Between the 1880s and the 1970s, the total number of strikes and lockouts saw an overall upward trend, while the number of workers involved rose until the Second World War, after which point it fluctuated. Compared to later years, the number of strikes were lowest in the late-19th century and again in the 1920s. While this was partly due to a smaller workforce and economic stability during these periods, it was also because there were fewer legal protections for workers who went on strike - as these protections improved over time, workers felt more secure in protesting. Workers rights in the U.S. As the industrial revolution progressed during the 19th century, the share of the U.S. workforce employed in manufacturing industries rose accordingly. Prior to this, labor movements and unions were generally viewed as detrimental to business and treated with disdain by authorities and business leaders - as industrialization changed the working landscape in the U.S., workers began to demand better wages and working conditions.

Apart from some movement on local and state level, it was not until the Great Depression when the federal government began to expand workers rights on a national level; this included a minimum wage, federal pensions, unemployment securities, and the right to unionize, among others. While these New Deal improvements did expand job security in some form for most workers, they did not completely remove discrimination in areas such as age, disability, gender, or race - it would take decades for legal protections to be expanded for workers belonging to these other groups. However, the 1970s and 1980s also saw the the government begin to strip away workers' rights on both state and national levels - deregulation was seen as the key to promoting enterprise, and this often involved dismantling labor unions and removing workers' rights.

In 2024, Hawaii had the highest rate of union membership among its working population, with 26.5 percent being a union member. The least unionized state was South Dakota, with a rate of 2.7 percent.

In 2023, state and local government workers who belonged to a union had better access to federal benefits than non-union members in every category. Almost all union members who worked in state and local government positions had access to retirement, medical care, and paid sick leave benefits.

Graph and download economic data for Employment Cost Index: Wages and salaries for Private industry workers in Union, service-providing industries (CIU202S000000510I) from Q1 2001 to Q1 2025 about ECI, salaries, workers, private industries, wages, services, private, industry, and USA.

Virgin Islands, U.S. - All Employees: Government in the U.S. Virgin Islands was 10.90000 Thous. of Persons in January of 2024, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Virgin Islands, U.S. - All Employees: Government in the U.S. Virgin Islands reached a record high of 14.00000 in January of 1996 and a record low of 10.50000 in January of 2018. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Virgin Islands, U.S. - All Employees: Government in the U.S. Virgin Islands - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

United States - Employment Cost Index: Wages and salaries for Private industry workers in All union workers was 173.40000 Index: Dec 2005=100 in January of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Employment Cost Index: Wages and salaries for Private industry workers in All union workers reached a record high of 173.40000 in January of 2025 and a record low of 86.50000 in January of 2001. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Employment Cost Index: Wages and salaries for Private industry workers in All union workers - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

The number of workers represented by a labor union in the United States has remained relatively steady among minority racial and ethnic groups in the United States, but has significantly decreased among white workers. The number of Hispanic and Latino workers represented by a union overtook the number of Black people represented in 2017.

The total number of union members in the United States can be found here.

United States - Employment Cost Index: Total compensation for Private industry workers in Union, service-providing industries was 181.30000 Index: Dec 2005=100 in January of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Employment Cost Index: Total compensation for Private industry workers in Union, service-providing industries reached a record high of 181.30000 in January of 2025 and a record low of 82.00000 in January of 2001. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Employment Cost Index: Total compensation for Private industry workers in Union, service-providing industries - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on June of 2025.

United States - Employment Cost Index: Wages and salaries for Private industry workers in Union, goods-producing industries was 161.90000 Index: Dec 2005=100 in January of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Employment Cost Index: Wages and salaries for Private industry workers in Union, goods-producing industries reached a record high of 161.90000 in January of 2025 and a record low of 87.20000 in January of 2001. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Employment Cost Index: Wages and salaries for Private industry workers in Union, goods-producing industries - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Mean Commuting Time for Workers (5-year estimate) in Union County, MS (B080ACS028145) from 2009 to 2023 about Union County, MS; commuting time; workers; MS; average; 5-year; and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Employment Cost Index: Total benefits for Private industry workers in All union workers (CIU2030000000510I) from Q1 2001 to Q1 2025 about ECI, benefits, workers, private industries, private, industry, and USA.

United States - Employment Cost Index: Wages and salaries for Private industry workers in Union, manufacturing was 161.30000 Index: Dec 2005=100 in January of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Employment Cost Index: Wages and salaries for Private industry workers in Union, manufacturing reached a record high of 161.30000 in January of 2025 and a record low of 87.30000 in January of 2001. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Employment Cost Index: Wages and salaries for Private industry workers in Union, manufacturing - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Employment Cost Index: Total compensation for Private industry workers in Union, service-providing industries (CIU201S000000510I) from Q1 2001 to Q1 2025 about ECI, compensation, workers, private industries, services, private, industry, and USA.

The number of workers in the United States who are represented by labor unions has been on the decline since 1983. There has been a net decline of around four million union members among the male population in the U.S. since 1983. Women, on the other hand, have seen an increase of around 700,000 members. The total number of union members in the United States can be found here.

Mean Commuting Time for Workers (5-year estimate) in Union Parish, LA was 33.01752 Minutes in January of 2023, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Mean Commuting Time for Workers (5-year estimate) in Union Parish, LA reached a record high of 34.45426 in January of 2016 and a record low of 29.06725 in January of 2011. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Mean Commuting Time for Workers (5-year estimate) in Union Parish, LA - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on June of 2025.

Different opinions on a particular topic can lead to central social conflicts. Especially if the controversial topic is politically relevant. Against this background, the study was interested in finding out which issues are particularly conflict-laden and thus polarizing. In addition, the focus was on the question of the extent to which different attitudes on a number of individual political and social issues can be traced back to more fundamental attitudes and circumstances and thus explained. In addition to demographic characteristics and East-West affiliation, three other dimensions of polarization play a central role: socio-economic status, modern social image and institutional trust.

Polarizing issues: most important or Second most important problem in Germany; perception and relevance of the loss of German values; perception and relevance of social (in)justice; perception of social cohesion; development of social cohesion; perception of social conflicts between different social groups (poor and rich, employers and employees, young and old, foreigners and Germans, East Germans and West Germans, women and men); assessment of the state of society; perception and relevance of educational equality; perception, relevance and speed of globalisation; perception and relevance of digitisation; perception of foreigners as cultural enrichment or as a danger of over-alienation; perception and relevance of the equality of same-sex marriage; perception and relevance of all-day care opportunities; perception and relevance of refugee policy; personal advantages or disadvantages due to refugees; assumption of Germany´s responsibility in world politics; future development of the EU (preference for stronger cooperation between member states vs. more autonomy).

Circumstances: political interest; party sympathy; assessment of one´s own economic situation; assessment of one´s own future economic situation; sense of justice in relation to one´s own share; optimism for the future personally and generally in Germany; satisfaction with democracy; democracy as a good form of government; dispute over important political issues (generally and in the personal environment); understanding of most people for other political opinions; assessment of the social situation; job security.

Institutional trust: trust in courts, trade unions, churches, police, federal government, politicians and political parties; credibility of public television channels and major daily newspapers; right people in leadership positions; opinion on participation and representation (politicians do not care what people think, politics too complicated, no personal influence on government action, parties all the same).

Demography: sex; age; region; highest school leaving certificate; desired school leaving certificate; university degree; employment status; occupational status; unemployment since 1990; length of unemployment; household size; number of persons in the household from 18 years of age; trade union member in the household; denomination; frequency of churchgoing; number of landline telephone numbers at home; mobile phone ownership; total number of mobile phone numbers; only mobile: interview at home or elsewhere; additional landline number (homezone) on the mobile phone; landline at home; additional mobile phone number.

Additionally coded: federal state of eligibility to vote; district Berlin West/ East; city size; weighting factors.

Mean Commuting Time for Workers (5-year estimate) in Union County, NJ was 30.70139 Minutes in January of 2023, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Mean Commuting Time for Workers (5-year estimate) in Union County, NJ reached a record high of 31.69465 in January of 2019 and a record low of 27.39753 in January of 2009. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Mean Commuting Time for Workers (5-year estimate) in Union County, NJ - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

This dataset provides quarterly personal income estimates for State of Iowa produced by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis . Data includes the following estimates: personal income, per capita personal income, proprietors' income, farm proprietors' income, compensation of employees and private nonfarm earnings, compensation, and wages and salaries for wholesale trade. Personal income, proprietors' income, and farm proprietors' income available beginning 1997; per capita personal income available beginning 2010; and all other data beginning 1998.

Personal income is defined as the sum of wages and salaries, supplements to wages and salaries, proprietors’ income, dividends, interest, and rent, and personal current transfer receipts, less contributions for government social insurance. Personal income for Iowa is the income received by, or on behalf of all persons residing in Iowa, regardless of the duration of residence, except for foreign nationals employed by their home governments in Iowa. Per capita personal income is personal income divided by the Census Bureau’s midquarter population estimates.

Proprietors' income is the current-production income (including income in kind) of sole proprietorships, partnerships, and tax-exempt cooperatives. Corporate directors' fees are included in proprietors' income. Proprietors' income includes the interest income received by financial partnerships and the net rental real estate income of those partnerships primarily engaged in the real estate business.

Farm proprietors’ income as measured for personal income reflects returns from current production; it does not measure current cash flows. Sales out of inventories are included in current gross farm income, but they are excluded from net farm income because they represent income from a previous year’s production.

Compensation to employees is the total remuneration, both monetary and in kind, payable by employers to employees in return for their work during the period. It consists of wages and salaries and of supplements to wages and salaries. Compensation is presented on an accrual basis - that is, it reflects compensation liabilities incurred by the employer in a given period regardless of when the compensation is actually received by the employee.

Private nonfarm earnings is the sum of wages and salaries, supplements to wages and salaries, and nonfarm proprietors' income, excluding farm and government.

Private nonfarm wages and salaries is wages and salaries excluding farm and government. Wages and salaries is the remuneration receivable by employees (including corporate officers) from employers for the provision of labor services. It includes commissions, tips, and bonuses; employee gains from exercising stock options; and pay-in-kind. Judicial fees paid to jurors and witnesses are classified as wages and salaries. Wages and salaries are measured before deductions, such as social security contributions, union dues, and voluntary employee contributions to defined contribution pension plans.

More terms and definitions are available on https://apps.bea.gov/regional/definitions/.

This dataset covers ballots 255-60, and 262-63, spanning January, March, May, July, September-October, and December 1957. The dataset contains the data resulting from these polls in ASCII. The ballots are as follows: 255 - January This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians mainly on current events and news issues. Some of this poll's question were also intended to ascertain respondents' political opinions. Respondents were asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic, demographic and social variables as well. Topics of interest include: alcohol consumption; beer sales in grocery stores; beverage consumption; Canadian Arts Council; car ownership; federal election; government funding for art; immigration policy; interesting things done by people; New Years resolutions; the most important world event; preferred political parties; predictions for 1957; prohibition of alcohol; railway workers strike; public utilities strike; television ownership; temperament; union membership; voting behaviour; and winter vacations. Basic demographics variables are also included. 256 - March This Gallup poll seeks to obtain the views of Canadians on current issues of national importance. Included are questions on labour unions, religion, and activities people do and feel should be allowed on Sundays. Respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic, demographic, and social variables. Topics of interest include: belief in the New Testament; car ownership; the federal election; the ideal number of children; labour union criticisms; whether newspapers should be allowed on Sunday; old age pension amounts; whether organized sports should be allowed on Sunday; preferred political parties; physical exam requirements to be able to drive a vehicle; religious influence; Sunday activities; whether theatres should be allowed to be open on Sunday; union membership; the influence of the United Nations, and voting behaviour. Basic demographics variables are also included. 257 - May This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians on issues of importance to the government and to the country. Included are questions regarding voting patterns and elections, America's influence over Canada, and travelling habits of Canadians. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic, demographic and social variables. Topics of interest include: the 35 hour work week; America's influence over Canada; the church's refusal to wed divorcees; the cost of taking a trip; the federal election; foreign policy; preferred political parties; the purpose of taking a trip; tax cuts; union membership; transportation used to take a trip; and voting behaviour. Basic demographics variables are also included. 258 - May This Gallup poll aims to collect the opinions of Canadians on issues of importance to the country and to the government. This survey focuses on mostly political topics, such as elections and voting, and the influence of the United States over Canada. Respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic, demographic, and social variables. Topics of interest include: American investment in Canada, the American lifestyle; Canada's dependence on the United States, the federal election; financial dependence on the United States; government policy; how hard people work; religious services; Sunday school; union membership; and voting behaviour. Basic demographics variables are also included. 259 - July This Gallup poll seeks to collect the opinions of Canadians. The majority of questions either deal directly with politics or the Federal election that was held in the month before this poll. Questions also inquire about voting patterns and issues that affect how respondents vote. Respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic, demographic, and social variables. Topics of interest include: whether respondents have been in a small boat recently; car ownership; Dr. Salk's polio vaccination; government priorities; John Diefenbaker; Louis St. Laurent; preferred political party; predictions and opinions for the next federal election; Progressive Conservative party; the Queen's visit to Ottawa; reactions to the federal election results; smoking habits and quitting; swimming ability; union membership; voting behaviour; and why the Conservatives won the federal election. Basic demographics variables are also included. 260 - September: first sample with 1223 respondents This Gallup poll is interested in collecting Canadians' opinions. The predominant subject of the survey questions is politics, including everything from the Queen to nuclear weapons testing and fallout. There were also questions asked to help group the respondents according to geographic, demographic, and social variables. Topics of interest include: A-bomb testing; American television programs; awareness of cabinet ministers; the British Commonwealth as a trading partner; Canadian television programmes; car ownership; federal elections; Governor General preference; H-bomb testing; inflation and high prices; job-type preference; John Diefenbaker's performance as Prime Minister; Louis St. Laurent's successor; nuclear weapons and fallout; performance of the advisors to the Queen; Russia's foreign policy objectives; speeches given by the Queen; television ownership; union membership; the United States as a trading partner; and voting behaviours. Basic demographics variables are also included. 260-c2 - September: same as above; second sample with 952 respondents 262 - October This Gallup poll seeks to collect the opinions of Canadians on important political issues, both in Canada and abroad. The major political issues discussed within Canada include prices, defence and unemployment, although lighter issues such as advertising and how spare time is spent are also discussed. Respondents were also asked questions so that they could be classified according to geographic, demographic and social variables. Basic demographics variables are also included. 263 - December This Gallup poll seeks to collect the opinions of Canadians on important political issues, both in Canada and abroad. The major political issues discussed within Canada include prices, defence and unemployment, although lighter issues such as advertising and how spare time is spent are also discussed. Respondents were also asked questions so that they could be classified according to geographic, demographic and social variables. The topics of interest include: whether advertisements are believable or not; the Arab Israeli conflict in Palestine; car ownership; the Conservative party; defense policy; the federal election; government control of schools; how spare time is spent; John Diefenbaker's performance as Prime Minister; the number of jobs held by respondents; preferred political parties; price trends; Unemployment rates; union membership; and voting behaviour. Basic demographics variables are also included. The codebook for this dataset is available through the UBC Library catalogue, with call number HN110.Z9 P84.

Mean Commuting Time for Workers (5-year estimate) in Union County, KY was 22.68277 Minutes in January of 2023, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Mean Commuting Time for Workers (5-year estimate) in Union County, KY reached a record high of 24.65626 in January of 2021 and a record low of 19.65402 in January of 2016. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Mean Commuting Time for Workers (5-year estimate) in Union County, KY - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.