The share of American households owning at least one firearm has remained relatively steady since 1972, hovering between 37 percent and 47 percent. In 2023, about 42 percent of U.S. households had at least one gun in their possession.

Additional information on firearms in the United States

Firearms command a higher degree of cultural significance in the United States than any other country in the world. Since the inclusion of the right to bear arms in the second amendment to the constitution of the United States, firearms have held symbolic power beyond their already obvious material power. Despite many Americans being proud gun-owners, a large movement exists within the country in opposition to the freedom afforded to those in possession of these potentially deadly weapons.

Those opposed to current gun regulation have sourced their anger from the large number of deaths due to firearms in the country, as well as the high frequency of gun violence apparent in comparison the other developed countries. Furthermore, the United States has fallen victim to a number of mass shootings in the last two decades most of which have raised questions over the ease at which a person can obtain a firearm. Although this movement holds a significant position in the public political discourse of the United States, meaningful change in regards to the legislation dictating the ownership of firearms has not occurred. Critics have pointed to the influence possessed by the National Rifle Association through their lobbying of public officials. The National Rifle Association also lobby for the interests of firearm manufacturing in the United States which has continued to rise since a fall in the early 2000s.

This survey focuses on gun control. Issues addressed include governmental involvement in gun control, the Second Amendment to the Constitution, concealed weapon laws, production of firearms, waiting periods for purchasing weapons, restrictions on purchasing guns, support for the NRA, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, and personal use and knowledge of guns. Demographic data include marital status, religion, employment status, household composition, age, sex, education, race, income , party affiliation, and political ideology.

Eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems is a serious global issue. Stream nitrate concentrations at the University of Tokyo Chichibu Forest have increased since 2000 after the opening of the new highway in 1998. Nitrogen oxide emissions from automobile exhausts were the most likely source of increased nitrate input in the forest ecosystem. Around the area, the sika deer Cervus nippon Temminck population has greatly increased since around 2000 and intensively browsed the understory vegetation. We hypothesized that the degradation of the understory vegetation caused by the deer overpopulation was one of the causes of increased nitrate output. Monthly observations were carried out from April to October 2013 to investigate the understory vegetation at the heights of 0–30 and 100–150 cm above the ground inside (without deer) and outside (with deer) of a deer exclusion fence. Plant taxa and % coverage of each taxon at each layer were recorded. The in vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) (≈ nitrate assimilation rate) was determined for each plant taxa each month. Compared to inside the fence, the understory vegetation outside was poor with smaller % coverage and less diverse community structure, and was occupied by unpalatable plant taxa that were uncommon or absent inside the fence. Contrary to our expectation, the phylogenetic diversity of the community assemblage outside the fence showed greater evenness (less clustering) than inside. The NRA peaked in early in the season or late in the season. In contrast to a previous report, no significant difference in the NRA was found between woody and herbaceous plants. Although the difference was no more than that of vegetation coverage, the estimated community-level NRA inside the fence was 5.6 times higher than that of the outside. The difference was greatest early in the season. These results support our hypothesis.

Models and dataset needed to reproduce the case studies for the manuscript Constraint-based metabolic control analysis for rational strain engineering by S. Tsouka et al.

The code and software requirements to run simulations explained and available at: https://github.com/EPFL-LCSB/NRA and https://gitlab.com/realLCSB/nra

Models:

• Consistently reduced stoichiometric model of E. coli metabolism in the SBML format (from Kinetic models of metabolism that consider alternative steady-state solutions of intracellular fluxes and concentrations by Hameri et al. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2018.10.005): reducedD1Model_FBA.xml
• Thermodynamically curated model of E.coli metabolism in MATLAB's mat format (from Kinetic models of metabolism that consider alternative steady-state solutions of intracellular fluxes and concentrations by Hameri et al. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2018.10.005): D1_FDP1.mat

Datasets:

• Files containing various data and options used in the generation of control coefficients (dataInfo.mat, metSampDataD1_FDP1.mat)
• Files containing statistics for the previously generated population of 50'000 sets of flux and concentration control coefficients (raw data provided below as Supplementary datasets): CpaggDATA.mat (flux CCs), and CxaggDATA.mat (concentration CCs)
• Files containing the reference and 18 extreme sets of flux and concentration CCs used in the present study: CCforNRA_RXN_GLCptspp.mat (chosen through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on the GLCptspp parameter) and CCforNRA_RXN_PYRtex.mat (chosen through PCA based on the PYRtex parameter)
• Supplementary datasets 1-5, 50 files each containing 1000 sets of flux and concentration CCs, named as DataD1_FDP1xx.mat where xx ranges from 1-50. The files are available as:
  • Supplementary dataset 1: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4500807
  • Supplementary dataset 2: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4500874
  • Supplementary dataset 3: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4500971
  • Supplementary dataset 4: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4501050
  • Supplementary dataset 5: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4501147

Texas was the state with the highest number of registered weapons in the United States in 2021, with 1,006,555 firearms. Rhode Island, on the other hand, had the least, with 4,887 registered firearms.

Gun laws in the United States

Gun ownership in the U.S. is protected by the 2nd Amendment of the Constitution, which allows citizens to own firearms and form a militia if necessary.

Outside of the 2nd Amendment, gun laws in the U.S. vary from state to state, and gun owners are subject to the laws of the state they are currently in, not necessarily the state they live in. For example, if concealed carry is allowed in a gun owner’s state of residence, but not in the state they are travelling in, the owner is subject to the law of the state they are travelling in.

Civilian-owned firearms

The United States is estimated to have the highest rate of civilian-owned firearms in the world, and more than double that of Yemen, which has the second-highest gun ownership rate. Unfortunately, along with high gun ownership rates comes a higher number of homicides by firearm, which was about 10,258 homicides in 2019.

In 2022, around 13.4 million firearms were manufactured in the United States. While this number has generally increased from 1986, there was a significant spike in firearm production in the years following 2019. Firearm business in the U.S. The number of firearms the United States imports greatly exceeds the number of firearms the United States exports. The United States exports the most firearms to Saudi Arabia, as a result of the 2017 United States- Saudi Arabia arms deal, where Saudi Arabia agreed to purchase arms immediately from the U.S. totaling about 110 billion U.S. dollars, and purchasing a further 350 billion U.S. dollars worth of arms over the following ten years. Firearm ownership in the states The United States is the leading country in gun ownership. Wyoming was home to the highest rate of firearm ownership in the country, despite its low population. This can be attributed to Wyoming’s relaxed gun control laws, which allows residents over the age of 21 to possess a gun without a state permit, and they may carry a weapon openly or concealed without a license. Furthermore, even though Mississippi had one of the lowest rates of firearm ownership, it had the highest mortality rate due to firearms. Mississippi also has relaxed gun laws, which allows people to carry a concealed firearm without a license or permit.

This dataset deposits RSA and NRA QTL-associated genotype data and other source files as follows:1) TopAlleles of Illumina GoldenGate OPA 384-SNP panel (file: 11C13_GoldenGate_TopAlleles_384snps.xlsx).2) Illumina GoldenGate OPA and genotyping of the Corchorus olitorius Sudan Green x bast fibre-shy (bfs) mapping population. The genotype (.loc) file in a .csv format (as required by R/qtl, Broman et al. 2003) used for constructing a genetic map based on genic-SNPs (file: 11C13_GoldenGate_118snps_rqtl_loc_file.csv).3) Summary statistics of the genic-SNP linkage map together with transcripts and SNP details (file: 11C13_GoldenGate_genic_snp_map_rqtl.xlsx).4) The C. olitorius cv. JRO-524 (Navin) draft genome-integrated genetic map constructed by using the software Chromonomer v1.07 (Catchen et al. 2020)—the genotype .loc file (CHRR_11C13_llws01_genome_integrated_map.loc).5) The C. olitorius cv. JRO-524 (Navin) draft genome-integrated genetic map constructed by using the software Chromonomer v1.07 (Catchen et al. 2020)—the .map file (CHRR_11C13_llws01_genome_integrated_map.map).