percent), followed by Lombardy. Trentino-South Tyrol is an autonomous region in Northern Italy. Since the 1970s, most legislative and administrative powers have been transferred to the two self-governing provinces that make up the region: Trentino and South Tyrol.

This dataset supports the article submitted to the journal Environmental Sociology, and contains quantitative indicators and composite indices related to socio-economic and environmental fragility in Sicily, Southern Italy, Northern Italy and the national context. Data are derived from public sources (ISTAT, SNPA, BES, etc.) and reprocessed for academic analysis. Full description and methodology are available in the README file.

Italy GDP per Capita: North data was reported at 33,847.928 EUR in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 33,183.222 EUR for 2015. Italy GDP per Capita: North data is updated yearly, averaging 30,974.811 EUR from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2016, with 22 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 33,847.928 EUR in 2016 and a record low of 21,198.574 EUR in 1995. Italy GDP per Capita: North data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.A036: ESA 2010: GDP per Capita: By Region.

Italy Employment Rate: North data was reported at 51.000 % in Apr 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 50.139 % for Jan 2018. Italy Employment Rate: North data is updated quarterly, averaging 49.628 % from Jan 1977 (Median) to Apr 2018, with 166 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 51.856 % in Apr 2008 and a record low of 47.316 % in Jan 1995. Italy Employment Rate: North data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.G037: Labour Force Survey: Employment Rate.

In 2023, the north-west and Lombardy confirmed to be Italy's economic driving force, as the Gross Domestic Product reached 709 billion euros, followed by the north-east and the center, where the GDP amounted to 492 billion and 452 billion euros, respectively. The lowest figures were registered in the southern part of the country, where the GDP represented less than half of the northern regions' value. In particular, Sicily and Sardinia's GDP constituted roughly just seven percent of the national product.

Italy Oil & Gas Downstream Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global oil & gas downstream market size in 2024 is valued at USD 2.4 trillion, with Italy contributing an estimated USD 56.7 billion to this figure. The global market is expanding at a CAGR of 4.2% and is forecasted to reach USD 3.5 trillion by 2033, driven by rising energy demand, technological advancements, and regulatory shifts. The Italian oil & gas downstream sector is witnessing a transformation, underpinned by modernization of refineries, increasing petrochemical investments, and a growing emphasis on cleaner fuels and digital innovation, making it a pivotal market within Europe’s energy landscape.

One of the primary growth factors for the Italy oil & gas downstream market is the ongoing modernization and upgrade of existing refining infrastructure. Italian refineries are investing heavily in advanced processing technologies to enhance efficiency, reduce emissions, and comply with stringent European Union environmental regulations. This shift is not only improving operational performance but also enabling the production of higher-value, cleaner fuels such as ultra-low-sulfur diesel and bio-blended gasoline. The push for decarbonization has also led to the integration of renewable feedstocks and circular economy practices, positioning Italy as a leader in sustainable refining within the European context. These investments are crucial for maintaining competitiveness in a market that is increasingly shaped by both regulatory demands and shifting consumer preferences toward greener energy solutions.

Another significant driver is the expansion and diversification of the petrochemical sector. Italy’s downstream industry is strategically leveraging its geographical location and established logistics network to support the growth of petrochemical production, particularly in Northern Italy. The demand for petrochemical products, including plastics, fertilizers, and specialty chemicals, is rising due to their essential role in manufacturing, agriculture, and consumer goods. Italian companies are focusing on innovation, investing in advanced catalysts, and adopting process optimization techniques to boost yields and reduce operational costs. This trend is further supported by collaborations with global chemical giants and the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies, which are enhancing process automation and real-time monitoring, thereby driving productivity and profitability across the sector.

The evolving landscape of storage, distribution, and marketing is also contributing to the robust growth of the Italy oil & gas downstream market. With increasing imports of crude oil and refined products, there is a heightened demand for state-of-the-art storage facilities and efficient distribution networks. Italian companies are upgrading terminal infrastructure and adopting digital supply chain solutions to improve inventory management and ensure timely delivery to end-users. The marketing segment is witnessing a shift toward customer-centric strategies, with a greater focus on premium fuels, loyalty programs, and integrated mobility services. These efforts are aimed at capturing new revenue streams and enhancing brand loyalty in a competitive retail environment. Furthermore, the adoption of alternative fuels, such as LNG and hydrogen, is gradually reshaping the distribution and marketing landscape, aligning with Italy’s long-term energy transition goals.

Regionally, Northern Italy stands out as the powerhouse of the country’s downstream industry, hosting the majority of refining and petrochemical assets, as well as key storage and distribution hubs. This region benefits from proximity to major European markets, a skilled workforce, and robust infrastructure, making it a focal point for both domestic supply and exports. Central and Southern Italy, along with the Islands, are also experiencing growth, particularly in storage and marketing segments, driven by rising energy consumption and investments in infrastructure upgrades. The regional dynamics are further influenced by local policies, economic development initiatives, and the presence of major industry players, ensuring a balanced and resilient downstream sector across the Italian peninsula.

Keywords; Search terms: historical time series; historical statistics; histat / HISTAT .

Abstract:

The author`s analysis explains to what extent the Central European agriculture and food industry has managed to satisfy the demand of the population in the centuries since the Middle Ages. For this purpose, the author collects and analyses prices, wages, rents, agricultural products, and population movements, as well as the costs of living of broad levels of the population. The price data at hand (prices of wheat and rye in Germany, Europe and America) provide a substantial basis for his analysis.

On the basis of the long-term fluctuation of corn prices in England, France, Northern Italy, Germany and Austria, three waves of development can be identified:

1. An upswing in the 13th and partly also at the beginning of the 14th century is followed by a downswing in the late Middle Ages.
2. Another upswing in the 16th century was interrupted in the 17th century;
3. a third upswing in the 18th century dissolved in the 19th century into shorter and partly opposed movements that merge again only in the late 19th and 20th century.

What do these waves mean?

There are two approaches which could explain these developments: 1. Such price fluctuations are the consequence of a fluctuating supply of money in the Central European economy. 2. The rise in prices is caused by the growing demand of a rapidly growing population. On the one hand, the author verifies the ´laws of development´ by MALTHUS and RICARDO on the basis of the historical facts. On the other hand, the historical series of developments are interpreted by way of an appropriate scheme of terms and relations regarding their meaning.

Topics:

Tables in the ZA-Online-Database HISTAT: - prices of rye in Germany (1341-1940) - prices of wheat and rye in Europe and America (1991-1830) - prices of wheat and rye in Central Europe (1201-1960)

The Italian real estate market, valued at approximately €XX million in 2025, exhibits robust growth potential, projected to maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 5% through 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. Firstly, a resurgence in tourism and a growing influx of foreign investors, particularly from North America and other European countries, are significantly boosting demand. Secondly, Italy's appealing lifestyle, rich history, and cultural heritage continue to attract buyers seeking both primary residences and vacation homes. The market is segmented by property type (villas and landed houses, apartments and condominiums) and by city (Rome, Venice, Milan, Naples, Florence, and other cities). Rome, Milan and Venice consistently command premium pricing reflecting their high desirability. The luxury segment, catered to by firms like Christie's International Real Estate and Sotheby's International Realty, is experiencing particularly strong growth. While challenges such as bureaucratic complexities and fluctuating economic conditions exist, the long-term outlook for the Italian real estate market remains positive, fueled by sustained demand and strategic investments in infrastructure and tourism. Despite these positive trends, the market faces some headwinds. Rising interest rates and inflation pose a risk to affordability, potentially dampening demand in certain segments. Furthermore, regulatory hurdles and lengthy bureaucratic processes can create delays and complexities for both buyers and developers. However, the inherent attractiveness of Italian real estate, coupled with ongoing government initiatives to streamline processes and boost investment, is expected to mitigate these challenges and sustain the market's overall upward trajectory. The continued strength of the luxury segment indicates a resilience to broader economic fluctuations, suggesting the market’s underlying strength and future potential for growth. Regional variations exist, with Northern Italy generally commanding higher prices than the South, reflecting variations in economic activity and property desirability. Recent developments include: June 2022: The multinational real estate company Hines and Blue Noble, co-investors in the "Future Living" fund run by Savills Investment Administration SGR SpA, confirmed that a leasing deal with Starhotels for the management of a portion of the Corso Italia asset in the center of Florence has been finalized. As part of the new residential rental offer at Il Teatro Luxury Apartments - Starhotels Collezione, more than 150 luxury apartments of different sizes and styles will be available for stays of a few weeks to a few months.So, Corso Italia will start up again, keeping the area's cultural history while offering cutting-edge, in-demand apartments for rent., March 2022: Christie's International Real Estate announced their acquisition of Ansley Real Estate, a leading Atlanta-area luxury brokerage firm. After the acquisition, the company became known as Ansley Christie's International Real Estate. This acquisition will reinforce the brokerage's leadership in Atlanta's luxury market.. Key drivers for this market are: Rapid urbanization, Government initiatives. Potential restraints include: High property prices, Regulatory challenges. Notable trends are: Increase in Residential Properties across the Italy due to Less Mortgage Rates.

In a survey from **********, **** percent of companies located in the Italian region of Lazio perceived that the Coronavirus outbreak had an impact on the their business. Moreover, the share was equal to **** percent among companies in Veneto, one of the most affected regions in Italy. The figures might be very different from region to region as the number of cases of coronavirus are higher in the northern regions of the country. Furthermore, the companies interviewed in this survey were mostly situated in North Italy.

Italy is Europe's leading rice producer, with over half of total production almost totally concentrated in the north-western part of the Padana plain. In this area, rice irrigation has traditionally been carried out by wet seeding and continuous flooding. The replacement of this technique with the dry seeding and delayed flooding in the last 15 years brought economic benefits to farmers but also strong impacts to the water resource system of the area, characterized by a strong interaction between irrigation and shallow aquifer levels. Wet seeding and Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) could be seen as an alternative irrigation strategy; however, its environmental, economic and social sustainability must be investigated before supporting the dissemination of this “water-saving” irrigation technique over the territory in cooperation with decision-makers and water resource managers. In this paper, the results of an experimental activity carried out in a platform established in the main Italian rice district to compare three irrigation strategies (wet seeding and traditional flooding—WFL, dry seeding and delayed flooding from around the 3-leaf stage—DFL, wet seeding and alternated wetting and drying from the tillering stage—AWD) and data further provided by the farm holder (agronomic inputs and economic costs for the three options) were used to assess their economic and environmental sustainability through an assessment procedure based on quantitative indicators. Interviews with rice growers in the area were used to identify barriers to the adoption of AWD and subsequently propose ways to overcome them. AWD proved to be economically viable and to reduce the irrigation need in the peak month (June) without significantly affecting rice yield or quality (cadmium and arsenic content in rice grain). Additionally, it guarantees the recharging of the phreatic aquifer in the first period of the irrigation season, while reducing the methane (CH4) emissions, facing another significant environmental challenge of rice cultivation. Rice growers in the region stated their willingness to adopt AWD, although they would need technical, technological and financial support. The assessment procedure adopted in this paper proved to be effective for comparing rice irrigation techniques and is available for further studies.

Stichworte: historische Zeitreihen; historische Statistik; histat / HISTAT . Das Ziel der Studie von Wilhelm Abel bestand darin, Preise, Löhne, die Grundrenten, die landwirtschaftlichen Erzeugnisse, die Bevölkerungsbewegung und die Lebenshaltung breiterer Schichten der Bevölkerung zu untersuchen, um der Antwort auf die Frage näher zu kommen, in welchem Ausmaß die Land- und Ernährungswirtschaft Mitteleuropas in den Jahrhunderten seit dem hohen Mittelalter die Aufgabe löste, Bedarf zu befriedigen. Die vorliegenden Preisdaten (Weizen- und Roggenpreise in Deutschland, Europa und Amerika) bilden eine wesentliche Grundlage seiner Untersuchung. Themen: Untergliederung der Studie (Tabellenliste ZA-Datenbank HISTAT):- Roggenpreise in Deutschland (1341-1940)- Weizenpreise und Roggenpreise in Europa und Amerika (1991-1830)- Weizenpreise und Roggenpreise in Mitteleuropa (1201-1960) Keywords; Search terms: historical time series; historical statistics; histat / HISTAT . Abstract: The author`s analysis explains to what extent the Central European agriculture and food industry has managed to satisfy the demand of the population in the centuries since the Middle Ages. For this purpose, the author collects and analyses prices, wages, rents, agricultural products, and population movements, as well as the costs of living of broad levels of the population. The price data at hand (prices of wheat and rye in Germany, Europe and America) provide a substantial basis for his analysis. On the basis of the long-term fluctuation of corn prices in England, France, Northern Italy, Germany and Austria, three waves of development can be identified: 1. An upswing in the 13th and partly also at the beginning of the 14th century is followed by a downswing in the late Middle Ages.2. Another upswing in the 16th century was interrupted in the 17th century;3. a third upswing in the 18th century dissolved in the 19th century into shorter and partly opposed movements that merge again only in the late 19th and 20th century. What do these waves mean? There are two approaches which could explain these developments:1. Such price fluctuations are the consequence of a fluctuating supply of money in the Central European economy.2. The rise in prices is caused by the growing demand of a rapidly growing population.On the one hand, the author verifies the ´laws of development´ by MALTHUS and RICARDO on the basis of the historical facts. On the other hand, the historical series of developments are interpreted by way of an appropriate scheme of terms and relations regarding their meaning.

Regression model for costs.

As of 2020, over two million companies were registered in the South and on the Islands of Italy, the largest amount nationwide. In North-West Italy, there were some 1.5 million firms, while the number of companies in the Central regions amounted to 1.3 million.