All data relating to Obesity and mortality during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, England: 24 January 2020 to 30 August 2022

Supplementary information files for: The associations of maternal and paternal obesity with latent patterns of offspring BMI development between 7-17 years of age: pooled analyses of cohorts born in 1958 and 2001 in the United Kingdom Objective We aimed to 1) describe how the UK obesity epidemic reflects a change over time in the proportion of the population demonstrating adverse latent patterns of BMI development and 2) investigate the potential roles of maternal and paternal BMI in this secular process. Methods We used serial BMI data between 7-17 years of age from 13220 boys and 12711 girls. Half the sample was born in 1958 and half in 2001. Sex-specific growth mixture models were developed. The relationships of maternal and paternal BMI and weight status with class membership were estimated using the 3-step BCH approach, with covariate adjustment. Results The selected models had five classes. For each sex, in addition to the two largest normal weight classes, there were “normal weight increasing to overweight” (17% of boys and 20% of girls), “overweight increasing to obesity” (8% and 6%), and “overweight decreasing to normal weight” (3% and 6%) classes. More than 1-in-10 children from the 2001 birth cohort were in the “overweight increasing to obesity” class, compared to less than 1-in-30 from the 1958 birth cohort. Approximately 75% of the mothers and fathers of this class had overweight or obesity. When considered together, both maternal and paternal BMI were associated with latent class membership, with evidence of negative departure from additivity (i.e., the combined effect of maternal and paternal BMI was smaller than the sum of the individual effects). The odds of a girl belonging to the “overweight increasing to obesity” class (compared to the largest normal weight class) was 13.11 (8.74, 19.66) times higher if both parents had overweight or obesity (compared to both parents having normal weight); the equivalent estimate for boys was 9.01 (6.37, 12.75). Conclusions The increase in obesity rates in the UK over more than 40 years has been partly driven by the growth of a sub-population demonstrating excess BMI gain during adolescence. Our results implicate both maternal and paternal BMI as correlates of this secular process.

Newspaper demographics.

Optimal linear and non-linear models.

The percentage of schoolchildren in Reception Year classed as obese. N.B. Obesity in children is defined in this instance as those having a Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than the 95th percentile (using the British 1990 growth reference). The UK is experiencing an epidemic of obesity affecting both adults and children. Among boys and girls aged 2 to 15, the proportion who were classified as obese increased from 10.9% in 1995 to 17.3% in 2006 among boys, and from 12% to 14.7% among girls. There is concern about the rise of childhood obesity and the implications of such obesity persisting into childhood. The health consequences of childhood obesity include: increased blood lipids, glucose intolerance, type II diabetes, hypertension, increases in liver enzymes associated with fatty liver and psychological problems including social isolation, low self esteem, teasing and bullying. The National Childhood Measurement Programme (NCMP) was established in 2005 and is one element of the Government’s work programme on childhood obesity. It is operated by the Department of Health and the Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF). Every year, as part of the NCMP, children in Reception class (typically aged 4-5 years) and Year 6 (typically aged 10-11 years) are weighed and measured during the school year. The findings are used to inform local planning and delivery of services for children, and gather population-level surveillance data to allow analysis of trends among children at risk of being overweight or obese. The programme also seeks to raise awareness of the importance of healthy weight in children. In September 2007, the government announced the ambition to reverse the rising tide of obesity and overweight in the population by ensuring that all individuals are able to maintain a healthy weight. The Government’s initial focus is on children, and by 2020 they aim to have reduced the proportion of overweight and obese children to 2000 levels. The Government strategy on excess weight is set out in “Healthy Weight, Healthy Lives: A cross-government strategy for England”. Legacy unique identifier: P01073

Proportion (95% CI) of overweight and obesity in children at 4–5 years classified as low and high risk by model stage using predictor data at booking, birth and early life (~ 1 and 2 years).

BackgroundGiven the scale of the current obesity epidemic and associated health consequences there has been increasing concern about the economic burden placed on society in terms of direct healthcare costs and indirect societal costs. In the Republic of Ireland these costs were estimated at €1.13 billion for 2009. The total direct healthcare costs for six major obesity related conditions (coronary heart disease & stroke, cancer, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and knee osteoarthritis) in the same year were estimated at €2.55 billion. The aim of this research is to project disease burden and direct healthcare costs for these conditions in Ireland to 2030 using the established model developed by the Health Forum (UK) for the Foresight: Tackling Obesities project. MethodologyRoutine data sources were used to derive incidence, prevalence, mortality and survival for six conditions as inputs for the model. The model utilises a two stage modelling process to predict future BMI rates, disease prevalence and costs. Stage 1 employs a non-linear multivariate regression model to project BMI trends; stage 2 employs a microsimulation approach to produce longitudinal projections and test the impact of interventions upon future incidence of obesity-related disease. ResultsOverweight and obesity are projected to reach levels of 89% and 85% in males and females respectively by 2030. This will result in an increase in the obesity related prevalence of CHD & stroke by 97%, cancers by 61% and type 2 diabetes by 21%. The direct healthcare costs associated with these increases will amount to €5.4 billion by 2030. A 5% reduction in population BMI levels by 2030 is projected to result in €495 million less being spent in obesity-related direct healthcare costs over twenty years. DiscussionThese findings have significant implications for policy, highlighting the need for effective strategies to prevent this avoidable health and economic burden.

Descriptive statistics and percentage overweight or obese by predictor at age 4–5 years.

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Weight Management Devices Market Size 2024-2028

The weight management devices market size is valued to increase by USD 5.21 billion, at a CAGR of 6.78% from 2023 to 2028. Growing obese population will drive the weight management devices market.

Market Insights

North America dominated the market and accounted for a 41% growth during the 2024-2028.
By Type - Fitness equipment segment was valued at USD 6.19 billion in 2022
By Distribution Channel - Offline segment accounted for the largest market revenue share in 2022

Market Size & Forecast

Market Opportunities: USD 105.16 million 
Market Future Opportunities 2023: USD 5210.80 million
CAGR from 2023 to 2028 : 6.78%

Market Summary

The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing global obesity epidemic and the integration of digital technologies into health and wellness solutions. According to the World Health Organization, over 650 million adults were obese in 2016, and this number is projected to increase. The rising prevalence of obesity and related health issues has led to a surge in demand for weight management devices that offer accurate tracking, personalized coaching, and real-time feedback. Digital technologies, such as mobile applications, wearable devices, and telehealth services, are revolutionizing the weight management industry. These technologies enable users to monitor their weight, physical activity, and nutrition intake in real-time, providing valuable insights and actionable recommendations to help them achieve their weight loss goals. For instance, a retailer implementing a digital weight management solution can optimize its supply chain by predicting demand for weight loss products based on user data and trends. However, the market faces challenges, including privacy concerns, data security, and the risk of addiction to weight loss apps and devices. Another significant challenge is the potential risks associated with bariatric surgeries, which are often considered a last resort for severe obesity. These surgeries come with risks such as infection, complications from anesthesia, and long-term health issues. Despite these challenges, the market continues to grow, driven by the increasing demand for effective weight management solutions and the integration of digital technologies.

What will be the size of the Weight Management Devices Market during the forecast period?

Get Key Insights on Market Forecast (PDF) Request Free SampleThe market represents a dynamic and evolving industry, driven by advancements in health behavior change technologies. One significant trend is the integration of remote patient monitoring devices into weight management programs. These devices, which include hardware durability-tested sensors for nutritional data analysis and water retention analysis, are increasingly being used to support long-term weight management and weight stability maintenance. Moreover, mobile app development plays a crucial role in enhancing user experience and ensuring compliance with weight loss strategies. Clinical trial data and algorithm optimization are essential components of these apps, providing personalized nutrition plans, health coaching support, and muscle mass assessment. As data privacy regulations become increasingly stringent, device accuracy validation and software updates are critical to maintaining trust and ensuring meticulous data interpretation and exercise prescription guidelines. In the realm of telehealth, weight management devices are being integrated to provide comprehensive health solutions. This integration allows for seamless data sharing between healthcare providers and patients, enabling more effective weight loss strategies and metabolic syndrome prediction. With continued focus on user experience improvements, sensor calibration methods, and device accuracy validation, the market is poised for continued growth and innovation.

Unpacking the Weight Management Devices Market Landscape

The market encompasses a range of technologies designed to assist users in monitoring and managing their weight and overall health. Heart rate variability analysis and user-friendly interface design are key features of these devices, with smartphone integration enabling real-time data access and synchronization via cloud technology. Sensor precision in waist circumference measurement and calorie tracking apps ensures accurate data, leading to improved metabolic rate monitoring and weight loss program effectiveness. Smart scales technology provides users with fat mass percentage, lean body mass, and other body composition analysis data. Sleep duration monitoring and nutritional assessment tools offer insights into sleep quality and dietary intake, while metabolic rate monitoring and exercise adherence tracking facilitate ROI improvement by aligning with weight loss goals. Data security measur

Goodness of fit measures for the optimal models.

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Weight Loss Supplement Market Size 2024-2028

The weight loss supplement market size is valued to increase by USD 1.53 billion, at a CAGR of 4.96% from 2023 to 2028. Growing obese population will drive the weight loss supplement market.

Major Market Trends & Insights

North America dominated the market and accounted for a 52% growth during the forecast period.
By Distribution Channel - Offline segment was valued at USD 3.36 billion in 2022
By Type - Pills segment accounted for the largest market revenue share in 2022

Market Size & Forecast

Market Opportunities: USD 0 million
Market Future Opportunities: USD 0 million
CAGR from 2023 to 2028 : 4.96%

Market Summary

The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing obesity population and the rise in promotional and marketing activities. According to recent studies, the prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions, with approximately 650 million adults being obese in 2016. This trend is driving the demand for weight loss supplements, as individuals seek convenient and effective solutions to manage their weight. Moreover, the weight loss supplement industry is witnessing an uptick in marketing efforts, with companies investing heavily in digital marketing and social media campaigns to reach a wider audience. The use of influencer marketing and celebrity endorsements is also on the rise, further fueling market growth.
One real-world business scenario that highlights the importance of the market is the optimization of supply chain operations. A leading supplement manufacturer was able to reduce its lead time by 25% by implementing a more efficient supply chain management system. This enabled the company to meet the surging demand for weight loss supplements and maintain customer satisfaction. Despite the market's growth potential, challenges remain, including regulatory compliance and operational efficiency. Companies must adhere to strict regulations regarding the safety and efficacy of their products, which can add complexity to their operations. Additionally, ensuring operational efficiency is crucial to maintaining profitability and staying competitive in the market.

What will be the Size of the Weight Loss Supplement Market during the forecast period?

Get Key Insights on Market Forecast (PDF) Request Free Sample

How is the Weight Loss Supplement Market Segmented ?

The weight loss supplement industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Distribution Channel

  Offline
  Online


Type

  Pills
  Powder
  Liquid


Ingredients

  Vitamins & Minerals
  Amino Acids
  Natural Extracts/ Botanicals


Geography

  North America

    US


  Europe

    Germany
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Distribution Channel Insights

The offline segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The market continues to evolve, with a focus on ingredient standardization and weight management programs. Nutrient absorption rate, adverse event monitoring, and body composition changes are key areas of research. Clinical trial results demonstrate the potential for insulin sensitivity improvement, adipose tissue reduction, and glycemic control impact. Consumer safety guidelines prioritize safety profile assessment, dosage recommendations, and prebiotic fiber content. Product labeling requirements ensure transparency regarding metabolic rate enhancement, carbohydrate metabolism, and gut microbiome modulation. Supplement formulation design incorporates appetite suppressant mechanisms, thermogenesis stimulation, and efficacy biomarkers.

Manufacturing quality control, probiotic supplement benefits, and hormonal balance effects are also considered. One study indicates that online sales account for 15% of the market, driven by consumer access to product information, reviews, and comparisons.

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The Offline segment was valued at USD 3.36 billion in 2018 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

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Regional Analysis

North America is estimated to contribute 52% to the growth of the global market during the forecast period.Technavio's analysts have elaborately explained the regional trends and drivers that shape the market during the forecast period.

See How Weight Loss Supplement Market Demand is Rising in North America Request Free Sample

The North American the market is experiencing significant growth, driven by increasing consumer focus on healthier lifestyles and escalating obesity-related concerns. The United States, with its larger population, leads the market, while Canada is expanding at a comparatively slower pace. T

Changes in average weight values from the past (1970–2010) and into the future (2020–2030).

Discrimination and calibration performance for the SLOPE models in estimating risk of overweight and obesity at 4–5 years in the BiB cohort using predictor data at booking, birth and early life (~ 1 and 2 years).

Time-bound samples of newspaper articles.

Example of societal coding frame and framing components.

Introduction: Obesity constitutes a major public health problem in Europe, but how the obesity epidemic in European countries will evolve remains unknown. Most previous obesity projections considered the short-term future only, focused on single non-European countries, and projected ongoing increases foremost. We comparatively project obesity prevalence into the long-term future for 18 European countries and the USA. Data: We used national age-specific (20–84 years) and sex-specific obesity prevalence estimates (1975–2016) from the NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) 2017 study, which are based on available measured height and weight data, supplemented with estimates from a Bayesian hierarchical model. Methods: We projected age- and sex-specific obesity prevalence up to the year 2100 by integrating the notion of a wave-shaped obesity epidemic into conventional age-period projections. Results: In 1990–2016, the increasing trends in obesity prevalence were decelerating. Obesity is expected to reach maximum levels between 2030 and 2052 among men, and between 2026 and 2054 among women. The maximum levels will likely be reached first in The Netherlands, USA, and UK, and last in Switzerland; and are expected to be highest in the USA and UK, and lowest in The Netherlands for men and Denmark for women. In 2060, obesity prevalence is expected to be lowest among Dutch men and highest among Swiss men. The projected age-specific obesity prevalence levels have an inverse U-shape, peaking at around the age of 60–69 years. Discussion: Applying our novel approach to the NCD-RisC 2017 data, obesity prevalence is expected to reach maximum levels between 2026 and 2054, with the USA and UK reaching the highest maximum levels first, followed by other European countries.

Obesity has become a global public health concern. However, its precise origins and causation are still hotly debated, especially the relative importance of individual-level genetics and behaviours, as opposed to obesogenic environmental factors. Our key objective is to quantify the impact of sociodemographic and early-life course predictors of being overweight or obese at 16, being overweight/obese/severely obese42 years of age, and on the incidence of a status of being overweight/obese/severely obese between 16 and 42 years of age, spanning the years before and after marked increases in obesity prevalence in the UK. We used data collected from participants and their mothers from the 1958 National Child Development Survey. The outcomes of interest were being overweight (defined as ) or obese (defined as BMI > 30 kg/m2) at 16 and 42 years of age and incident obesity between 16 and 42 years of age. We assessed the risk factors for obesity using logistic regression models. We observed a strong influence of maternal obesity for being Obese/Severe Obese compared to being overweight across the three models (ORs 4.328,2.901,3.293 for the models relating to age 16, the age range 16-42, and age 42 respectively). Additionally, we note that maternal smoking (ORs 1.6 to 1.8 for 10 + cigarettes per day compared to non-smokers) on all three outcomes were statistically significant. Females were prone to being overweight/obese at 16 years of age (OR 1.96 CI 1.61 to 2.39) but less prone to develop obesity between 16 and 42 years of age (OR 0.89 CI 0.78 to 1.007). Our results suggest that sociodemographic and early-life risk factors could be used to target obesity prevention programmes for children and adults. In particular, we note that the effect of maternal influences persists through to age 42 and that strikingly, those predictors were just as powerful (and prevalent) in the era before the current obesity pandemic began. This suggests that, as Geoffrey Rose pointed out, novel studies are needed of factors at the community/societal level that may have caused the current obesity pandemic, since individual-level risk factors appear not to have changed over the time period spanning the pandemic’s onset and growth.