Out of the ******* health professionals in the Philippines, the majority of them were registered nurses, or equivalent to ****** as of December 2022. Meanwhile, there were ****** midwives and ****** physicians in the same period.

As of ****************, nurses made up nearly half of the number of healthcare workers in the Philippines, accounting for ***** thousand out of approximately ****** thousand health professionals. Meanwhile, midwives and physicians totaled respectively ***** percent and ***** percent of total healthcare staff across the country as of this date.

In 2022, there were over ******* healthcare workers and professionals in the Philippines, indicating an increase from the previous year. This includes Professional Regulation Commission (PRC)-registered and licensed medical and allied health professionals. The number of healthcare workers in the country fluctuated over the observed period.

As of December 2022, the most number of healthcare professionals in the Philippines were working at public hospitals — totaling ****** workers. Meanwhile, there were about ****** medical workers at primary health care facilities. The number of healthcare workers in the country fluctuated over the observed period.

Philippines PH: Nurses and Midwives: per 1000 People data was reported at 0.240 Ratio in 2015. This records a decrease from the previous number of 5.774 Ratio for 2004. Philippines PH: Nurses and Midwives: per 1000 People data is updated yearly, averaging 3.923 Ratio from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2015, with 4 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.916 Ratio in 2002 and a record low of 0.240 Ratio in 2015. Philippines PH: Nurses and Midwives: per 1000 People data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Philippines – Table PH.World Bank: Health Statistics. Nurses and midwives include professional nurses, professional midwives, auxiliary nurses, auxiliary midwives, enrolled nurses, enrolled midwives and other associated personnel, such as dental nurses and primary care nurses.; ; World Health Organization's Global Health Workforce Statistics, OECD, supplemented by country data.; Weighted average;

To estimate county of residence of Filipinx healthcare workers who died of COVID-19, we retrieved data from the Kanlungan website during the month of December 2020.22 In deciding who to include on the website, the AF3IRM team that established the Kanlungan website set two standards in data collection. First, the team found at least one source explicitly stating that the fallen healthcare worker was of Philippine ancestry; this was mostly media articles or obituaries sharing the life stories of the deceased. In a few cases, the confirmation came directly from the deceased healthcare worker's family member who submitted a tribute. Second, the team required a minimum of two sources to identify and announce fallen healthcare workers. We retrieved 86 US tributes from Kanlungan, but only 81 of them had information on county of residence. In total, 45 US counties with at least one reported tribute to a Filipinx healthcare worker who died of COVID-19 were identified for analysis and will hereafter be referred to as “Kanlungan counties.” Mortality data by county, race, and ethnicity came from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).24 Updated weekly, this dataset is based on vital statistics data for use in conducting public health surveillance in near real time to provide provisional mortality estimates based on data received and processed by a specified cutoff date, before data are finalized and publicly released.25 We used the data released on December 30, 2020, which included provisional COVID-19 death counts from February 1, 2020 to December 26, 2020—during the height of the pandemic and prior to COVID-19 vaccines being available—for counties with at least 100 total COVID-19 deaths. During this time period, 501 counties (15.9% of the total 3,142 counties in all 50 states and Washington DC)26 met this criterion. Data on COVID-19 deaths were available for six major racial/ethnic groups: Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native, Non-Hispanic Asian (hereafter referred to as Asian American), and Hispanic. People with more than one race, and those with unknown race were included in the “Other” category. NCHS suppressed county-level data by race and ethnicity if death counts are less than 10. In total, 133 US counties reported COVID-19 mortality data for Asian Americans. These data were used to calculate the percentage of all COVID-19 decedents in the county who were Asian American. We used data from the 2018 American Community Survey (ACS) five-year estimates, downloaded from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) to create county-level population demographic variables.27 IPUMS is publicly available, and the database integrates samples using ACS data from 2000 to the present using a high degree of precision.27 We applied survey weights to calculate the following variables at the county-level: median age among Asian Americans, average income to poverty ratio among Asian Americans, the percentage of the county population that is Filipinx, and the percentage of healthcare workers in the county who are Filipinx. Healthcare workers encompassed all healthcare practitioners, technical occupations, and healthcare service occupations, including nurse practitioners, physicians, surgeons, dentists, physical therapists, home health aides, personal care aides, and other medical technicians and healthcare support workers. County-level data were available for 107 out of the 133 counties (80.5%) that had NCHS data on the distribution of COVID-19 deaths among Asian Americans, and 96 counties (72.2%) with Asian American healthcare workforce data. The ACS 2018 five-year estimates were also the source of county-level percentage of the Asian American population (alone or in combination) who are Filipinx.8 In addition, the ACS provided county-level population counts26 to calculate population density (people per 1,000 people per square mile), estimated by dividing the total population by the county area, then dividing by 1,000 people. The county area was calculated in ArcGIS 10.7.1 using the county boundary shapefile and projected to Albers equal area conic (for counties in the US contiguous states), Hawai’i Albers Equal Area Conic (for Hawai’i counties), and Alaska Albers Equal Area Conic (for Alaska counties).20

This project investigated various routes of entry to the UK of labour migrants coming from a single source country. Additionally, face-to-face interviews were conducted with recruiters, experts and healthcare professionals involved in training and administration in the Philippines. A total of 73 transcripts were compiled, 19 from care home assistants/nurses, 19 from domestic workers, 18 from hospital nurses, 13 from Philippine fieldwork (including student nurses), 2 from UK based recruitment agencies, 1 from a migrant organisation and 1 from a UK care home. Data and literature on health worker emigration patterns were gathered from local research bodies. The mission of the Centre is to provide a strategic, integrated approach to understanding contemporary and future migration dynamics across sending areas and receiving contexts in the UK and EU. In 2003, Filipinos made up the largest and most visible group of internationally recruited nurses in the UK. Of roughly 13,000 overseas nationals registered with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) that year, around 5,600, or almost half, came from the Philippines. They also figured prominently in private care homes and in the provision of care in private households. While there are various nationalities contributing to the care workforce, this project narrowed its focus on care workers from the Philippines due to it being a sector that is heavily segmented by ‘race,’ nationality, as well as immigration status. Focusing on one nationality also allowed us to investigate various routes of entry in the UK of labour migrants coming from a single source country. Additionally, fieldwork was carried out in the Philippines between November and December 2004 in order to asses the effect of nursing and care work recruitment from the sending country perspective. A series of interviews were conducted with recruiters, academics, experts and healthcare professionals involved in training and administration. Data and literature on health worker emigration patterns were gathered from local research bodies. The following findings were observed: (1) Many care workers arrived in the UK via other countries, highlighting the wide scope of multinational recruitment agencies. (2) Filipino care workers arriving via Singapore and the Middle East tended to enter via student visas, but employers assigned them more work than their immigration status allowed (they worked 35-40 hours compared to the regulated 20 hours) (3) Nurses working in care homes experienced more difficulty applying for registration, and were in some cases discouraged by employers. (4) Regulatory conditions differ significantly between public and private care providers. Recruitment to private nursing homes is particularly unregulated. 73 face-to-face interviews were conducted and transcribed from 19 care home assistants/nurses, 19 domestic workers, 18 hospital nurses, 13 Philippine fieldwork (including student nurses), 2 UK based recruitment agencies, a migrant organisation and a UK care home. No sampling method was used, it was totally universe. Data and literature on health worker emigration patterns were gather from local research bodies.

In 2024, there were over ***** newly hired nursing professionals from the Philippines deployed to work overseas, indicating a decline from the previous year. Saudi Arabia was the leading country of deployment for Filipino nurses in 2020.

Density of nursing and midwifery personnel of Philippines decreased by 0.44% from 4.8 number per thousand population in 2020 to 4.8 number per thousand population in 2021. Since the 0.71% rise in 2019, density of nursing and midwifery personnel fell by 1.10% in 2021.

The average for 2020 based on 27 countries was 3.56 doctors per 1,000 people. The highest value was in Austria: 5.35 doctors per 1,000 people and the lowest value was in Brazil: 2.05 doctors per 1,000 people. The indicator is available from 1960 to 2021. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

Philippines PH: Births Attended by Skilled Health Staff: % of Total data was reported at 72.800 % in 2013. This records an increase from the previous number of 72.200 % for 2011. Philippines PH: Births Attended by Skilled Health Staff: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 58.900 % from Dec 1993 (Median) to 2013, with 8 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 72.800 % in 2013 and a record low of 46.100 % in 1999. Philippines PH: Births Attended by Skilled Health Staff: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Philippines – Table PH.World Bank.WDI: Health Statistics. Births attended by skilled health staff are the percentage of deliveries attended by personnel trained to give the necessary supervision, care, and advice to women during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period; to conduct deliveries on their own; and to care for newborns.; ; UNICEF, State of the World's Children, Childinfo, and Demographic and Health Surveys.; Weighted average; Assistance by trained professionals during birth reduces the incidence of maternal deaths during childbirth. The share of births attended by skilled health staff is an indicator of a health system’s ability to provide adequate care for pregnant women.

In 2024, there was one active barangay health worker (BHW) for about ** people in the Philippines. The highest population-to-barangay health worker ratio was in the National Capital Region (NCR) with one active BHW for *** residents. In contrast, Region 8 has one active BHW catering to ** residents.

In 2024, there was one doctor or physician for ****** people in the Philippines, indicating a significant decrease in the physician-to-population ratio from the previous year. The ratio of doctors to population has gradually declined since 2019.

Philippines Retrench Worker: Human Health & Social Work Activities data was reported at 594.000 Person in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 181.000 Person for 2014. Philippines Retrench Worker: Human Health & Social Work Activities data is updated yearly, averaging 311.000 Person from Dec 2013 (Median) to 2015, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 594.000 Person in 2015 and a record low of 181.000 Person in 2014. Philippines Retrench Worker: Human Health & Social Work Activities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Department of Labor and Employment - Bureau of Local Employment. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Philippines – Table PH.G016: Retrenched Workers: By Industry.

Background and objective: Understanding how natural disasters affect their victims is key to improve prevention and mitigation. Typhoon Haiyan strongly hit the Philippines in 2013. In Leyte, health staff of two hospitals had a key role as responders, but also as victims. Scarce literature is available on how health staff may be affected when being disasters' victims. We therefore aimed to understand Haiyan's impact for health staff at personal and work level.Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews in the two hospitals with doctors, nurses, midwives, watchmen and administrative staff in September 2016. We used a thematic analysis.Results: The three main aspects reported as influencing staff were accessibility, safety and emotional aspects. Accessibility was a main difficulty, which prevented some staff from reaching the hospital, causing other staff staying longer on-call. Personal and family safety were affected, and due to remaining on-call immediately after Haiyan, staff members reported lack of information about their family situation. Faith was an emotional aspect repeatedly mentioned as a coping mechanism, and commitment to serve patients was for some respondents an essential argument to stay on duty.Conclusions: Conflict between personal and professional concerns was present in health staff, making it difficult for them to prioritize work. Feeling unsafe was a common experience among health staff which influenced attendance to the hospital. Including temporary housing for staff and relatives close by the hospital can improve the extensive disaster risk during the typhoon season. In addition, established communication channels should be prioritized for staff on duty to find out about family members' wellbeing. We recommend faith and commitment to serve patients to be included in the preparedness programs in this setting.

Abstract

The 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey (2008 NDHS) is a nationally representative survey of 13,594 women age 15-49 from 12,469 households successfully interviewed, covering 794 enumeration areas (clusters) throughout the Philippines. This survey is the ninth in a series of demographic and health surveys conducted to assess the demographic and health situation in the country. The survey obtained detailed information on fertility levels, marriage, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of women and young children, childhood mortality, maternal and child health, and knowledge and attitudes regarding HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. Also, for the first time, the Philippines NDHS gathered information on violence against women.

The 2008 NDHS was conducted by the Philippine National Statistics Office (NSO). Technical assistance was provided by ICF Macro through the MEASURE DHS program. Funding for the survey was mainly provided by the Government of the Philippines. Financial support for some preparatory and processing phases of the survey was provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).

Like previous Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in the Philippines, the 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) was primarily designed to provide information on population, family planning, and health to be used in evaluating and designing policies, programs, and strategies for improving health and family planning services in the country. The 2008 NDHS also included questions on domestic violence. Specifically, the 2008 NDHS had the following objectives:

• Collect data at the national level that will allow the estimation of demographic rates, particularly, fertility rates by urban-rural residence and region, and under-five mortality rates at the national level.
• Analyze the direct and indirect factors which determine the levels and patterns of fertility.
• Measure the level of contraceptive knowledge and practice by method, urban-rural residence, and region.
• Collect data on family health: immunizations, prenatal and postnatal checkups, assistance at delivery, breastfeeding, and prevalence and treatment of diarrhea, fever, and acute respiratory infections among children under five years.
• Collect data on environmental health, utilization of health facilities, prevalence of common noncommunicable and infectious diseases, and membership in health insurance plans.
• Collect data on awareness of tuberculosis.
• Determine women's knowledge about HIV/AIDS and access to HIV testing.
• Determine the extent of violence against women.

MAIN RESULTS

FERTILITY

Fertility Levels and Trends. There has been a steady decline in fertility in the Philippines in the past 36 years. From 6.0 children per woman in 1970, the total fertility rate (TFR) in the Philippines declined to 3.3 children per woman in 2006. The current fertility level in the country is relatively high compared with other countries in Southeast Asia, such as Thailand, Singapore and Indonesia, where the TFR is below 2 children per woman.

Fertility Differentials. Fertility varies substantially across subgroups of women. Urban women have, on average, 2.8 children compared with 3.8 children per woman in rural areas. The level of fertility has a negative relationship with education; the fertility rate of women who have attended college (2.3 children per woman) is about half that of women who have been to elementary school (4.5 children per woman). Fertility also decreases with household wealth: women in wealthier households have fewer children than those in poorer households.

FAMILY PLANNING

Knowledge of Contraception. Knowledge of family planning is universal in the Philippines- almost all women know at least one method of fam-ily planning. At least 90 percent of currently married women have heard of the pill, male condoms, injectables, and female sterilization, while 87 percent know about the IUD and 68 percent know about male sterilization. On average, currently married women know eight methods of family planning.

Unmet Need for Family Planning. Unmet need for family planning is defined as the percentage of currently married women who either do not want any more children or want to wait before having their next birth, but are not using any method of family planning. The 2008 NDHS data show that the total unmet need for family planning in the Philippines is 22 percent, of which 13 percent is limiting and 9 percent is for spacing. The level of unmet need has increased from 17 percent in 2003.

Overall, the total demand for family planning in the Philippines is 73 percent, of which 69 percent has been satisfied. If all of need were satisfied, a contraceptive prevalence rate of about 73 percent could, theoretically, be expected. Comparison with the 2003 NDHS indicates that the percentage of demand satisfied has declined from 75 percent.

MATERNAL HEALTH

Antenatal Care. Nine in ten Filipino mothers received some antenatal care (ANC) from a medical professional, either a nurse or midwife (52 percent) or a doctor (39 percent). Most women have at least four antenatal care visits. More than half (54 percent) of women had an antenatal care visit during the first trimester of pregnancy, as recommended. While more than 90 percent of women who received antenatal care had their blood pressure monitored and weight measured, only 54 percent had their urine sample taken and 47 percent had their blood sample taken. About seven in ten women were informed of pregnancy complications. Three in four births in the Philippines are protected against neonatal tetanus.

Delivery and Postnatal Care. Only 44 percent of births in the Philippines occur in health facilities-27 percent in a public facility and 18 percent in a private facility. More than half (56 percent) of births are still delivered at home. Sixty-two percent of births are assisted by a health professional-35 percent by a doctor and 27 percent by a midwife or nurse. Thirty-six percent are assisted by a traditional birth attendant or hilot. About 10 percent of births are delivered by C-section.

The Department of Health (DOH) recommends that mothers receive a postpartum check within 48 hours of delivery. A majority of women (77 percent) had a postnatal checkup within two days of delivery; 14 percent had a postnatal checkup 3 to 41 days after delivery.

CHILD HEALTH

Childhood Mortality. Childhood mortality continues to decline in the Philippines. Currently, about one in every 30 children in the Philippines dies before his or her fifth birthday. The infant mortality rate for the five years before the survey (roughly 2004-2008) is 25 deaths per 1,000 live births and the under-five mortality rate is 34 deaths per 1,000 live births. This is lower than the rates of 29 and 40 reported in 2003, respectively. The neonatal mortality rate, representing death in the first month of life, is 16 deaths per 1,000 live births. Under-five mortality decreases as household wealth increases; children from the poorest families are three times more likely to die before the age of five as those from the wealthiest families.

There is a strong association between under-five mortality and mother's education. It ranges from 47 deaths per 1,000 live births among children of women with elementary education to 18 deaths per 1,000 live births among children of women who attended college. As in the 2003 NDHS, the highest level of under-five mortality is observed in ARMM (94 deaths per 1,000 live births), while the lowest is observed in NCR (24 deaths per 1,000 live births).

NUTRITION

Breastfeeding Practices. Eighty-eight percent of children born in the Philippines are breastfed. There has been no change in this practice since 1993. In addition, the median durations of any breastfeeding and of exclusive breastfeeding have remained at 14 months and less than one month, respectively. Although it is recommended that infants should not be given anything other than breast milk until six months of age, only one-third of Filipino children under six months are exclusively breastfed. Complementary foods should be introduced when a child is six months old to reduce the risk of malnutrition. More than half of children ages 6-9 months are eating complementary foods in addition to being breastfed.

The Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) guidelines contain specific recommendations for the number of times that young children in various age groups should be fed each day as well as the number of food groups from which they should be fed. NDHS data indicate that just over half of children age 6-23 months (55 percent) were fed according to the IYCF guidelines.

HIV/AIDS

Awareness of HIV/AIDS. While over 94 percent of women have heard of AIDS, only 53 percent know the two major methods for preventing transmission of HIV (using condoms and limiting sex to one uninfected partner). Only 45 percent of young women age 15-49 know these two methods for preventing HIV transmission. Knowledge of prevention methods is higher in urban areas than in rural areas and increases dramatically with education and wealth. For example, only 16 percent of women with no education know that using condoms limits the risk of HIV infection compared with 69 percent of those who have attended college.

TUBERCULOSIS

Knowledge of TB. While awareness of tuberculosis (TB) is high, knowledge of its causes and symptoms is less common. Only 1 in 4 women know that TB is caused by microbes, germs or bacteria. Instead, respondents tend to say that TB is caused by smoking or drinking alcohol, or that it is inherited. Symptoms associated with TB are better recognized. Over half of the respondents cited coughing, while 39 percent mentioned weight loss, 35 percent

Abstract

The main objective of this survey is to generate an integrated data set on occupational employment patterns and wage and compensation practices. These data are inputs to studies on industry trends and practices and serve as bases for the formulation of policies on employment, conditions of work and industrial relations. To some extent, the survey results will also be used to assess the progress of decent work in the country.

On the operational level, the BITS aims to maximize the use of limited government resources and to improve the timeliness of information. This is in keeping with the continual process improvement of our Bureau's Quality Management System.

Geographic coverage

National coverage, 17 administrative regions

Analysis unit

Establishment

Universe

The BITS covered all establishments in 60 non-agricultural industries employing 20 or more workers except national postal activities, central banking, public administration and defense and compulsory social security, public education services, public medical, dental and other health services, activities of membership organization, extra territorial organizations and bodies.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Statistical unit: The establishment is the statistical or enumeration unit. Each unit is classified to an industry that reflects its main economic activity -- the activity that contributes the biggest or major portion of the gross income or revenues of the establishment.

Survey universe/sample frame: The 2006 BLES Survey Sampling Frame (SSF2006) is an integrated list of establishments culled from the 2004 List of Establishments of the National Statistics Office and updated 2004 BLES Sampling Frame based on the status of establishments reported in the 2004 BLES Integrated Survey. Reports on closures and retrenchments of establishments submitted to the Regional Offices of the Department of Labor and Employment were also considered in preparing the 2006 frame.

Sampling design: The BITS is a sample survey of nonagricultural establishments employing 20 persons or more where establishments are stratified by industry and employment size.

Those establishments employing at least 200 persons are covered with certainty and the rest are sampled using stratified random sampling. The design does not consider the region as a domain to allow for more industry coverage.

Sampling deviation

After field operations, not all of the fielded questionnaires are accomplished. The BLES determines the magnitude of eligibility by classifying sampled units as either ineligible or eligible. Ineligible samples are those sampled establishments with reports of permanent closures, duplication, out of scope in employment, out of scope in industry coverage, non-location, and those that are not operational or non-existent, such as security detachments, janitorial units and power barges, which are not considered as an establishment. In addition, nonrespondents are made up of refusals, strikes or temporary closures, and those establishments whose questionnaires contain inconsistent item responses and have not replied to the verification queries by the time output table generation commences. The population is adjusted to account for these units. Respondents are post-stratified as to industry and employment size classifications. Non-respondents are retained in their classifications.

Mode of data collection

Other [oth], mixed method: self-accomplished, mailed and face-to-face

Research instrument

Survey questionnaire: The questionnaire is made up of several parts, i.e.

Cover page - contains the address box for the establishment and other particulars;

Page 2- provides information on the survey objective and uses of the data, confidentiality clause, collection authority, authorized field personnel, coverage, periodicity and reference periods, due date and availability of results;

Part I General Information - This portion inquires on main economic activity and major products/goods or services of the establishment; establishment characteristics such as ownership (wholly Filipino, with foreign equity, wholly foreign); presence of a union and existence of a collective bargaining agreement in the establishment. Union membership and CBA coverage by sex are likewise inquired on;

Part II Employment - This section requires data on total employment and its breakdown into major occupation group (managers, managing proprietors and supervisors; professionals; technical and associate professionals; clerks; sales workers; service workers; traders and related workers; plant and machine operators and assemblers; and laborers and unskilled workers); vital occupations; hard-to-fill occupations; expanding and contracting occupations; recent changes in business and working methods and technology adoption; and future trends in occupational employment;

Part III Wage and Compensation Practices - This part inquires on methods used in fixing wages, basis of wage payment, mode and the type of payment, methods of fixing COLA, paid leave benefits, social security schemes, health care benefits and incentive schemes included in the compensation system;

Part IV Certification - this box is provided for the respondent's name and signature, position, and telephone/fax numbers and e-mail address; time spent in answering the questionnaire; comments or suggestions (on the data it provided for the survey and improvements on the design/contents of the questionnaire); and

Part V Survey Personnel - this portion is allocated for the names of personnel involved in collection, editing and review of each questionnaire and dates when the activities were completed.

Note: Refer to questionnaire.

Cleaning operations

Data are manually and electronically processed. Upon collection of accomplished questionnaires, enumerators perform field editing before leaving the establishments to ensure completeness, consistency and reasonableness of entries in accordance with the field operations manual. The forms are again checked for data consistency and completeness by their field supervisors.

The BLES personnel undertake the final review, coding of information on classifications used, data entry and validation and scrutiny of aggregated results for coherence. Questionnaires with incomplete or inconsistent entries are returned to the establishments for verification, personally or through mail.

Note: Refer to Field Operations Manual Chapter 1 Section 1.10.

Response rate

The response rate in terms of eligible sampling units is 76.3%.

Sampling error estimates

Estimates of the sampling errors computed.

Note: Refer to Coefficients of Variation.

Data appraisal

Conformity with other sources: The survey results are checked for consistency with the results of previous BITS data or related administrative data.

Equity in health outcomes for rural and remote populations in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is limited by a range of socio-economic, cultural and environmental determinants of health. Health professional education that is sensitive to local population needs and that attends to all elements of the rural pathway is vital to increase the proportion of the health workforce that practices in underserved rural and remote areas. The Training for Health Equity Network (THEnet) is a community-of-practice of 13 health professional education institutions with a focus on delivering socially accountable education to produce a fit-for-purpose health workforce. The THEnet Graduate Outcome Study is an international prospective cohort study with more than 6,000 learners from nine health professional schools in seven countries (including four LMICs; the Philippines, Sudan, South Africa and Nepal). Surveys of learners are administered at entry to and exit from medical school, and at years 1, 4, 7, and 10 thereafter. The association of learners' intention to practice in rural and other underserved areas, and a range of individual and institutional level variables at two time points—entry to and exit from the medical program, are examined and compared between country income settings. These findings are then triangulated with a sociocultural exploration of the structural relationships between educational and health service delivery ministries in each setting, status of postgraduate training for primary care, and current policy settings. This analysis confirmed the association of rural background with intention to practice in rural areas at both entry and exit. Intention to work abroad was greater for learners at entry, with a significant shift to an intention to work in-country for learners with entry and exit data. Learners at exit were more likely to intend a career in generalist disciplines than those at entry however lack of health policy and unclear career pathways limits the effectiveness of educational strategies in LMICs. This multi-national study of learners from medical schools with a social accountability mandate confirms that it is possible to produce a health workforce with a strong intent to practice in rural areas through attention to all aspects of the rural pathway.

Abstract

Initiated in 2003, the BITS is a modular survey that integrates the data requirements on employment, industrial relations, occupational injuries and diseases and labor cost that used to be collected by the BLES through independent surveys such as Survey on Specific Groups of Workers (SSGW), Employment, Hours and Earnings Survey (EHES), Industrial Relations at the Workplace Survey (IRWS), Occupational Injuries Survey (OIS) and Labor Cost Survey (LCS). Each round of the BITS covers different aspects of employment and establishment practices. The inquiry on occupational injuries and diseases is a regular feature while that on labor cost is undertaken on a less frequent basis.

The main objective of this survey is to generate an integrated data set on employment of specific groups of workers, occupational shortages and surpluses, safety and health practices, occupational injuries and diseases and labor cost of employees. These data are inputs to studies on industry trends and practices and serve as bases for the formulation of policies on employment, conditions of work and industrial relations. To some extent, the survey results will also be used to assess the progress of decent work in the country.

Note: Refer to Field Operations Manual, Chapter 2.1

Geographic coverage

National coverage, 17 administrative regions

Analysis unit

The statistical unit is the establishment. Each unit is classified to an industry that reflects its main economic activity---the activity that contributes the biggest or major portion of the gross income or revenues of the establishment.

Note: Refer to Field Operations Manual, Chapter 2.5.1

Universe

The BITS covers establishments in 65 non-agricultural industries with an average total employment of at least 20 persons. The following industries are excluded from the survey: Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry; Fishing; National Postal Activties; Central Banking; Public Administration and Defense and Compulsory Social Security (e.g., DOLE, PNP, SSS, GSIS); Public Education Services; Public Medical, Dental and Other Health Services; Activities of Membership Organizations, n.e.c. (e.g., ECOP, TUCP); Extra-Territorial Organizations and Bodies (e.g., ILO, UNDP).

Note: Refer to Field Operations Manual, 2008 Occupational Wages Survey and 2007/2008 BLES Integrated Survey Chapter 2.4

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Statistical Unit: The establishment is the statistical or enumeration unit. Each unit is classified in an industry that reflects its main economic activity---the activity that contributes the biggest or major portion of the gross income or revenues of the establishment.

Sampling Frame: The 2008 BLES Survey Sampling Frame (SSF2008) is an integrated list of establishments culled from the 2006 List of Establishments of the National Statistics Office; and updated 2006 BLES Sampling Frame based on the status of establishments reported in the 2006 BLES Integrated Survey and 2006 Occupational Wages Survey. Lists of Establishments from the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industries (PCCI) were also considered in preparing the 2008 frame.

Stratification Scheme: Establishments in the sampling frame were stratified by 3-digit industry (domain) and by employment size (stratum), i.e., 20-99, 100-199 and 200 and over. However, industries observed to be heterogeneous within their 3-digit classification were further broken down at the 4, 5 or 6-digit levels. Geographical location was not considered in the stratification to allow for detailed industry groupings.

Sample Size: The number of establishment covered was 6,460.

Note: Refer to Field Operations Manual, Chapter 2.5

Sampling deviation

Not all of the fielded questionnaires are accomplished. Due to the inadequacy of the frame used , there are reports of permanent closures, non-location, duplicate listing and shifts in industry and employment outside the survey coverage. Establishments that fall in these categories are not eligible elements of the frame and their count is not considered in the estimation. Non-respondents are made up of refusals, strikes or temporary closures and those establishments whose questionnaires contain inconsistent item responses and have not replied to the verification queries by the time output table generation commences. Respondents are post-stratified as to geographic, industry and employment size classifications. Non-respondents are retained in their classifications.

Note: Refer to Survey Metadata

Mode of data collection

Other [oth], mixed method: self-accomplished, mailed and face-to-face

Research instrument

The survey questionnaire has been designed to capture the key data requirements on labor statistics from establishments that used to be collected in previous surveys of the BLES.

Cover Page This contains the address box, contact particulars for assistance, spaces for changes in the name and location of sample establishment and for head office information in case the questionnaire is endorsed to it and status codes of the establishment to be accomplished by BLES and its field personnel.

Survey Information This contains the survey objectives and uses of the data, confidentiality clause, collection authority, authorized field personnel, coverage, reference periods, due date for accomplishment and expected date when the results of the 2007/2008 BITS would be available.

Part I: General Information This portion inquires on: · main economic activity · major products/goods or services · establishment characteristics as to ownership · unionism and membership, and existence and coverage of collective bargaining agreement/s · participation in global production network · type of market for business process outsourcing

Part II: Employment This section requires data on total employment and its breakdown into working owners, unpaid workers and employees (managers/executives, supervisors/foremen and rank and file: regular and non-regular workers). It also looks into the employment of specific groups of workers, number of agency-hired workers and the types of jobs contracted out.

Part III: Occupational Shortages and Surpluses This portion inquires on the number of job vacancies, hard-to-fill occupations, difficulties encountered in recruitment, requirements in filling-up of job vacancies, vacant positions that are easy to fill, methods adapted in filling-up of vacancy, total recruitment cost and methods used in rating the applicants in terms of acquired traits.

Part IV: Safety and Health Practices This part inquires on the safety and health practices of persons at work, as well as on the protection of other individuals against risk to their safety and health in connection with or as affected by activities of persons at work. The safety and health practices may be in the form of facilities, occupational health programs/services, preventive and control measures, trainings and seminars.

Part V: Occupational Injuries and Diseases This inquires on the incidence of occupational accidents, cases of occupational injuries and lost workdays by incapacity for work (fatal, permanent, temporary), cases without lost workdays, cases of occupational diseases, incidence of commuting accidents, workers injured and hours actually worked by all employed persons. It also inquires on the classifications (type, part of body injured, cause and agent) of the occupational injury cases.

Part VI: Labor Cost of Employees This section requires data on the reference period if other than the calendar year, labor cost by component and sub-components, hours actually worked by all employees (including instructions on how to estimate) and the percent share of labor cost to total cost.

Part VII: Certification This portion is provided for the respondent's name/signature, position, telephone no., fax no. and e-mail address and time spent in answering the questionnaire.

Appropriate spaces are also provided to elicit comments on: · data provided for the 2007/2008 BITS questionnaire · statistics from previous BITS · presentation/packaging, particularly on the definition of terms, layout, font and color.

Part VIII: Survey Personnel This portion is for the particulars of the enumerators and area/regional supervisors and reviewers at the BLES and DOLE Regional Offices involved in the data collection and review of questionnaire entries.

Results of the previous BITS The results/statistics of the previous BITS are for information of the establishment. More of the results can be obtained from the BLES Website at http://www.bles.dole.gov.ph.

Note: Refer to BLES Integrated Survey Questionnaire

Cleaning operations

Data are manually and electronically processed. Upon collection of accomplished questionnaires, enumerators perform field editing before leaving the establishments to ensure completeness, consistency and reasonableness of entries in accordance with the field operations manual. The forms are again checked for data consistency and completeness by their field supervisors.

The BLES personnel undertake the final review, coding of information on classifications used, data entry and validation and scrutiny of aggregated results for coherence. Questionnaires with incomplete or inconsistent entries are returned to the establishments for verification, personally or through mail.

Microsoft Access is used for data encoding and generation of validation prooflists. After checking accuracy of encoding based on the prooflists, a conversion program using SPSS is executed to generate output tables.

Note: Refer to

In 2024, one doctor of medicine was serving about ****** people in the Philippines. Across regions, BARMM accounted for the highest doctor-to-population ratio at ******, followed by Region 11 (Davao) at ******. In contrast, there were ****** people for every doctor in the National Capital Region (NCR).