In 2024, the global ocean surface temperature was 0.97 degrees Celsius warmer than the 20th-century average. Oceans are responsible for absorbing over 90 percent of the Earth's excess heat from global warming. Departures from average conditions are called anomalies, and temperature anomalies result from recurring weather patterns or longer-term climate change. While the extent of these temperature anomalies fluctuates annually, an upward trend has been observed over the past several decades. Effects of climate change Since the 1980s, every region of the world has consistently recorded increases in average temperatures. These trends coincide with significant growth in the global carbon dioxide emissions, greenhouse gas, and a driver of climate change. As temperatures rise, notable decreases in the extent of arctic sea ice have been recorded. Outlook An increase in emissions from the use of fossil fuels is projected for the coming decades. Nevertheless, global investments in clean energy have increased dramatically since the early 2000s.

Water temperature data was compiled from data provided by different agencies around the Gulf of Mexico, research projects and cruises. In situ water temperature measured in degrees Celsius.

Data source: National Water Quality Monitoring Council (NWQMC), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), United States Geological Survey (USGS), National Estuarine Research System (NERRS), Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS), National Park Water Services (NPWS), Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ), Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON), Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ), Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM), Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) and Texas A&M University (TAMU).

Lesson: Sample multidimensional HYCOM ocean data in the Gulf of Mexico to determine where and when ocean currents are calm enough to conduct ROV well inspections.In this lesson, you are a mission planner operating a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) in the Gulf of Mexico. Using the seven-day forecast obtained from the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) multidimensional raster, you will determine where and when the ocean currents are predicted to be calm enough to operate the ROV. In planning the mission to inspect and cap a set of wells, you will sample the HYCOM raster in the time and depth dimensions, create a chart to show dive opportunities, and visualize and animate the ocean current dynamics in 3D.This lesson was last tested August 11, 2021, with ArcGIS Pro 2.8.View final resultRequirementsArcGIS Pro (get a free trial)ArcGIS 3D Analyst extensionLesson PlanAdd HYCOM raster to lesson projectOpen the ArcGIS Pro project package and extract the zipped HYCOM CRF raster folder, and add it to the map.10 minutesSample the HYCOM RasterSample the HYCOM CRF raster at 30 well locations in all depth and time dimensions in the Gulf of Mexico, and convert the u and v vectors to direction and velocity.10 minutesConfigure 3D ocean current symbolsAdd the sample points to the scene and symbolize them as time-aware custom 3D arrows showing ocean current direction and magnitude.10 minutesDiscover ROV dive windows with a matrix heat chartCreate a matrix heat chart using the ocean current data, showing time windows where an ROV can be operated at each well location.10 minutesAnimate ocean currents in 3DChoose a well location and create an annotated animation showing changes in ocean current for the week.20 minutes

This data set contains Arctic Sea Ice gifs single data. The U.S. National Ice Center (NIC) is an inter-agency sea ice analysis and forecasting center comprised of Dept. of Commerce/NOAA, Dept. of Defense/U.S. Navy, and Dept. of Homeland Security/U.S. Coast Guard components. Since 1972, NIC has produced Arctic and Antarctic sea ice charts. This data set is an Arctic sea ice concentration climatology derived from the NIC weekly or biweekly operational ice chart time series. The charts used in the climatology are from 1972 through 2004, and the monthly climatology products are median, maximum, minimum, first quartile, and third quartile concentrations, as well as frequency of occurrence of ice at any concentration for 33 year, 10 year, and 5 year periods. These climatologies and the charts from which they are derived are provided in 25 km EASE-Grid (gridded binary). Ice extent can be derived from concentration by summing the number of equal area EASE-Grid cells. GIF browse files are also provided. The climatologies are also made available in a Geographical Information System (GIS) compatible format. NIC charts are produced through the analyses of available in situ, remote sensing, and model data sources. They are generated primarily for mission planning and safety of navigation. NIC charts generally show more ice than do passive microwave derived sea ice concentrations, particularly in the summer when passive microwave algorithms tend to underestimate ice concentration. The record of sea ice concentration from the NIC series is believed to be more accurate than that from passive microwave sensors, especially from the mid-1990s on (see references in the documentation), but it lacks the consistency of some passive microwave time series.

The world's oceans are becoming increasingly acidic, with the average ocean pH falling from 8.11 in 1985 to 8.05 in 2022. This seemingly small change represents a significant increase in acidity, damaging the fine chemical balance of the oceans and posing a risk to marine ecosystems. The more emissions, the more acidic As global CO2 emissions continue to rise, the oceans absorb more CO2 per year, playing a crucial role in regulating atmospheric CO2 levels. The increased dissolution of CO2 in seawater causes the oceans’ pH to decrease. The acidification of the oceans creates conditions that dissolve minerals such as carbonates, which are the backbone of reefs and marine life’s shells and skeletons. In addition, certain species of harmful algae proliferate in acidified waters, putting fish, marine mammals, and the full food chain in danger. Warmer oceans on top of acidification Acidification is not the only climate change-related issue the oceans must adapt to. In 2023, the average ocean surface temperature worldwide was almost one degree Celsius higher than the 20th century average. Such departures from average conditions are called anomalies, and although they fluctuate, the global ocean surface temperature anomaly has shown a marked upward trend over the past decades. A warming ocean brings a series of cascading effects, including the melting of sea ice, sea level rise, and marine heatwaves. On top of that, less carbon sinks to the deep ocean in warmer waters, making them a less efficient carbon pool and therefore aggravating climate change.

In 2024, the average air temperature in Japan's capital reached around 17.6 degrees Celsius. Tokyo's annual mean air temperature increased by four degrees Celsius since 1900, showing the progress of global warming. Weather in Tokyo Tokyo lies in the humid subtropical climate zone. It is affected by the monsoon circulation and has mild, sunny winters and hot, humid, and rainy summers. In most of Japan, the rainy season lasts from early June to mid-July. Furthermore, heavy rainfall is often caused by typhoons, which develop over the Pacific Ocean and regularly approach the archipelago between July and October. In recent years, the Kanto region, including Tokyo Prefecture, was approached by at least two typhoons each year. Since the winters are rather mild in Tokyo, the capital city does not often see snowfall and the snow rarely remains on the ground for more than a few days. Effects of global warming in Japan The increasing air temperature is one of the main consequences of global warming. Other effects are increased flooding frequency and a rise in sea levels due to melting ice caps. Global warming has already influenced Japan's climate in recent years, resulting in more frequent heat waves as well as increased annual rainfall. These weather changes can intensify natural disasters such as typhoons and inhibit the growth of crops. To counter global warming, Japan aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by increasing its renewable and nuclear energy share.

In 2023, the annual average rainfall in Japan amounted to around 1.58 thousand millimeters. Figures increased compared to about 1.54 thousand millimeters in the previous year. Most of the rain fell during the rainy season, which is the time of year when most of a region's average annual rainfall occurs. Seasonal rainfall In most of Japan, the rainy season lasts from early June to mid-July. In the southernmost prefecture Okinawa, it roughly starts a month earlier, while the northernmost main island Hokkaido is less affected. Heavy rainfall can cause floods, which can lead to landslides and mudflows in mountainous areas. In recent years, flooded houses accounted for the highest number of damage situations in natural disasters. Furthermore, heavy rain and floods are often caused by typhoons, which develop over the Pacific Ocean and regularly approach the archipelago between July and October. Since the number of typhoons has increased in recent years, the amount of damage caused by floods grew as well. Climate change Climate change has affected Japan in recent years, resulting in increased rainfall and an increase of the average annual temperature in Tokyo. These weather changes can intensify natural disasters such as heavy rain and typhoons. In recent years, Japan was among the countries with the most natural disasters. To counter global warming, Japan aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by increasing its renewable and nuclear energy share.

This dataset consists of two types of observations collected during NOAA's Oscar Dyson cruise DY-15-06, 11 June to 16 August 2015 in the Gulf of Alaska. The data types are as follows: (1) vertical CTD profiles of water temperature and salinity. Some CTD casts were conducted with a Sea-Bird 911plus CTD on a rosette. These went from the surface to within a few meters of the sea bottom. Other CTD casts were conducted with a Teledyne RDI Citadel NV CTD attached to a midwater fisheries trawl net that fished in the depth range where walleye pollock (gadus chalcogrammus) were detected from the ship's fish finder, and (2) shipboard underway time series measurements of ship behavior (position, heading, course over ground, speed over ground), atmospheric (long- and short-wave solar irradiance, atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction at 17 m) and oceanic (water depth, temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a and turbidity at 2.5 m) parameters. Underway variables are averaged over 1 minute from samples every 5 seconds. The data files are in the following formats: digital graphs in gif, underway times series in CSV and CTD profiles in NetCDF.