From 2021 to 2023, the obesity prevalence among the total U.S. population aged 20 and older was around 40 percent. This statistic shows the prevalence of obesity among adults aged 20 and older in the United States from 2021 to 2023, by gender and age group.

Surveys comparing obesity rates among adults in the United States in 2019 and 2023 revealed that both years presented similar trends. Adults aged 45–65 years old had the highest obesity rates in both years. Additionally, obesity rates increased across all age groups in 2023 compared to 2019. This statistic depicts the percentage of adults in the United States with obesity in 2019 and 2023, by age.

Childhood Obesity Levels

Trends and Correlations in U.S. Gender and Age Groups (1971-2014)

By Health [source]

About this dataset

This dataset contains data on the prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States from 1971 to 2014. It examines both the gender and age of children affected by this epidemic, providing a comprehensive look at how much this problem has grown over time. Offering key insights into how many children are overweight and obese today, this dataset is insightful for researchers, medical professionals and policy makers looking for further understanding about how childhood obesity affects America's youth. With its information about how much this issue has grown since 1971, it is a powerful tool to help determine potential solutions that can effectively reduce rates of health complications caused by obesity

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How to use the dataset

How to use this dataset

• Explore the data - review the columns and familiarize yourself with any relationships within the data that could be interesting or relevant.
• Select a metric - decide what metric you would like to use (e.g., percent obese, percent overweight) when analyzing trends in the dataset.
• Choose an analysis - determine if you want to analyze trends in a single factor (i.e., gender or age) or multiple factors together (i.e., gender+age). If multiple factors, make sure there is no significant bias between them (ie weighting issues).
• Filter relevant information - drill down into your chosen metric/metrics and look for interesting/relevant subsets within it/them . Be sure to keep track of your filters! 5 .Visualize data - create graphs which accurately illustrate any relationships between chosen metrics over time (if exploring time series data). Heatmaps are also useful for understanding patterns in 2X2 datasets over time when appropriate
  6 .Interpret results' Findings should be compared with external sources and further research should be conducted where appropriate

Research Ideas

• Evaluating the effectiveness of school lunch programs for reducing childhood obesity over time, broken down by gender and age-group.
• Looking at regional trends in childhood obesity over time to identify which areas are dealing with more severe levels of this epidemic.
• Correlating socio-economic factors (such as poverty and income levels) with childhood obesity rates across different ethnicities, genders, and age groups over time to better understand health disparities among different populations in the US

Acknowledgements

If you use this dataset in your research, please credit the original authors. Data Source

License

License: Dataset copyright by authors - You are free to: - Share - copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially. - Adapt - remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. - You must: - Give appropriate credit - Provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. - ShareAlike - You must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. - Keep intact - all notices that refer to this license, including copyright notices.

Columns

File: child_ob_gender.csv | Column name | Description | |:--------------|:-------------------------------------------------------| | Time | The year the data was collected. (Integer) | | Gender | The gender of the children in the dataset. (String) | | PercentOW | The percentage of children who are overweight. (Float) | | PercentOB | The percentage of children who are obese. (Float) |

File: obesity_child_age.csv | Column name | Description | |:-----------------|:--------------------------------------------------------| | Time | The year the data was collected. (Integer) | | Gender | The gender of the children in the dataset. (String) | | Age | The age group of the children in the dataset. (Integer) | | PercentObese | The percentage of children who are obese. (Float) | | SE | The standard error of the data. (Float) |

Acknowledgements

If you use this dataset in your research, please credit the original authors. If you use this dataset in your research, please credit Health.

Number and percentage of Canadians aged 5 to 79 with a measured body mass index categorized as overweight or obese, by age group and sex.

From 1997 to 2020, the prevalence of obesity in the adult population increased steadily in France. However, obesity rates have grown unequally among different age groups. From 1997 to 2020, the share of obese people was higher among older people. In 2020, roughly 20 percent of people aged 55 to 64 suffered from obesity in France.

These figures revealed one exception among the eldest age group. Indeed, among French people aged 65 or older, obesity prevalence decreased from 2012 to 2020. As a result, during this period, obesity rates among 55-64 year olds surpassed that among 65 and over 65 year olds.

Number and percentage of adults who reported being overweight or obese, by age group and sex.

This statistic shows share of people who were overweight or obese in Sweden in 2022, by age group. The age group with the highest share of overweight and obese people was from 45 to 64 years, with 41.6 percent of this age group classed as overweight and 18.8 percent obese.

The table shows the percentage of underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity disaggregated by sex and age groups.

BMI data is obtained from each systems’ electronic health record and combined into one database managed by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. These data represent individuals who presented for routine care at one of the participating health care organizations, and had a valid height and weight measured. Overweight and obesity prevalence estimates are available for the 7 metro Denver counties, and for rural Prowers County. Estimates generated from the Colorado BMI Monitoring System may be linked with other data sources to identify contributory social and environmental factors.This feature layer represents adult obesity estimates only.DefinitionsCoverage: The total number of individuals in the BMI Monitoring System with a valid BMI divided by the total estimated population from the American Community Survey Population and Demographic Estimates produced by the US Census Bureau in the specified geographic area and age group.Obesity Adults: Obesity is defined as a BMI, calculated from height and weight, of 30 kilograms per meter squared (kg/m2) or greater.Obesity Prevalence Estimates: Percentage of individuals with obesity based upon the total number of individuals with obesity in the specified geographic area and age group divided by the total number of valid BMI measurements in the same specified geographic area and age group.

BackgroundIn India, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased rapidly in recent decades. Given the association between overweight and obesity with many non-communicable diseases, forecasts of the future prevalence of overweight and obesity can help inform policy in a country where around one sixth of the world’s population resides.MethodsWe used a system of multi-state life tables to forecast overweight and obesity prevalence among Indians aged 20–69 years by age, sex and urban/rural residence to 2040. We estimated the incidence and initial prevalence of overweight using nationally representative data from the National Family Health Surveys 3 and 4, and the Study on global AGEing and adult health, waves 0 and 1. We forecasted future mortality, using the Lee-Carter model fitted life tables reported by the Sample Registration System, and adjusted the mortality rates for Body Mass Index using relative risks from the literature.ResultsThe prevalence of overweight will more than double among Indian adults aged 20–69 years between 2010 and 2040, while the prevalence of obesity will triple. Specifically, the prevalence of overweight and obesity will reach 30.5% (27.4%-34.4%) and 9.5% (5.4%-13.3%) among men, and 27.4% (24.5%-30.6%) and 13.9% (10.1%-16.9%) among women, respectively, by 2040. The largest increases in the prevalence of overweight and obesity between 2010 and 2040 is expected to be in older ages, and we found a larger relative increase in overweight and obesity in rural areas compared to urban areas. The largest relative increase in overweight and obesity prevalence was forecast to occur at older age groups.ConclusionThe overall prevalence of overweight and obesity is expected to increase considerably in India by 2040, with substantial increases particularly among rural residents and older Indians. Detailed predictions of excess weight are crucial in estimating future non-communicable disease burdens and their economic impact.

Trend data from the GOV.UK Official Statistics - National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) showing the prevalence of excess weight and obesity in children at MSOA area level.

This dataset provides analysis of trends in childhood obesity and excess weight in the United Kingdom, utilizing data from the National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP). The NCMP systematically measures the height and weight of children, providing insights into the dynamics of childhood obesity across various regions. The dataset allows for detailed analysis at the small-area level, including Middle Super Output Areas (MSOAs), electoral wards, Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs), and Local Authorities (LAs), enabling a nuanced understanding of regional disparities in childhood obesity rates.

By examining shifts in obesity prevalence, stakeholders can identify at-risk populations and regions, informing targeted public health policies and interventions. These insights are crucial for addressing the rising rates of childhood obesity and crafting effective strategies to promote healthier lifestyles, reduce obesity rates, and improve public health outcomes.

The data can be analyzed at a finely detailed geographical level, such as Middle Super Output Areas (MSOAs), electoral wards, Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs), and Local Authorities (LAs). This allows for a nuanced understanding of how childhood obesity rates differ from one locality to another, illuminating disparities in public health outcomes. Stakeholders are equipped with the insights necessary to identify at-risk populations and regions by examining shifts in the prevalence of child obesity and excess weight.

These insights are vital for crafting targeted public health policies and interventions tailored to combat the rising rates of childhood obesity. Understanding the prevalence and geographic distribution of this critical issue is essential for researchers, policymakers, and public health officials as they work collaboratively to promote healthier lifestyles, implement effective preventive measures, and ultimately reduce the prevalence of obesity among children in the UK.

Original Data Source: (Discontinued) GOV.UK Child obesity and excess weight: small area level data

Dataset Features

• Child_Group: Describes the group of children being measured (e.g., excess weight in different age groups).
• MSOA_Code: Unique identifier for the Middle Super Output Area (MSOA) of the data point.
• MSOA_Code_MSOA11_HCL_Name: Name of the MSOA area where the data was collected.
• LA_Code: Unique identifier for the Local Authority (LA) where the data was collected.
• LA_Code_Geography_Name: Name of the Local Authority (LA) where the data was collected.
• Measure: Specific measurement (e.g., Denominator, LCI, Numerator).
• Measure_Value: The value of the measure.
• Measure_Value_Str: String representation of the measure value.
• School_Year: School year(s) corresponding to the data (e.g., 2013/14 to 2015/16).
• Effective_Snapshot_Date: Date when the data snapshot was recorded.
• Report_Period_Length: Length of the report period (e.g., biannual).

Distribution

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https://storage.googleapis.com/opendatabay_public/03ac08a6-75aa-40a2-9aa7-b19c01ac05a5/3c7813075b08_3_measure_value_vs_MSOA.png" alt="3_measure_value_vs_MSOA.png">

Usage

This dataset is useful for a variety of purposes: - Public Health Analysis: Analyzing trends in childhood obesity and excess weight across the UK. - Policy Making: Supporting evidence-based policy development for child health and wellness programs to reduce obesity rates. - Geospatial Analysis: Mapping obesity trends at small-area levels (MSOAs, electoral wards) to identify regions with higher obesity rates. - Educational Research: Supporting studies into childhood obesity and its relationship with socio-economic and geographic factors. - Healthcare Insights: Identifying regions that may require more healthcare interventions and monitoring the success of public health strategies.

Coverage

The dataset covers childhood obesity and excess weight data across the United Kingdom, with detailed analysis at small-area geographical levels including Middle Super Output Areas (MSOAs), Local Authorities (LAs), Electoral Wards, and Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs). The data spans from 2011 to 2018, providing insights into regional disparities in childhood obesity rates and excess weight.

License

CUSTOM

Please review the respective licenses below:

1. Dat

**Citation Request: ** Koklu, N., & Sulak, S.A. (2024). Using artificial intelligence techniques for the analysis of obesity status according to the individuals' social and physical activities. Sinop Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 217-239. https://doi.org/10.33484/sinopfbd.1445215

Obesity Dataset

Obesity is a serious and chronic disease with genetic and environmental interactions. It is defined as an excessive amount of fat tissue in the body that is harmful to health. The main risk factors for obesity include social, psychological, and eating habits. Obesity is a significant health problem for all age groups in the world. Currently, more than 2 billion people worldwide are obese or overweight. Research has shown that obesity can be prevented. In this study, artificial intelligence methods were used to identify individuals at risk of obesity. An online survey was conducted on 1610 individuals to create the obesity dataset. To analyze the survey data, four commonly used artificial intelligence methods in literature, namely Artificial Neural Network, K Nearest Neighbors, Random Forest and Support Vector Machine, were employed after pre-processing. As a result of this analysis, obesity classes were predicted correctly with success rates of 74.96%, 74.03%, 74.03% and 87.82%, respectively. Random Forest was the most successful artificial intelligence method for this dataset and accurately classified obesity with a success rate of 87.82%.

Attributes/Values Sex Male (712) Female (898)

Age Values in integers

Height Values in integers (cm)

Overweight/Obese Families Yes (266) No (1344)

Consumption of Fast Food Yes (436) No (1174)

Frequency of Consuming Vegetables Rarely (400) Sometimes (708) Always (502)

Number of Main Meals Daily 1. 1-2 (444) 3 (928) 3+ (238)

Food Intake Between Meals Rarely (346) Sometimes (564) Usually (417) Always (283)

Smoking Yes (492) No (1118)

Liquid Intake Daily amount smaller than one liter (456) Within the range of 1 to 2 liters (523) In excess of 2 liters (631)

Calculation Of Calorie Intake Yes (286) No (1324)

Physical Exercise No physical activity (206) In the range of 1-2 days (290) In the range of 3-4 days (370) In the range of 5-6 days (358) 6+ days (386)

Schedule Dedicated to Technology Between 0 and 2 hours (382) Between 3 and 5 hours (826) Exceeding five hours (402)

Type of Transportation Used Automobile (660) Motorbike (94) Bike (116) Public transportation (602) Walking (138)

Class Underweight (73) Normal (658) Overweight (592) Obesity (287)

In 2023, around 41 percent of South Koreans in their fifties were considered obese, meaning their body mass index (BMI) was measured at 25 or over. The lowest obesity rate was recorded among those in their twenties.

SUMMARYThis analysis, designed and executed by Ribble Rivers Trust, identifies areas across England with the greatest levels of obesity in adults (aged 18+). Please read the below information to gain a full understanding of what the data shows and how it should be interpreted.ANALYSIS METHODOLOGYThe analysis was carried out using Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) data, derived from NHS Digital, relating to obesity in adults (aged 18+).This information was recorded at the GP practice level. However, GP catchment areas are not mutually exclusive: they overlap, with some areas covered by 30+ GP practices. Therefore, to increase the clarity and usability of the data, the GP-level statistics were converted into statistics based on Middle Layer Super Output Area (MSOA) census boundaries.The percentage of each MSOA’s adult population (aged 18+) that are obese was estimated. This was achieved by calculating a weighted average based on:The percentage of the MSOA area that was covered by each GP practice’s catchment areaOf the GPs that covered part of that MSOA: the percentage of registered patients that have that illness The estimated percentage of each MSOA’s adult population that are obese was then combined with Office for National Statistics Mid-Year Population Estimates (2019) data for MSOAs, to estimate the number of people in each MSOA that are obese, within the relevant age range.Each MSOA was assigned a relative score between 1 and 0 (1 = worst, 0 = best) based on:A) the PERCENTAGE of the adult population within that MSOA who are estimated to be obeseB) the NUMBER of adults within that MSOA who are estimated to be obeseAn average of scores A & B was taken, and converted to a relative score between 1 and 0 (1= worst, 0 = best). The closer to 1 the score, the greater both the number and percentage of the population in the MSOA that are estimated to be obese compared to other MSOAs. In other words, those are areas where it’s estimated a large number of people are obese, and where those people make up a large percentage of the population, indicating there is a real issue with obesity within the adult population and the investment of resources to address that issue could have the greatest benefits.LIMITATIONS1. GP data for the financial year 1st April 2018 – 31st March 2019 was used in preference to data for the financial year 1st April 2019 – 31st March 2020, as the onset of the COVID19 pandemic during the latter year could have affected the reporting of medical statistics by GPs. However, for 53 GPs (out of 7670) that did not submit data in 2018/19, data from 2019/20 was used instead. Note also that some GPs (997 out of 7670) did not submit data in either year. This dataset should be viewed in conjunction with the ‘Health and wellbeing statistics (GP-level, England): Missing data and potential outliers’ dataset, to determine areas where data from 2019/20 was used, where one or more GPs did not submit data in either year, or where there were large discrepancies between the 2018/19 and 2019/20 data (differences in statistics that were > mean +/- 1 St.Dev.), which suggests erroneous data in one of those years (it was not feasible for this study to investigate this further), and thus where data should be interpreted with caution. This dataset also shows rural areas (with little or no population) that do not officially fall into any GP catchment area and for which there were no statistics regarding adult obesity (although this will not affect the results of this analysis if there are no people living in those areas).2. It was not feasible to incorporate ultra-fine-scale geographic distribution of populations that are registered with each GP practice or who live within each MSOA. Populations might be concentrated in certain areas of a GP practice’s catchment area or MSOA and relatively sparse in other areas. Therefore, the dataset should be used to identify general areas where there are high levels of adult obesity, rather than interpreting the boundaries between areas as ‘hard’ boundaries that mark definite divisions between areas with differing levels of adult obesity.TO BE VIEWED IN COMBINATION WITH:This dataset should be viewed alongside the following datasets, which highlight areas of missing data and potential outliers in the data:Health and wellbeing statistics (GP-level, England): Missing data and potential outliersLevels of obesity, inactivity and associated illnesses (England): Missing dataDOWNLOADING THIS DATATo access this data on your desktop GIS, download the ‘Levels of obesity, inactivity and associated illnesses: Summary (England)’ dataset.DATA SOURCESThis dataset was produced using:Quality and Outcomes Framework data: Copyright © 2020, Health and Social Care Information Centre. The Health and Social Care Information Centre is a non-departmental body created by statute, also known as NHS Digital.GP Catchment Outlines. Copyright © 2020, Health and Social Care Information Centre. The Health and Social Care Information Centre is a non-departmental body created by statute, also known as NHS Digital. Data was cleaned by Ribble Rivers Trust before use.COPYRIGHT NOTICEThe reproduction of this data must be accompanied by the following statement:© Ribble Rivers Trust 2021. Analysis carried out using data that is: Copyright © 2020, Health and Social Care Information Centre. The Health and Social Care Information Centre is a non-departmental body created by statute, also known as NHS Digital.CaBA HEALTH & WELLBEING EVIDENCE BASEThis dataset forms part of the wider CaBA Health and Wellbeing Evidence Base.

SUMMARYThis analysis, designed and executed by Ribble Rivers Trust, identifies areas across England with the greatest levels of physical illnesses that are linked with obesity and inactivity. Please read the below information to gain a full understanding of what the data shows and how it should be interpreted.ANALYSIS METHODOLOGYThe analysis was carried out using Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) data, derived from NHS Digital, relating to:- Asthma (in persons of all ages)- Cancer (in persons of all ages)- Chronic kidney disease (in adults aged 18+)- Coronary heart disease (in persons of all ages)- Diabetes mellitus (in persons aged 17+)- Hypertension (in persons of all ages)- Stroke and transient ischaemic attack (in persons of all ages)This information was recorded at the GP practice level. However, GP catchment areas are not mutually exclusive: they overlap, with some areas covered by 30+ GP practices. Therefore, to increase the clarity and usability of the data, the GP-level statistics were converted into statistics based on Middle Layer Super Output Area (MSOA) census boundaries.For each of the above illnesses, the percentage of each MSOA’s population with that illness was estimated. This was achieved by calculating a weighted average based on:- The percentage of the MSOA area that was covered by each GP practice’s catchment area- Of the GPs that covered part of that MSOA: the percentage of patients registered with each GP that have that illnessThe estimated percentage of each MSOA’s population with each illness was then combined with Office for National Statistics Mid-Year Population Estimates (2019) data for MSOAs, to estimate the number of people in each MSOA with each illness, within the relevant age range.For each illness, each MSOA was assigned a relative score between 1 and 0 (1 = worst, 0 = best) based on:A) the PERCENTAGE of the population within that MSOA who are estimated to have that illnessB) the NUMBER of people within that MSOA who are estimated to have that illnessAn average of scores A & B was taken, and converted to a relative score between 1 and 0 (1= worst, 0 = best). The closer to 1 the score, the greater both the number and percentage of the population in the MSOA predicted to have that illness, compared to other MSOAs. In other words, those are areas where a large number of people are predicted to suffer from an illness, and where those people make up a large percentage of the population, indicating there is a real issue with that illness within the population and the investment of resources to address that issue could have the greatest benefits.The scores for each of the 7 illnesses were added together then converted to a relative score between 1 – 0 (1 = worst, 0 = best), to give an overall score for each MSOA: a score close to 1 would indicate that an area has high predicted levels of all obesity/inactivity-related illnesses, and these are areas where the local population could benefit the most from interventions to address those illnesses. A score close to 0 would indicate very low predicted levels of obesity/inactivity-related illnesses and therefore interventions might not be required.LIMITATIONS1. GPs do not have catchments that are mutually exclusive from each other: they overlap, with some geographic areas being covered by 30+ practices. This dataset should be viewed in combination with the ‘Health and wellbeing statistics (GP-level, England): Missing data and potential outliers’ dataset to identify where there are areas that are covered by multiple GP practices but at least one of those GP practices did not provide data. Results of the analysis in these areas should be interpreted with caution, particularly if the levels of obesity/inactivity-related illnesses appear to be significantly lower than the immediate surrounding areas.2. GP data for the financial year 1st April 2018 – 31st March 2019 was used in preference to data for the financial year 1st April 2019 – 31st March 2020, as the onset of the COVID19 pandemic during the latter year could have affected the reporting of medical statistics by GPs. However, for 53 GPs (out of 7670) that did not submit data in 2018/19, data from 2019/20 was used instead. Note also that some GPs (997 out of 7670) did not submit data in either year. This dataset should be viewed in conjunction with the ‘Health and wellbeing statistics (GP-level, England): Missing data and potential outliers’ dataset, to determine areas where data from 2019/20 was used, where one or more GPs did not submit data in either year, or where there were large discrepancies between the 2018/19 and 2019/20 data (differences in statistics that were > mean +/- 1 St.Dev.), which suggests erroneous data in one of those years (it was not feasible for this study to investigate this further), and thus where data should be interpreted with caution. Note also that there are some rural areas (with little or no population) that do not officially fall into any GP catchment area (although this will not affect the results of this analysis if there are no people living in those areas).3. Although all of the obesity/inactivity-related illnesses listed can be caused or exacerbated by inactivity and obesity, it was not possible to distinguish from the data the cause of the illnesses in patients: obesity and inactivity are highly unlikely to be the cause of all cases of each illness. By combining the data with data relating to levels of obesity and inactivity in adults and children (see the ‘Levels of obesity, inactivity and associated illnesses: Summary (England)’ dataset), we can identify where obesity/inactivity could be a contributing factor, and where interventions to reduce obesity and increase activity could be most beneficial for the health of the local population.4. It was not feasible to incorporate ultra-fine-scale geographic distribution of populations that are registered with each GP practice or who live within each MSOA. Populations might be concentrated in certain areas of a GP practice’s catchment area or MSOA and relatively sparse in other areas. Therefore, the dataset should be used to identify general areas where there are high levels of obesity/inactivity-related illnesses, rather than interpreting the boundaries between areas as ‘hard’ boundaries that mark definite divisions between areas with differing levels of these illnesses. TO BE VIEWED IN COMBINATION WITH:This dataset should be viewed alongside the following datasets, which highlight areas of missing data and potential outliers in the data:- Health and wellbeing statistics (GP-level, England): Missing data and potential outliersDOWNLOADING THIS DATATo access this data on your desktop GIS, download the ‘Levels of obesity, inactivity and associated illnesses: Summary (England)’ dataset.DATA SOURCESThis dataset was produced using:Quality and Outcomes Framework data: Copyright © 2020, Health and Social Care Information Centre. The Health and Social Care Information Centre is a non-departmental body created by statute, also known as NHS Digital.GP Catchment Outlines. Copyright © 2020, Health and Social Care Information Centre. The Health and Social Care Information Centre is a non-departmental body created by statute, also known as NHS Digital. Data was cleaned by Ribble Rivers Trust before use.COPYRIGHT NOTICEThe reproduction of this data must be accompanied by the following statement:© Ribble Rivers Trust 2021. Analysis carried out using data that is: Copyright © 2020, Health and Social Care Information Centre. The Health and Social Care Information Centre is a non-departmental body created by statute, also known as NHS Digital.CaBA HEALTH & WELLBEING EVIDENCE BASEThis dataset forms part of the wider CaBA Health and Wellbeing Evidence Base.

The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity by age group of 1995, 2005 and 2015 survey.

Proportion of children aged 4 to 5 years classified as overweight or living with obesity. For population monitoring purposes, a child’s body mass index (BMI) is classed as overweight or obese where it is on or above the 85th centile or 95th centile, respectively, based on the British 1990 (UK90) growth reference data. The population monitoring cut offs for overweight and obesity are lower than the clinical cut offs (91st and 98th centiles for overweight and obesity) used to assess individual children; this is to capture children in the population in the clinical overweight or obesity BMI categories and those who are at high risk of moving into the clinical overweight or clinical obesity categories. This helps ensure that adequate services are planned and delivered for the whole population.

Rationale There is concern about the rise of childhood obesity and the implications of obesity persisting into adulthood. The risk of obesity in adulthood and risk of future obesity-related ill health are greater as children get older. Studies tracking child obesity into adulthood have found that the probability of children who are overweight or living with obesity becoming overweight or obese adults increases with age[1,2,3]. The health consequences of childhood obesity include: increased blood lipids, glucose intolerance, Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, increases in liver enzymes associated with fatty liver, exacerbation of conditions such as asthma and psychological problems such as social isolation, low self-esteem, teasing and bullying.

It is important to look at the prevalence of weight status across all weight/BMI categories to understand the whole picture and the movement of the population between categories over time.

The National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence have produced guidelines to tackle obesity in adults and children - http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG43.

1 Guo SS, Chumlea WC. Tracking of body mass index in children in relation to overweight in adulthood. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;70(suppl): 145S-8S.

2 Serdula MK, Ivery D, Coates RJ, Freedman DS, Williamson DF, Byers T. Do obese children become obese adults? A review of the literature. Preventative Medicine 1993;22:167-77.

3 Starc G, Strel J. Tracking excess weight and obesity from childhood to young adulthood: a 12-year prospective cohort study in Slovenia. Public Health Nutrition 2011;14:49-55.

Definition of numerator Number of children in reception (aged 4 to 5 years) with a valid height and weight measured by the NCMP with a BMI classified as overweight or living with obesity, including severe obesity (BMI on or above the 85th centile of the UK90 growth reference).

Definition of denominator Number of children in reception (aged 4 to 5 years) with a valid height and weight measured by the NCMP.

Caveats Data for local authorities may not match that published by NHS England which are based on the local authority of the school attended by the child or based on the local authority that submitted the data. There is a strong correlation between deprivation and child obesity prevalence and users of these data may wish to examine the pattern in their local area. Users may wish to produce thematic maps and charts showing local child obesity prevalence. When presenting data in charts or maps it is important, where possible, to consider the confidence intervals (CIs) around the figures. This analysis supersedes previously published data for small area geographies and historically published data should not be compared to the latest publication. Estimated data published in this fingertips tool is not comparable with previously published data due to changes in methods over the different years of production. These methods changes include; moving from estimated numbers at ward level to actual numbers; revision of geographical boundaries (including ward boundary changes and conversion from 2001 MSOA boundaries to 2011 boundaries); disclosure control methodology changes. The most recently published data applies the same methods across all years of data. There is the potential for error in the collection, collation and interpretation of the data (bias may be introduced due to poor response rates and selective opt out of children with a high BMI for age/sex which it is not possible to control for). There is not a good measure of response bias and the degree of selective opt out, but participation rates (the proportion of eligible school children who were measured) may provide a reasonable proxy; the higher the participation rate, the less chance there is for selective opt out, though this is not a perfect method of assessment. Participation rates for each local authority are available in the https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/profile/national-child-measurement-programme/data#page/4/gid/8000022/ of this profile.

This data represents the age-adjusted prevalence of high total cholesterol, hypertension, and obesity among US adults aged 20 and over between 1999-2000 to 2017-2018. Notes: All estimates are age adjusted by the direct method to the U.S. Census 2000 population using age groups 20–39, 40–59, and 60 and over. Definitions Hypertension: Systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 80 mmHg, or currently taking medication to lower high blood pressure High total cholesterol: Serum total cholesterol greater than or equal to 240 mg/dL. Obesity: Body mass index (BMI, weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) greater than or equal to 30. Data Source and Methods Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) for the years 1999–2000, 2001–2002, 2003–2004, 2005–2006, 2007–2008, 2009–2010, 2011–2012, 2013–2014, 2015–2016, and 2017–2018 were used for these analyses. NHANES is a cross-sectional survey designed to monitor the health and nutritional status of the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population. The survey consists of interviews conducted in participants’ homes and standardized physical examinations, including a blood draw, conducted in mobile examination centers.

These data are from the 2013 California Dietary Practices Surveys (CDPS), 2012 California Teen Eating, Exercise and Nutrition Survey (CalTEENS), and 2013 California Children’s Healthy Eating and Exercise Practices Surveys (CalCHEEPS). These surveys have been discontinued. Adults, adolescents, and children (with parental assistance) were asked for their current height and weight, from which, body mass index (BMI) was calculated. For adults, a BMI of 30.0 and above is considered obese. For adolescents and children, obesity is defined as having a BMI at or above the 95th percentile, according to CDC growth charts.

The California Dietary Practices Surveys (CDPS), the California Teen Eating, Exercise and Nutrition Survey (CalTEENS), and the California Children’s Healthy Eating and Exercise Practices Surveys (CalCHEEPS) (now discontinued) were the most extensive dietary and physical activity assessments of adults 18 years and older, adolescents 12 to 17, and children 6 to 11, respectively, in the state of California. CDPS and CalCHEEPS were administered biennially in odd years up through 2013 and CalTEENS was administered biennially in even years through 2014. The surveys were designed to monitor dietary trends, especially fruit and vegetable consumption, among Californias for evaluating their progress toward meeting the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the Healthy People 2020 Objectives. All three surveys were conducted via telephone. Adult and adolescent data were collected using a list of participating CalFresh households and random digit dial, and child data were collected using only the list of CalFresh households. Older children (9-11) were the primary respondents with some parental assistance. For younger children (6-8), the primary respondent was parents. Data were oversampled for low-income and African American to provide greater sensitivity for analyzing trends among the target population. Wording of the question used for these analyses varied by survey (age group). The questions were worded are as follows: Adult:1) How tall are you without shoes?2) How much do you weigh?Adolescent:1) About how much do you weigh without shoes?2) About how tall are you without shoes? Child:1) How tall is [child's name] now without shoes on?2) How much does [child's name] weigh now without shoes on?