In the United States, about 2.71 million children lived in a household with their grandmother and grandfather. In 2023, 568,000 children under the age of three lived in a household where both a grandmother and grandfather were present.

Current situation in life and ways of life. Social relations and courses of life. Topics: 1. Children: number of siblings; position in sibling sequence; sex of siblings; growing up with both parents or with single-parent; divorce or other reasons for separation of parents; social origins; educational goals; detailed information for every child on date of birth, sex, status, place of stay, school attendance, attendance at a kindergarten, vocational training and child care after school; desired number of children; living together with a partner; living separately; year of separation; right to support or personal obligation to pay; regularity of payments deposited. 2. Partner biography: steady partnership; detailed information for every partnership regarding: time of getting to know each other, start of actual partnership, start of living together in a residence, number of common children, age difference of partners, original marital status and school degree of partner, differences in nationality, date of marriage and continued existence of partner relation as well as point in time and manner of termination of the relation; difficulties in the partnership; thoughts of divorce; conversation with friends or partner as well as a lawyer about a possible divorce. 3. Questions on social net: person to confide in; persons with whom meals are regularly eaten and to whom emotional relations exist; persons from whom financial support is received or to whom it is given; leisure partner; sex, type of relation, distance to residence and frequency of contact with persons of one´s social surroundings; relation with friends and acquaintances (scale); number of living grandparents. 4. School, training and employment: year of starting school; year of school degree; time of first taking up an occupational activity and complete specification of professional career; current employment status; number of hours each week; temporary employment; work orientation (scale); raising children and employment; information on number of siblings, number of grandchildren, number of grandparents, employment, professional position and number of hours each week of spouse; division of tasks in the partnership; attitude to marriage (scale); estimated weekly effort for activities for family and household; attitude to children (scale); religiousness; postmaterialism; residential status; inheritance or purchase of real estate; gift received to acquire real estate; monthly rent or housing costs; floor space; number of rooms; number of children´s rooms; age at leaving parental home; length of residence; state of parental home; information on infrastructure available in one´s residential area and use of these facilities; presence and use of facilities for children in the immediate vicinity of one´s residence; members of household as recipients of government transfer payments such as earnings-related unemployment benefit, housing benefit or child benefit; household income; regular savings amount; annual construction savings amount; having debts and amount of debt; right to support for children; regularity of payments to child; utilization of social aid and counseling measures; looking after persons in need of care in household; family relation with these persons and weekly number of hours expended for this; support in care by social services or further persons; care activities besides housekeeping and employment; self-assessment of condition of health.

Current life situation and ways of life. Social relations and courses of life. Topics: 1. Children: number of siblings; position in sibling sequence; sex of siblings; growing up with both parents or with single-parent; divorce or other reasons for separation of parents; social origins; child-raising goals; desired number of children. 2. Partner biography: living together with a partner; living separately; year of separation; right to support; regularity of payments deposited; firm partnership; difficulties in partnership; thoughts of divorce; talks with friends or partner as well as a lawyer about a possible divorce. 3. Questions on social net: person to confide in; persons with whom one regularly has meals and to whom emotional relations exist; person from whom financial support is received or to whom provided; leisure partner; sex, type of relation, distance to residence and frequency of contact with persons of one's social surroundings; closeness and relation with other people and friends (scale); number of living grandparents. 4. School, training and employment: year of starting school; year of completion of school; time of first taking up occupational activity and complete information on professional career; current employment status; looking for work; hours worked each week; temporary work; work orientation (scale); most important criteria for choice of occupation (scale); child-raising and employment; information on number of siblings, number of grandchildren, number of grandparents, employment, occupational position and hours worked each week of spouse; division of tasks in the partnership and distribution of decision-making power; attitude to marriage (scale); characterization of partner relation (scale); estimated weekly effort for activities for family and household; attitude to children (scale); religiousness; postmaterialism; residential status; inheritance or purchase of real estate; gift received to purchase real estate; monthly rent or housing costs; floor space; number of rooms; number of children's rooms; age at leaving parental home; duration of residence; state of parental home; information on infrastructure available in one's residential area and use of these facilities; presence and use of facilities for children in the immediate vicinity of one's residence; members of the household as recipients of governmental transfer payments such as unemployment benefit, housing benefit or child benefit; household income; regular savings amount; annual construction savings amount; having debt and amount; right to support for children; regularity of payments for the child; utilization of social aid and counseling measures; looking after persons in need of care in the household; family relation with these persons and number of hours expended weekly for this; support in the care from social services or further persons; care activities along with housekeeping and employment; self-assessment of condition of health; frequency of leisure activities; desire for children. Demography: sex; multi-generation family; family cycle; household size; composition of household; employment situation of man and woman; steady partnership and living together with a partner; second residence; number of hours each week; working time arrangement; flex-time; work according to instructions or independently; income sources; household net income; expenditure areas in which soonest restrictions would be possible; family events that have occurred and problems and intensity of stress perceived from them; use of means of contraception; reasons for non-use; person deciding about use of means of contraception; year of birth; month of birth; district code; state.

Sample of women between the ages of 18 to 55 years

Current life situation and ways of life. Social relations and courses of life. Topics: 1. Children: number of siblings; sex of siblings; growing up with both parents or single-parent; divorce or other reasons for separation of parents; social origins; child-raising goals; number of children; desired number of children; living together with a partner; living separately; year of separation; right to support or personal payment obligations; regularity of payments deposited. 2. Partnership: steady partnership; judgement on living together with partner and quality of partnership (scale); division of decision-making authority in partnership. 3. Questions on social net: person to confide in; persons with whom one regularly has meals and to whom emotional relations exist; persons from whom one receives financial support or whom one supports; leisure partner; number of living grandparents. 4. School, training and employment: year and month of birth; year of school completion; time of first taking up occupational activity and complete information on professional career; current employment status; number of hours each week; temporary work; work orientation (scale); child-raising and employment; information on number of siblings, number of grandchildren, number of grandparents, employment, occupational position and number of hours each week of spouse; division of tasks in partnership; attitude to marriage (scale); estimated weekly effort for activities for family and household; attitude to children (scale); religious denomination; religiousness; postmaterialism; residential status; monthly rent or housing costs; floor space; number of rooms; number of children's rooms; information on infrastructure available in one's residential area and use of these facilities; presence and use of facilities for children in the immediate vicinity of one's residence; household income; income sources; possession of assets; right to support for children; regularity of payments; arrangement for child care; looking after persons in need of care in the household; self-assessment of condition of health; problems occurring in daily life in the family and occupation and perceived stress from this (scale); contraception; person using and deciding about contraception; marriage duration, number of relatives; household size; perceived family; occupational situation of man and woman. Additionally there are various indices in the dataset: family cycle; family form; forms of child-raising; marriage; children as burden, as benefit; postmaterialism; partnership after Featherman; infrastructure; distance to various relatives; income per person. Also encoded was: state and district code. Aktuelle Lebenssituation und Lebensformen. Soziale Beziehungen und Lebensverläufe. Themen: 1. Kinder: Geschwisterzahl; Geschlecht der Geschwister; Aufwachsen bei beiden Elternteilen oder bei alleinerziehenden Elternteilen; Scheidung oder andere Gründe für die Trennung der Eltern; soziale Herkunft; Erziehungsziele; Kinderzahl; gewünschte Kinderzahl; Zusammenleben mit einem Partner; getrenntlebend; Jahr der Trennung; Anspruch auf Unterhaltsgeld oder eigene Zahlungsverpflichtungen; Regelmäßigkeit der eingehenden Zahlungen. 2. Partnerschaft: Feste Partnerschaft; Beurteilung des Zusammenlebens mit dem Partner und der Qualität der Partnerschaft (Skala); Aufteilung der Entscheidungsbefugnisse in der Partnerschaft. 3. Fragen zum sozialen Netz: Vertrauensperson; Personen, mit denen regelmäßig Mahlzeiten eingenommen werden und zu denen gefühlsmäßige Beziehungen bestehen; Personen, von denen eine finanzielle Unterstützung erhalten bzw. an die eine solche gegeben wird; Freizeitpartner; Anzahl der lebenden Großeltern. 4. Schule, Ausbildung und Erwerbstätigkeit: Geburtsjahr und Geburtsmonat; Jahr des Schulabschlusses; Zeitpunkt der ersten Aufnahme einer beruflichen Tätigkeit und lückenlose Angabe der beruflichen Karriere; derzeitiger Erwerbsstatus; Wochenstundenzahl; befristetes Arbeitsverhältnis; Arbeitsorientierung (Skala); Kindererziehung und Berufstätigkeit; Angaben über die Geschwisterzahl, Enkelzahl, Großelternzahl, Erwerbstätigkeit, berufliche Position und Wochenstundenzahl des Ehepartners; Aufgabenteilung in der Partnerschaft; Einstellung zur Ehe (Skala); geschätzter wöchentlicher Aufwand für Familien- und Haushaltstätigkeiten; Einstellung zu Kindern (Skala); Konfession; Religiosität; Postmaterialismus; Wohnstatus; monatliche Miet- bzw. Wohnungskosten; Wohnfläche; Zimmerzahl; Anzahl der Kinderzimmer; Angaben über die Infrastrukturversorgung der Wohngegend und Nutzung dieser Einrichtungen; Vorhandensein und Nutzung von Einrichtungen für Kinder in der näheren Umgebung der Wohnung; Haushaltseinkommen; Einkommensquellen; Vermögensbesitz; Unterhaltsansprüche für Kinder; Regelmäßigkeit des Zahlungseingangs; Kinderbetreuungsregelung; Betreuung pflegebedürftiger Personen im Haushalt; Selbsteinschätzung des Gesundheitszustands; aufgetretene Probleme im familiären und beruflichen Alltag und dadurch empfundene Belastung (Skala); Verhütung; Anwender und Entscheider über die Verhütung; Ehedauer, Anzahl der Verwandten; Haushaltsgröße; wahrgenommene Familie; Berufssituation von Mann und Frau. Zusätzlich im Datensatz sind verschiedene Indizes: Familienzyklus; Familienform; Erziehungsformen; Ehe; Kinder als Last, als Nutzen; Postmaterialismus; Partnerschaft nach Featherman; Infrastruktur; Entfernung zu verschiedenen Verwandten; Pro-Kopf-Einkommen. Zusätzlich verkodet wurden: Bundesland und Kreiskennziffer. Five different surveys with different samples. The details are noted with the individual studies. See the references under further remarks. Fünf verschiedene Erhebungen mit unterschiedlichen Stichproben. Die Details sind bei den Einzelstudien vermerkt. Siehe die Verweise unter weitere Hinweise.

Family ways of life in the new states. Situation in life, occupation and partner biography up to now, moral orientations as well as attitude to children. Topics: Number of siblings; growing up with parents; divorce as reason for separation of parents; social origins; preference for a baby year with subsequent nursery care or extension of the baby year to three years; extension of the baby year or job guarantee; attitude to the role of women between raising children and employment (scale); importance of educational goals (scale); desire for children; living together with spouse; separation year; firm partnership; living together with a partner. Partner biography: detailed information on first to fourth or last partner relation; year of meeting and start of partnership; living together with partner in common residence; year of moving together; common children; positive or negative age difference with partner; marital status of partner at start of relation; social origins of partner; same religious denomination of partners; marriage and year of marriage; stability of partner relation or year of termination; year of death or year of separation or divorce; year of giving up common residence; reference persons or conversation partners for personal things; meal partners; person with whom one has a very close instinctive tie; providing financial support to others or receipt of such support; leisure partner; co-residents in main place of residence and as appropriate at a secondary residence; age, sex, degree of relation, frequency of contact and distance to these persons; number of living brothers, sisters, grandchildren and grandparents; year of birth and month of birth of respondent; detailed information on education and occupational training; conclusion of education and time of taking up first employment; career course; year of discontinuation of employment; time worked each week at the start of occupational life; time of changes of time worked each week; start, end, length and reasons for interruptions of employment; search for work; work on weekends and shift work; working according to instructions or working independently; limited employment; most important criteria in choice of occupation (scale); opinion on employment of women; division of child care as well as housework between the two partners (scale); decision-maker with selected purchase decisions as well as in family matters; significance of marriage for the partner and children (scale); number of hours each week for raising children and housework; attitude to children (scale); religiousness; postmaterialism; frequency of selected leisure activities; residential status; year of construction and condition of building; characterization of residential furnishings; total costs for residence; living space; number of rooms; number of children´s room; description of infrastructure of residential area and presence of kindergarten, nursery, playground etc.; information on all sources of income; most important source of income; official right of a child to support payments; regularity of payments deposited; personal stress from particular events in the last year, such as e.g. death, family problems, legal disputes, problems with authorities, unemployment and partner problems; looking after persons in need of care; family relation and weekly time expended for the care; self-classification of condition of health. The following information on spouse/partner of respondent: number of living brothers, sisters, grandchildren and grandparents; occupational position; time worked each week; arrangement of working hours on working days and weekends as well as shift work; search for employment. The following form was filled out by the respondent in writing: characterization of partner relation (scale); user and use of contraceptives; reasons for use of contraceptives. With families with children the following additional detailed information was recorded on all children: date of birth, sex, legal status; time period of living together with family; school attendance; education and institutions or persons looking after the children; desired number of children.

Urban Parents’ Parenting Challenges Survey Data Dataset Name: Urban Parents’ Parenting Challenges Survey Data Abstract: This dataset contains survey data on the challenges faced by urban parents in China in raising children aged 2-6 years. The data aims to understand the primary challenges faced by parents, the demographic factors affecting these challenges, and the strategies parents typically use to seek support. Data Collection Method: The data was collected via an online survey conducted from July 2023 to December 2023. Data Structure: File Format: CSV Rows: Each row represents the response of a single participant. Columns: Includes variables such as respondent ID, grade, gender, birth order, parental ages, socioeconomic status (SES), and 16 parenting challenge scores. Variable Descriptions: id: Unique identifier for each respondent. Birth Order: 1 for first-born, 2 for not first-born. Child’s Gender: Gender of the child. Kindergarten Grade: 3 for lower grade, 4 for middle grade, 5 for upper grade. Grandparent Involvement: Indicates whether grandparents are involved in childcare, 1 for involved, 0 for not involved. Maternal Age, Paternal Age: 1 for

These data were collected as part of an ESRC study exploring the experiences of adopted adults who were now parents, and adoptive parents who had become grandparents. The aim was to better understand the long term impact of adoption on adopted people and adoptive parents, including the arrival of the next generation (children of adopted people). Parents and grandparents were interviewed using a 'life story' interview method (adapted from the work of Dan McAdams) where participants gave an account of their whole life, including adoption and becoming a parent/grandparent. This method generated very rich data about how people viewed their whole life and the role of adoption in their life, with interviews lasting from 1-5 hours. The archive consists of the anonymised transcripts of in-depth interviews with the two groups of participants: (1) 38 people who were adopted as children and who have now become parents (20 mothers and 18 fathers, age range 21-54 years, mean = 33. Age at adoption varied from 0-12, with 60% being adopted over age 1 - median 1.5 years, mean 3.2 years). (2) 43 adoptive parents who are now grandparents through their adopted child/ren (23 grandmothers and 20 grandfathers, age range 47-75 years). This is almost the full dataset from the project - only 2 fathers withheld consent for their transcript to go in the archive. NB adopted adults are described as mothers or fathers; adoptive parents are described as grandmothers or grandfathers. Almost all participants were living in England and had adopted/been adopted in England. Small numbers were living in Scotland or Wales. Interviews took place in 2019-2020. Also archived is data about the demographics of the participants. About half the sample consisted of 'linked' cases - where more than one member of a family had taken part, and information is given about which interviews are linked to each other. Finally, study materials are archived (leaflets, information and debrief sheets, interview schedules, demographic data collection form, consent form).

For 20 years UK policy has encouraged the adoption of children from care, and tens of thousands are now of an age where they could become a parent. This compulsory form of adoption is controversial at home and abroad and it is vital to fully research the lifespan effects - including what happens when adoptees become parents to the next generation. A child's birth is a key event in any family, bringing joys and challenges. This study will provide a new understanding of the lived experiences and needs of people adopted from care who are now parents, and of adoptive parents who are now grandparents. It will inform support to help adopted young people to prepare for parenthood, promote their resilience, and support them as parents. The majority of children adopted from care will have experienced early adversities such as loss, abuse and neglect. Adoption offers permanence in a new family, but even so about half of adopted young people are likely to have psychological problems which carry on into adulthood. Studies of vulnerable parents (e.g. care leavers) show they are at risk of early parenthood, parenting difficulties, even their own children going into care. But for some, having a child is a positive choice and a healing experience. This study will explore the positives and the challenges of becoming a parent from the perspective of people adopted from care. The concept of 'resilience' (healthy development after exposure to risk) is key and the risk and protective factors that can affect resilience in the context of parenting will be a central focus. This study will also shine a light on the lifelong identity issues for adopted people. For adoptees, building identity can be hampered by gaps in their known life history, feelings of being different or stigmatised, and a lack of connection with birth relatives. Becoming a parent can stir up identity concerns and trigger a search for birth family, but these issues are unexplored for people adopted from care, many of whom will have retained some form of contact with birth relatives. We will explore how adopted people make meaning of their whole life history, including being adopted and being a parent, adding to our understanding of narrative identity development for adoptees in adulthood. The research will also include the perspective of parents who adopted a child from care and who are now grandparents. Adoption has lifelong implications for adopters too, but there is no research on the grandparenting stage of family life in 'from care' adoptions. Because of the ongoing vulnerability of many young people adopted from care, it is important to include grandparents because they may be providing vital support to their child and grandchild. In-depth interview data from 40 adopted people who are now parents (20 men, 20 women), and 40 adoptive parents who are now grandparents will be collected and the sample will include a mixture of linked...