In 2023, the share of rental housing programs in the United States providing funding to homeless people or individuals at risk of homelessness was the highest. The percentage of programs providing aid for homelessness was nearly ** percent. The second-most popular program category was those that aid individuals with mental illness, representing over ** percent of all programs. Housing assistance programs for people with disabilities accounted for over ** percent of the total. The programs for the elderly, households with rental arrears or eviction notices, and youth accounted for around ** percent each and over ** percent together.

The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development’s (HUD) Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) Program assists very low-income families, the elderly, and the disabled in obtaining decent, safe, and sanitary housing in the private market. Public Housing Authorities (PHAs) receive federal funds from HUD to administer the voucher program, and housing subsidies are paid to the landlord directly by the PHA on behalf of the participating family. The voucher recipient remains responsible for paying any difference that exists between the actual rent charged by the landlord and the amount subsidized by the program. Voucher recipients are responsible for finding a suitable housing unit where the owner agrees to rent under the program. Because housing assistance is provided on behalf of the family or individual, participants are free to choose their own housing, including single-family homes, townhouses, and apartments provided that the chosen housing meets the requirements of the program, and is not limited to units located in subsidized housing projects. Qualified housing may also include the family's present residence. Furthermore, under certain circumstances, and if authorized by the PHA, a family may use its voucher to purchase a modest home.

Public data pertaining to the locations of HCV program participants are only available as United States Census Tract aggregations. Moreover, to protect the confidentiality of those receiving Housing Choice Voucher Program assistance, tracts containing 10 or fewer voucher holders have been omitted from this service.

This feature set includes both tenant-based vouchers and project-based vouchers.

The California Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD) sourced the original data from: https://hudgis-hud.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/housing-choice-vouchers-by-tract.

This map shows households that spend 30 percent or more of their income on housing, a threshold widely used by many affordable housing advocates and official government sources including Housing and Urban Development. Census asks about income and housing costs to understand whether housing is affordable in local communities. When housing is not sufficient or not affordable, income data helps communities: Enroll eligible households in programs designed to assist them.Qualify for grants from the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), HOME Investment Partnership Program, Emergency Solutions Grants (ESG), Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA), and other programs.When rental housing is not affordable, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) uses rent data to determine the amount of tenant subsidies in housing assistance programs.Map opens in Atlanta. Use the bookmarks or search bar to view other cities. Data is symbolized to show the relationship between burdensome housing costs for owner households with a mortgage and renter households:This map uses these hosted feature layers containing the most recent American Community Survey data. These layers are part of the ArcGIS Living Atlas, and are updated every year when the American Community Survey releases new estimates, so values in the map always reflect the newest data available.

This service denotes estimated PHA service area boundaries in an effort to provide critical data to those responsible (HUD staff, researchers, and external partners) for the evaluation and monitoring of HUD’s rental assistance programs. This is an experimental dataset that is designed to aid researchers in studying the HUD-funded Public Housing and Housing Choice Voucher programs. The methodology and the service areas themselves have not been validated by HUD’s Office of Public and Indian Housing (PIH) or the Public Housing Agencies. PD&R welcomes engagement from internal and external stakeholders on the continued refinement and development of this dataset.

This data set is EMBARGOED until noon ET Tuesday, June 29. This data is intended for print publication on or after June 29. A story will be filed under the slug US--Virus Outbreak-Rental Assistance.

Overview

The Center for Public Integrity in collaboration with the AP has collected detailed statistics from about 70 agencies that administered rental assistance programs in 2020 with money from the Coronavirus Relief Fund, part of the CARES Act. These figures show how much money these agencies planned to spend on rental assistance and how much they actually spent. We also have data showing how many households received assistance and how many applications were submitted.

An additional data sheet shows how much money was allocated for rental assistance from all sources (not just CRF money) per renter-occupied household in 2020 and statewide eviction rates in 2016, the latest available data from the Eviction Lab at Princeton University.

Findings

• All together, about 70 state and local agencies set aside $2.7 billion from the Coronavirus Relief Fund in 2020 for rental assistance programs. More than $425 million of that — 16 percent — was either reallocated for other COVID-related expenditures or remained unspent by March 31, 2021.
• Four states with comparatively high historic eviction rates allocated very little for renters in 2020. These states — Georgia, West Virginia, South Carolina and Oklahoma — are run by Republican governors.
• Onerous requisites, such as lengthy forms and extensive documentation requirements, prevented many applicants from accessing rental assistance funds. In New York, for example, tenants had to prove they were rent-burdened before the pandemic to qualify for assistance in the first round of funding; only $47.5 million wound up getting spent on rental assistance, out of $100 million allocated by the state legislature.

Methodology

The Center for Public Integrity started with a spreadsheet produced by the National Low Income Housing Coalition that showed every known rental assistance program in the United States as of Dec. 23, 2020. The detailed spreadsheet included how much money had been allocated per program and the source of those funds. Public Integrity isolated only the programs that were categorized as being funded by the Coronavirus Relief Fund, which was part of the CARES Act. We focused on the CRF because it was the largest single source of rental assistance in 2020. We contacted more than 70 agencies to find out how much money they wound up spending.

For the second set of data, we used the same NLIHC spreadsheet but tallied all allocations — regardless of funding source — for each state and divided that number by the U.S. Census Bureau’s estimate of renter-occupied households in each state (from American Community Survey table S2502, five-year estimate, 2015 to 2019). We also included the statewide eviction rates as of 2016 (the most recent available) published by the Eviction Lab.

Included Data

• 1-crf_programs.csv: Details for every known rental assistance program as of Dec. 23, 2020, that was funded by the Coronavirus Relief Fund.

  Columns A through E were collected by the National Low Income Housing Coalition, and they show the following: Geographic Level; State; City/County/Locality, if applicable; Program Name; and Administering Agency.

  Columns F through L were collected by Public Integrity and the Associated Press. Those columns show amount of CRF money set aside in 2020, the amount spent on rental assistance by March 31, 2021, the amount reallocated or unspent by March 31, 2021, the percent unspent by March 31, 2021, the number of households that received assistance by March 31, 2021, the number of applications received by March 31, 2021, and notes about the data.

• 2-state_totals.csv: State-level totals for all known allocated rental assistance funding, regardless of funding source, along with the number of renter-occupied households in each state from 2015 to 2019, the statewide eviction rate as of 2016, and the amount of allocated rental assistance funding per renter-occupied household.

Caveats

• If your city, county or state does not appear to have allocated any money for rental assistance, check with your local and state officials or your governor’s office to find out if a program was indeed administered. We can’t ensure that every program wound up on the NLIHC’s original list.
• We only focused on programs that were categorized as being part of the Coronavirus Relief Fund, but your city, county or state may have had a rental assistance program with other sources of funding.
• The per-capita funding figures do not necessarily indicate that those state governments administered rental assistance programs. Some — or all — of that per-capita money could have been administered by local governments. For example, Georgia did not administer a statewide rental assistance program in 2020; the per-capita figure for Georgia reflects money spent in that state by local governments. For a full list of programs, visit NLIHC’s broader list at https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1hLfybfo9NydIptQu5wghUpKXecimh3gaoqT7LU1JGc8/edit#gid=1851738141.
• Eviction rates were not available for these four states in 2016: Alaska, Arkansas, North Dakota and South Dakota.

Attribution

“According to data obtained by the Center for Public Integrity, The Associated Press and the National Low Income Housing Coalition”.

Contact reporter Sarah Kleiner at skleiner@publicintegrity.org.

The most recent rate of homelessness is calculated using ACS population estimates from the previous year, unless otherwise noted.

Data Source: HUD's Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) Point-in-Time (PIT) Estimates by State and American Community Survey (ACS) 1-Year Estimates

Why this MattersSafe, adequate, and stable housing is a human right and essential for the health and well-being of individuals, families, and communities.People who experience homelessness also struggle to maintain access to healthcare, employment, education, healthy relationships, and other basic necessities in life, according to the DC Interagency Council on Homelessness Strategic Plan.BIPOC populations are disproportionately affected by homelessness due to housing discrimination, mass incarceration, and other policies that have limited socioeconomic opportunities for Black, Latino, and other people of color.

The District's Response Strategic investments in proven strategies for driving down homelessness, including the Career Mobility Action Plan (Career MAP) program, operation of non-congregate housing, and expansion of the District’s shelter capacity.Homelessness prevention programs for at-risk individuals and families, such as emergency rental assistance, targeted affordable housing, and permanent supporting housing.Programs and services to enhance resident’s economic and employment security and ensure access to affordable housing.

Measures the ability of housing voucher holders to find housing in the private rental market. The Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program is the federal government?s largest low-income housing assistance program where people can seek housing in the private market. The maximum housing assistance is generally the lesser of the payment standard minus 30% of the family's monthly adjusted income or the gross rent for the unit minus 30% of monthly adjusted income. Source: Picture of Subsidized Housing, HUD Years Available: 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023

Since passage of the U.S. Housing Act of 1937, the federal government has provided housing assistance to low-income renters. Most of these housing subsidies were provided under programs administered by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) or predecessor agencies. All programs covered in this report provide subsidies that reduce rents for low-income tenants who meet program eligibility requirements. Generally, households pay rent equal to 30 percent of their incomes, after deductions, while the federal government pays the remainder of rent or rental costs. To qualify for a subsidy, an applicant’s income must initially fall below a certain income limit. These income limits are HUD-determined, location specific, and vary by household size. Applicants for housing assistance are usually placed on a waiting list until a subsidized unit becomes available.Assistance provided under HUD programs falls into three categories: public housing, tenant-based, and privately owned, project-based.In public housing, local housing agencies receive allocations of HUD funding to build, operate or make improvements to housing. The housing is owned by the local agencies. Public housing is a form of project-based subsidy because households may receive assistance only if they agree to live at a particular public housing project.Currently, tenant based assistance is the most prevalent form of housing assistance provided. Historically, tenant based assistance began with the Section 8 certificate and voucher programs, which were created in 1974 and 1983, respectively. These programs were replaced by the Housing Choice Voucher program, under legislation enacted in 1998. Tenant based programs allow participants to find and lease housing in the private market. Local public housing agencies (PHAs) and some state agencies serving as PHAs enter into contracts with HUD to administer the programs. The PHAs then enter into contracts with private landlords. The housing must meet housing quality standards and other program requirements. The subsidies are used to supplement the rent paid by low-income households. Under tenant-based programs, assisted households may move and take their subsidy with them. The primary difference between certificates and vouchers is that under certificates, there was a maximum rent which the unit may not exceed. By contrast, vouchers have no specific maximum rent; the low-income household must pay any excess over the payment standard, an amount that is determined locally and that is based on the Fair Market Rent. HUD calculates the Fair Market Rent based on the 40th percentile of the gross rents paid by recent movers for non-luxury units meeting certain quality standards.The third major type of HUD rental assistance is a collection of programs generally referred to as multifamily assisted, or, privately-owned, project-based housing. These types of housing assistance fall under a collection of programs created during the last four decades. What these programs have in common is that they provide rental housing that is owned by private landlords who enter into contracts with HUD in order to receive housing subsidies. The subsidies pay the difference between tenant rent and total rental costs. The subsidy arrangement is termed project-based because the assisted household may not take the subsidy and move to another location. The single largest project-based program was the Section 8 program, which was created in 1974. This program allowed for new construction and substantial rehabilitation that was delivered through a wide variety of financing mechanisms. An important variant of project-based Section 8 was the Loan Management Set Aside (LMSA) program, which was provided in projects financed under Federal Housing Administration (FHA) programs that were not originally intended to provide deep subsidy rental assistance. Projects receiving these LMSA “piggyback” subsidies were developed under the Section 236 program, the Section 221(d)(3) Below Market Interest Rate (BMIR) program, and others that were unassisted when originally developed.Picture of Subsidized Households does not cover other housing subsidy programs, such as those of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Rural Housing Service, unless they also receive subsidies referenced above. Other programs such as Indian Housing, HOME and Community Develo

The rental housing developments listed below are among the thousands of affordable units that are supported by City of Chicago programs to maintain affordability in local neighborhoods. The list is updated periodically when construction is completed for new projects or when the compliance period for older projects expire, typically after 30 years. The list is provided as a courtesy to the public. It does not include every City-assisted affordable housing unit that may be available for rent, nor does it include the hundreds of thousands of naturally occurring affordable housing units located throughout Chicago without City subsidies. For information on rents, income requirements and availability for the projects listed, contact each property directly. For information on other affordable rental properties in Chicago and Illinois, call (877) 428-8844, or visit www.ILHousingSearch.org.

HUD Multifamily Housing Assisted Properties

Detailed Overview of Subsidized Aid Programs and Population Characteristics

By Matthew Schnars [source]

About this dataset

HUD’s Multifamily Housing property portfolio is integral in providing secure, affordable rental units for low-income households - including seniors, those with special needs, and disabled individuals. Our coverage includes apartments and townhouses but can also include nursing homes, hospitals, elderly housing centers, mobile home parks and retirement service centers. Through subsidies and grants to property owners and developers we further our mission of promoting the construction and preservation of low cost housing opportunities.

This dataset comprises such properties from across the United States; located via our enterprise geocoding service which uses latitude/longitude coordinates as well as associated attributes for those addresses that can be geocoded to an interpolated point along a street segment or a ZIP+4 centroid location. Ultimately this dataset provides key insights into multifamily housing availability throughout the U.S., providing valuable information regarding individual buildings associated with each property while also giving us direct insight into population serviced by such programs in terms of their developmental needs or disabilities which may exist. With these metrics in hand we are better equipped to identify areas where reduced prices on rental units may benefit local communities the most - aiding populations that require our assistance the most directly! Data Dictionary: DD_Multifamily Properties; Date of Coverage: 12/2017; Data Updated: Quarterly

More Datasets

For more datasets, click here.

Featured Notebooks

• 🚨 Your notebook can be here! 🚨!

How to use the dataset

First, let's talk about what kind of information you can get from this dataset. The HUD Multifamily Housing property portfolio consists primarily of rental housing properties with five or more dwelling units such as apartments or town houses. It includes subsidies and grants provided by HUD in order to promote the development and preservation of affordable rental units for low-income populations, and those with special needs such as the elderly, and disabled.

The data contains geographic location information (latitude/longitude coordinates), city/state/ZIP code information as well as other internal identifiers for each property in the HUD portfolio. Additionally, there are columns related to different assistance programs which were previously noted above - Section 8 Project Based Assistance, Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly and Section 811 Supportive Housing for Persons with Disabilities).

In terms of how to use the data itself: due its size it is best explored by importing into an existing database solution like PostgreSQL or MongoDB where you can create custom views based on query keywords that bring back more meaningful results upon execution. Once you define what properties fit your criteria of interest then further analysis can commence - statistical trending on occupancy rates among much else given that next level drilling tends to open up many interesting possibilities like revenue forecasts creating new business models etc.. And speaking of statistics one area worth noting here specifically is that location data provided by HUD may not always be 100% accurate so caution should be exercised when running analytics queries because incorrect locations will lead astray any conclusions reached after running said queries - so feel free to double check your results before leveraging them in any form whatsoever!

Finally keep in mind that since there has only been one version of this dataset released thus far it would probably beneficial if you checked back every quarter or so just incase any changes were made particularity related to program eligibility requirements / reporting requirements etc..

Hope this helps and good luck on your journey considering using 'Hud Multifamily Properties Data' for whatever project at hand 😊

Research Ideas

• To identify potential opportunities for developers looking to add affordable housing in underserved areas. Depending on different factors such as the income of the local population, geography, and the type of funding method used to support these projects, developers could be more likely to invest in those areas that have previously been assisted by HUD programs.
• To evaluate performance measures of existing affordable housing across different locations within a given region or state. This could help identify any discrepancies between properties or address any issues within a...

May 29, 2014 Dear Colleague: May is National Foster Care Month, a time for our Nation to reaffirm its commitment to America’s children. Last year, roughly 200,000 young people entered into foster care because of abuse and/or neglect. Inadequate housing was a factor in many of these cases. In fact, every year, inadequate housing contributes to the removal of 22,000 children from their families. This can have lasting consequences for young people. Research shows that children facing housing instability, homelessness, and poverty are more likely to be involved in the child welfare system. When a family is living in distressed conditions or experiencing homelessness, it can affect their ability to care for their kids, and it can have a negative impact on the ability of kids to learn in school, maintain good health, and keep their hope for the future. With this in mind, it is critical that we do everything we can to provide them with the safe and stable housing they need to succeed. To achieve this goal, it is critical that all of us—Federal agencies, public housing authorities, Continuums of Care, and local child welfare agencies—closely collaborate with each other. The needs of families are diverse. Some need intensive support and long-term access to appropriate services. Others simply need financial assistance to care for their children. In many cases, neither child welfare agencies nor programs aimed at preventing homelessness can meet all of these needs alone. The programs authorized by title IV-B of the Social Security Act provide a limited pool of funds to prevent the removal of children from their homes or to help those in foster care reunite with their families. In general, states use title IV-B funds for short-term, crisis-driven interventions and services, which may include one-time assistance with housing, utilities, or other related housing costs. For many of these families, gaining access to reliable housing supports, such as provided through HUD’s Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) or public housing programs, can provide the key to a stable future. We know that families are more likely to remain housed if they have a targeted service paired with appropriate housing that meets their needs. Through close collaboration, child welfare agencies and public housing agencies can provide these paired services to keep families and youth in safe and appropriate housing. One example is HUD’s Family Unification Program (FUP). A special purpose voucher program, FUP demonstrates how local partnerships can address housing needs for families using child welfare services and youth aging out of foster care. Similarly, public housing agencies and child welfare agencies can come together to establish a local preference for families referred by child welfare and couple this housing assistance with supportive services. Child welfare agencies can also collaborate with private multifamily housing owners that provide HUD-assisted rental assistance, or by partnering with state or local housing agencies to develop local affordable housing through the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) and HUD’s HOME Investment Partnerships Program. Together, child welfare agencies, housing agencies, and Continuums of Care can create an array of housing interventions to serve these children, youth, and families better. Currently, The Children’s Bureau has two sets of grants aimed at providing more information about successful housing interventions for these vulnerable families. One develops strategies for homeless youth and the other targets homeless families. HUD and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Administration for Children and Families will continue working together to develop and disseminate information about promising practices and strategies for serving this population. Opening Doors: The Federal Strategic Plan to End Homelessness recognizes the critical needs of youth and families by designating them as two prio

The HOME Investment Partnerships Program (HOME) provides formula grants to states and localities that communities use - often in partnership with local nonprofit groups - to fund a wide range of activities including building, buying, and/or rehabilitating affordable housing for rent or homeownership or providing direct rental assistance to low-income people. HOME is the largest federal block grant to state and local governments designed exclusively to create affordable housing for low-income households.Authorized under Title II of the Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act, the HOME Investment Partnership Program (HOME) is designed exclusively to create affordable housing for low-income households. Each year the HOME Program allocates approximately $2 billion to fund the development, purchase, or rehabilitation of affordable housing, and to provide direct rental assistance. To learn more about the HOME program visit: https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/comm_planning/home, for questions about the spatial attribution of this dataset, please reach out to us at GISHelpdesk@hud.gov. Data Dictionary: DD_HOME Grantee Areas

Date of Coverage: Q1 FY 2025

In 2022, there were almost *** thousand females in public housing in Australia, compared to around *** thousand males. There were also more females than males in community housing and State Owned and Managed Indigenous housing programs during the same year.

The Affordable Housing Appeals Procedure List is published annually on or about February 1. The data for the Affordable Housing Appeals Procedure List comes from different sources including federal, state and local programs. This makes it difficult to ensure complete accuracy, so DOH asks municipalities to provide a local administrative review of and input on the street addresses of units and projects as well as information on deed-restricted units. The responses received by DOH vary widely from each municipality.

In developing the Affordable Housing Appeals Procedure List, DOH counts:

-Assisted housing units or housing receiving financial assistance under any governmental program for the construction or substantial rehabilitation of low and moderate income housing that was occupied or under construction by the end date of the report period for compilation of a given year’s list; -Rental housing occupied by persons receiving rental assistance under C.G.S. Chapter 138a (State Rental Assistance/RAP) or Section 142f of Title 42 of the U.S. Code (Section 8); -Ownership housing or housing currently financed by the Connecticut Housing Finance Authority and/or the U.S. Department of Agriculture; and -Deed-restricted properties or properties with deeds containing covenants or restrictions that require such dwelling unit(s) be sold or rented at or below prices that will preserve the unit(s) as affordable housing as defined in C.G.S. Section 8-39a for persons or families whose incomes are less than or equal to 80% of the area median income.

The Housing Assistance Program Data Owners dataset is generated by FEMA's Individual Assistance (IA) reporting team to share data on FEMA's Housing Assistance program for house owners within the state, county, and zip code where the registration is valid for the declarations, starting with disaster declaration DR1439 (declared in November 2002). It contains aggregated, non-PII data. Core data elements include number of applicants, county, zip code, inspections, severity of damage, and assistance provided.The FEMA Individual Assistance Renters dataset was generated by FEMA's Individual Assistance (IA) reporting team to share data on FEMA's Housing Assistance program for house renters within the state, county, and zip code where the registration is valid for the declarations, starting with disaster declaration DR1439 (declared in 2002). It contains aggregated, non-PII data. Core data elements include number of applicants, county, zip code, inspections, severity of damage, and assistance provided.The following disclaimer applies to both Individual Housing Assistance datasets: Data is self-reported and subject to human error. For example, when an applicant registers online, they enter their street and city address. While the county is inferred by the system, it may be overridden by the applicant. Similarly, with a call center registration, the Human Services Specialist (HSS) representatives are instructed to ask in what county the applicant resides, but the applicant has the right to choose the county. To learn more about disaster assistance please visit https://www.fema.gov/individual-disaster-assistance.The financial information is derived from NEMIS and not FEMA's official financial systems. Due to differences in reporting periods, status of obligations and how business rules are applied, this financial information may differ slightly from official publication on public websites such as usaspending.gov; this dataset is not intended to be used for any official federal financial reporting.The Individual and Household Program Registrations dataset contains FEMA applicant-level data for the Individuals and Households Program (IHP). All PII information has been removed. The location is represented by county, city, and zip code. This dataset contains IA applications from DR1439 (declared in 2002) to those declared over 30 days ago. The full data set is refreshed on an annual basis; the last 18 months of data are refreshed weekly. This dataset includes all major disasters and includes only valid registrants (applied in a declared county, within the registration period, having damage due to the incident and damage within the incident period). IHP is intended to meet basic needs and supplement disaster recovery efforts. See https://www.fema.gov/assistance/individual/program/eligibility for more information. Valid registrants may be eligible for IA assistance, which is intended to meet basic needs and supplement disaster recovery efforts. IA assistance is not intended to return disaster-damaged property to its pre-disaster condition. Disaster damage to secondary or vacation homes does not qualify for IHP assistance. Data comes from FEMA's National Emergency Management Information System (NEMIS) with raw, unedited, self-reported content and is subject to a small percentage of human error.The Individual Assistance Large Disasters data set contains detailed non-PII data on the Individuals and Households Program (IHP). FEMA provides assistance to individuals and households through the IA program, comprised of two categories of assistance: Housing Assistance (HA) and Other Needs Assistance (ONA).The Registration Intake and Individual Household Program dataset contains aggregated, non-PII data from Housing Assistance Program reporting authority within FEMA’s Recovery Directorate to share data on registrations and Individuals and Households Program (IHP) for declarations starting from disaster declaration number 4116, segmented by city where registration is valid. Additional core data elements include: valid call center registrations, valid web registrations, valid mobile registrations, IHP eligible, IHP amount, HA eligible, HA amount, ONA eligible, and ONA amount.

Picture of Subsidized Households describes the nearly 5 million households living in HUD-subsidized housing in the United States. Assistance provided under HUD programs falls into three categories: public housing, tenant-based, and privately owned, project-based. Picture provides characteristics of assisted housing units and residents, summarized at the national, state, public housing agency (PHA), project,census tract, county, Core-Based Statistical Area and city levels. Picture of Subsidized Households does not cover other housing subsidy programs, such as those of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Rural Housing Service, unless they also receive subsidies referenced above. Other programs such as Indian Housing, HOME and Community Development Block Grants (CDBG) are also excluded.

The HOME Investment Partnership Program (HOME) is authorized under Title II of the Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act. HOME provides formula grants to States and localities that communities use often in partnership with local nonprofit groups to fund a wide range of activities that build, buy, and/or rehabilitate affordable housing for rent or homeownership or provide direct rental assistance to low-income people. HOME is the largest Federal block grant to State and local governments designed exclusively to create affordable housing for low-income households. Each year it allocates approximately $2 billion among the States and hundreds of localities nationwide.

There is considerable current interest in policy solutions to address the post-pandemic rise in evictions experienced in many communities. Some have advocated expanding access to legal counsel as one solution: in the U.S., tenants usually face eviction on their own, while landlords are typically represented by an attorney. Although it seems intuitive that legal representation in housing court would help tenants facing eviction, measuring the effects of counsel is quite challenging, because represented and unrepresented tenants are dissimilar across many dimensions, including wealth. A handful of randomized experiments suggest lawyers have appreciable impacts in housing court, but results are mixed, and these studies’ generalizability to the larger universe of civil legal housing assistance programs remains uncertain. In this Essay, we address that gap through a quasi-experimental evaluation of the Legal Services Corporation (LSC), the nation’s largest civil legal aid provider that serves over 1.7 million people each year. We employ Census data covering millions of households and exploit an eligibility rule that limits LSC services to households earning less than 125 percent of the federal poverty level. Using several methodological approaches, including regression-discontinuity, differences-in-differences, and a dose-response analysis, we demonstrate that access to civil legal aid improves housing stability. Our estimates suggest that LSC enables 75,000 households to maintain their housing each year at a rough cost of around $2,000 per prevented move. These impacts are on par with those observed in high-quality randomized trials, suggesting that civil legal aid, unlike many other interventions, does not lose efficacy with scale. Our large sample sizes allow us to measure how impacts of civil legal access vary for particular population subgroups, something not possible in prior work. Access to civil legal aid is particularly beneficial for seniors aged 65+, people with less than a high school degree, Asians, and people who do not speak English well. Our findings highlight the important role that funding legal aid can play in curbing housing instability and homelessness. Though eviction defense models vary, what matters the most is having an attorney.

The data provided herein denotes the estimated service areas for all Public Housing Authorities (PHA) receiving assistance through the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) (excluding Guam, the Marshall Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands). HUD’s Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R) developed this dataset in response to repeated requests from HUD staff, researchers, and external partners. This is an experimental dataset that is designed to aid researchers in studying the HUD-funded Public Housing and Housing Choice Voucher programs. The methodology and the service areas themselves have not been validated by HUD’s Office of Public and Indian Housing (PIH) or the Public Housing Agencies. PD&R welcomes engagement from internal and external stakeholders on the continued refinement and development of this dataset. Please send any comments or questions to GISHelpDesk@hud.gov. Standards used to estimate PHA primary service areas are as follows: State-Level Public Housing Authorities:For the purposes of this dataset State-Level PHAs are identified through either their name, or their PHA Code also known as the Participant Code. Any PHA whose name contains the word “State”, or whose PHA Code begins with a ‘9’ (not including the two-character state code that begins the PHA code) is considered a State-Level PHA, and the service area therefore includes the entirety of that state. County-Level Public Housing Authorities:For the purposes of this dataset County-Level PHAs are identified as any PHA containing the word ‘County’ or ‘COUNTY’ in the organization’s formal name. The service area of a County-Level PHA includes the entire county after which the PHA is named, or the county which contains the majority of the units (combined low-rent and voucher) administered by the PHA. Moreover, a PHA that administers units located in jurisdictions outside the county for which the PHA is named, or the county which contains the majority of the units administered by the PHA, does not include those extraterritorial jurisdictions as part of its service area . Subsequently, the estimated service areas of housing authorities operating at a regional level, that is operating in multiple counties (contiguous or otherwise), are relegated to a single county. Local-Level Public Housing Authorities:For the purposes of this dataset Local-Level PHAs are identified as any PHA that does not fall into the category of State-Level or County-Level Public Housing Authority as described above. The service area for a Local-Level PHA is first defined as the primary Unit of General Local Government (UGLG) served by the PHA. The primary local government jurisdiction is defined as the UGLG that contains the largest share of total units (combined low-rent and voucher) administered by that PHA. However, in cases where greater than 20% of units administered by that PHA are located outside of the primary local government jurisdiction served by the PHA, the PHA’s service area is defined as the entirety of the county that the primary local government is located in.Please note, that the methods used to compile the estimated local PHA service areas illustrated in this dataset remain the same regardless of a state’s allowance for state-wide voucher portability.

Sample characteristics of autistic Medicaid enrollees in 2016.