Monetary aggregates measure the amount of money circulating in an economy. National series are loaded as national currency stock series. Mostly, these are end-of-month. A few countries compile data more frequently e.g. weekly which enables them to calculate “average for the month” data. Series are also presented in index form, calculated by OECD. Monetary aggregates are always expressed in current price (“nominal” terms) because the amount of money required by an economy reflects current levels of economic activity and price. Here they are presented both as stock series in national currency and as indices in the OECD standard base year. There are many monetary aggregates. Statistically, they are items in the balance sheet of the banking system. They may be taken from either side (since credit series, which are banking assets, are sometimes labeled monetary aggregates) but are normally taken from the liabilities side. In the balance sheet the liabilities items are ordered, starting with very narrow definitions of money (such as notes and coin) and gradually widening through various types of bank accounts (e.g. sight deposits, term deposits) to very board items which include sophisticated products like financial derivatives. In other words, narrow money measures cover highly liquid forms of money (money as a means of exchange) while broad money includes the less liquid forms (money as a store of value). There were no internationally recognised standards for compiling monetary aggregates until the IMF published its Monetary and Financial Statistics Manual in 2000 (Monetary and Financial Statistics Manua). Cross-country comparability suffered as a result. Now, notably, the European Central Bank’s framework for constructing Euro area monetary aggregates is consistent with IMF principles and non-euro EU countries are also required to report data to ECB according to the framework as are EU candidate countries as part of their application process. A useful IMF link for national methodologies is IMF methodologies. Here is used a general definition of narrow money – M1 is: currency i.e. banknotes and coins, plus overnight deposits. M2 is: the sum of M1, deposits with an agreed maturity of up to two years and deposits redeemable at notice of up to three months. And broad money – M3 is: the sum of M2, repurchase agreements, money market fund shares/units and debt securities up to two years.

The narrow and broad money indices are calculated by OECD from the national stock series. Country indices are calculated by first estimating period averages where the country only supplies end-of-period stock data. The figure for the end of the previous period is taken as the opening stock for the current period. The arithmetic average of the two is the estimate for the period average. These, or true monthly averages where available, are divided by the annual average of the monthly data in the base period to obtain the index.

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Norway NO: Real Effective Exchange Rate: Constant Trade Weights data was reported at 0.938 Index, 2015 in 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.937 Index, 2015 for 2024. Norway NO: Real Effective Exchange Rate: Constant Trade Weights data is updated yearly, averaging 1.047 Index, 2015 from Dec 2007 (Median) to 2025, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.269 Index, 2015 in 2022 and a record low of 0.857 Index, 2015 in 2020. Norway NO: Real Effective Exchange Rate: Constant Trade Weights data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Norway – Table NO.OECD.EO: Effective Exchange Rate: Forecast: OECD Member: Annual. EXCHER-Real effective exchange rate, constant trade weightsIndex, OECD reference year OECD calculation, see OECD Economic Outlook database documentation

This dataset presents the latest data on excess mortality by week, for all OECD countries for which data are available. Please refer to the Methodological Note below for details on methods of calculation and caution regarding cross-country comparisons. Sources by country are available in a separate file in Excel format.

• Read the Methodological Note All-cause, Excess and COVID-19 deaths
• Access additional information on sources by country

WARNING: Reporting of the number of All-cause and COVID-19 deaths particularly for the most recent weeks may be only partial and subject to significant revision. The calculated values for excess deaths for the most recent weeks are therefore also subject to significant revision.

This dataset presents the latest data on COVID-19 deaths by week, for all OECD countries for which data are available. Please refer to the Methodological Note below for details on methods of calculation and caution regarding cross-country comparisons. Sources by country are available in a separate file in Excel format.

• Read the Methodological Note All-cause, Excess and COVID-19 deaths
• Access additional information on sources by country

WARNING: Reporting of the number of All-cause and COVID-19 deaths particularly for the most recent weeks may be only partial and subject to significant revision. The calculated values for excess deaths for the most recent weeks are therefore also subject to significant revision.

United States GDP: Deflator: Imports of Goods and Services: USD data was reported at 1.136 Index, 2017 in 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.114 Index, 2017 for 2024. United States GDP: Deflator: Imports of Goods and Services: USD data is updated yearly, averaging 0.837 Index, 2017 from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2025, with 66 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.136 Index, 2017 in 2025 and a record low of 0.174 Index, 2017 in 1962. United States GDP: Deflator: Imports of Goods and Services: USD data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.OECD.EO: GDP: Deflator: Forecast: OECD Member: Annual. PMGSD - Imports of goods and services in USD, deflator (national accounts basis)Index, OECD reference year OECD calculation, see OECD Economic Outlook database documentation

This table presents countries' annual Net National Income (NNI) per capita. The data is in current prices and is converted to US dollars using Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs). NNI is calculated by deducting the consumption of fixed capital (depreciation) from Gross National Income (GNI). GNI is calculated by adding to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) any flows to the domestic economy from other countries of compensation of employees (wages and salaries and employers’ social contributions), property income (e.g. interest and dividends) and taxes less subsidies on production; and by deducting from GDP the equivalent flows from the domestic economy to other countries.

The indicators were presented in the previous dissemination system in the SNA_TABLE2 dataset.
See ANA Changes for information on changes in methodology: ANA Changes
Explore also the GDP and non-financial accounts webpage: GDP and non-financial accounts webpage
OECD statistics contact: STAT.Contact@oecd.org

The financial indicators are based on data compiled according to the 2008 SNA "System of National Accounts, 2008". Many indicators are expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or as a percentage of Gross Disposable Income (GDI) when referring to the Households and NPISHs sector. The definition of GDP and GDI are the following:

Gross Domestic Product:
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is derived from the concept of value added. Gross value added is the difference of output and intermediate consumption. GDP is the sum of gross value added of all resident producer units plus that part (possibly the total) of taxes on products, less subsidies on products, that is not included in the valuation of output [System of National Accounts, 2008, par. 2.138]. GDP is also equal to the sum of final uses of goods and services (all uses except intermediate consumption) measured at purchasers’ prices, less the value of imports of goods and services [System of National Accounts, 2008, par. 2.139]. GDP is also equal to the sum of primary incomes distributed by producer units [System of National Accounts, 2008, par. 2.140].

Gross Disposable Income:
Gross Disposable Income (GDI) is equal to net disposable income which is the balancing item of the secondary distribution income account plus the consumption of fixed capital. The use of the Gross Disposable Income (GDI), rather than net disposable income, is preferable for analytical purposes because there are uncertainty and comparability problems with the calculation of consumption of fixed capital. GDI measures the income available to the total economy for final consumption and gross saving [System of National Accounts, 2008, par. 2.145].

Definition of Debt:
Debt is a commonly used concept, defined as a specific subset of liabilities identified according to the types of financial instruments included or excluded. Generally, debt is defined as all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future. Consequently, all debt instruments are liabilities, but some liabilities such as shares, equity and financial derivatives are not debt [System of National Accounts, 2008, par. 22.104]. According to the SNA, most debt instruments are valued at market prices. However, some countries do not apply this valuation, in particular for securities other than shares, except financial derivatives (AF33). In this dataset, for financial indicators referring to debt, the concept of debt is the one adopted by the SNA 2008 as well as by the International Monetary Fund in “Public Sector Debt Statistics – Guide for compilers and users” (Pre-publication draft, May 2011). Debt is thus obtained as the sum of the following liability categories, whenever available / applicable in the financial balance sheet of the institutional sector:special drawing rights (AF12), currency and deposits (AF2), debt securities (AF3), loans (AF4), insurance, pension, and standardised guarantees (AF6), and other accounts payable (AF8). This definition differs from the definition of debt applied under the Maastricht Treaty for European countries. First, gross debt according to the Maastricht definition excludes not only financial derivatives and employee stock options (AF7) and equity and investment fund shares (AF5) but also insurance pensions and standardised guarantees (AF6) and other accounts payable (AF8). Second, debt according to Maastricht definition is valued at nominal prices and not at market prices.

To view other related indicator datasets, please refer to:
Institutional Investors Indicators [add link]
Household Dashboard [add link]

LU: General Government: Cyclically Adjusted Current Receipts data was reported at 43.123 EUR bn in 2026. This records an increase from the previous number of 41.704 EUR bn for 2025. LU: General Government: Cyclically Adjusted Current Receipts data is updated yearly, averaging 18.417 EUR bn from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2026, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 43.123 EUR bn in 2026 and a record low of 6.776 EUR bn in 1995. LU: General Government: Cyclically Adjusted Current Receipts data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Luxembourg – Table LU.OECD.EO: Government Accounts: General Government: Forecast: OECD Member: Annual. YRGA - Cyclically-adjusted current receipts, general government OECD calculation, see OECD Economic Outlook database documentation

Costa Rica Real Effective Exchange Rate: Constant Trade Weights data was reported at 1.037 Index, 2015 in Dec 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.037 Index, 2015 for Sep 2025. Costa Rica Real Effective Exchange Rate: Constant Trade Weights data is updated quarterly, averaging 0.927 Index, 2015 from Mar 2007 (Median) to Dec 2025, with 76 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.038 Index, 2015 in Jun 2024 and a record low of 0.692 Index, 2015 in Jun 2007. Costa Rica Real Effective Exchange Rate: Constant Trade Weights data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Costa Rica – Table CR.OECD.EO: Effective Exchange Rate: Forecast: OECD Member: Quarterly. EXCHER-Real effective exchange rate, constant trade weightsIndex, OECD reference year OECD calculation, see OECD Economic Outlook database documentation

Norway NO: Nominal Effective Exchange Rate: Chain-Linked: Overall Weights data was reported at 85.672 2015=100 in 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 85.870 2015=100 for 2024. Norway NO: Nominal Effective Exchange Rate: Chain-Linked: Overall Weights data is updated yearly, averaging 105.655 2015=100 from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2025, with 56 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 118.371 2015=100 in 2012 and a record low of 85.672 2015=100 in 2025. Norway NO: Nominal Effective Exchange Rate: Chain-Linked: Overall Weights data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Norway – Table NO.OECD.EO: Effective Exchange Rate: Forecast: OECD Member: Annual. EXCHEB-Nominal effective exchange rate, chain-linked, overall weightsIndex, OECD reference year OECD calculation, see OECD Economic Outlook database documentation

Costa Rica Nominal Effective Exchange Rate: Chain-Linked: Overall Weights data was reported at 116.770 2015=100 in Dec 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 116.770 2015=100 for Sep 2025. Costa Rica Nominal Effective Exchange Rate: Chain-Linked: Overall Weights data is updated quarterly, averaging 99.407 2015=100 from Mar 1997 (Median) to Dec 2025, with 116 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 211.984 2015=100 in Mar 1997 and a record low of 84.322 2015=100 in Sep 2009. Costa Rica Nominal Effective Exchange Rate: Chain-Linked: Overall Weights data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Costa Rica – Table CR.OECD.EO: Effective Exchange Rate: Forecast: OECD Member: Quarterly. EXCHEB-Nominal effective exchange rate, chain-linked, overall weightsIndex, OECD reference year OECD calculation, see OECD Economic Outlook database documentation

Israel IL: Nominal Effective Exchange Rate: Chain-Linked: Overall Weights data was reported at 134.265 2015=100 in Dec 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 134.265 2015=100 for Sep 2025. Israel IL: Nominal Effective Exchange Rate: Chain-Linked: Overall Weights data is updated quarterly, averaging 96.942 2015=100 from Mar 1997 (Median) to Dec 2025, with 116 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 141.331 2015=100 in Sep 2022 and a record low of 75.784 2015=100 in Mar 2006. Israel IL: Nominal Effective Exchange Rate: Chain-Linked: Overall Weights data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Israel – Table IL.OECD.EO: Effective Exchange Rate: Forecast: OECD Member: Quarterly. EXCHEB-Nominal effective exchange rate, chain-linked, overall weightsIndex, OECD reference year OECD calculation, see OECD Economic Outlook database documentation

Japan JP: General Government: % of GDP: Primary Balance: Double Hit Scenario data was reported at -7.191 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of -12.741 % for 2020. Japan JP: General Government: % of GDP: Primary Balance: Double Hit Scenario data is updated yearly, averaging -2.731 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2021, with 62 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.274 % in 1990 and a record low of -12.741 % in 2020. Japan JP: General Government: % of GDP: Primary Balance: Double Hit Scenario data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.EO: Government Accounts: % of GDP: Forecast: OECD Member: Annual. NLGXQ - General government primary balance, as a percentage of GDPGeneral government net lending excluding net interest payments OECD calculation, see OECD Economic Outlook, Database Inventory OECD Economic Outlook, Database Inventory:https://www.oecd.org/eco/outlook/Database_Inventory.pdf

Luxembourg LU: Real Effective Exchange Rate: Constant Trade Weights data was reported at 1.045 Index, 2015 in 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.033 Index, 2015 for 2024. Luxembourg LU: Real Effective Exchange Rate: Constant Trade Weights data is updated yearly, averaging 0.998 Index, 2015 from Dec 2007 (Median) to 2025, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.045 Index, 2015 in 2025 and a record low of 0.928 Index, 2015 in 2007. Luxembourg LU: Real Effective Exchange Rate: Constant Trade Weights data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Luxembourg – Table LU.OECD.EO: Effective Exchange Rate: Forecast: OECD Member: Annual. EXCHER-Real effective exchange rate, constant trade weightsIndex, OECD reference year OECD calculation, see OECD Economic Outlook database documentation

Croatia Real Effective Exchange Rate: Constant Trade Weights data was reported at 1.035 Index, 2015 in 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.038 Index, 2015 for 2024. Croatia Real Effective Exchange Rate: Constant Trade Weights data is updated yearly, averaging 1.027 Index, 2015 from Dec 2007 (Median) to 2025, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.114 Index, 2015 in 2009 and a record low of 0.997 Index, 2015 in 2021. Croatia Real Effective Exchange Rate: Constant Trade Weights data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Croatia – Table HR.OECD.EO: Effective Exchange Rate: Forecast: Non OECD Member: Annual. EXCHER-Real effective exchange rate, constant trade weightsIndex, OECD reference year OECD calculation, see OECD Economic Outlook database documentation

Sweden SE: Ref. Year = 2021: GDP: Volume: Total Expenditure data was reported at 8,225.685 SEK bn in 2024. This records an increase from the previous number of 8,039.863 SEK bn for 2023. Sweden SE: Ref. Year = 2021: GDP: Volume: Total Expenditure data is updated yearly, averaging 3,511.387 SEK bn from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2024, with 65 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8,225.685 SEK bn in 2024 and a record low of 1,370.521 SEK bn in 1960. Sweden SE: Ref. Year = 2021: GDP: Volume: Total Expenditure data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.OECD.EO: GDP by Expenditure: Volume: Forecast: OECD Member: Annual. TEV - Total expenditure, nominal value OECD calculation, see OECD Economic Outlook database documentation

Slovakia SK: Real Effective Exchange Rate: Constant Trade Weights data was reported at 1.036 Index, 2015 in Dec 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.037 Index, 2015 for Sep 2025. Slovakia SK: Real Effective Exchange Rate: Constant Trade Weights data is updated quarterly, averaging 1.010 Index, 2015 from Mar 2007 (Median) to Dec 2025, with 76 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.111 Index, 2015 in Mar 2009 and a record low of 0.942 Index, 2015 in Dec 2007. Slovakia SK: Real Effective Exchange Rate: Constant Trade Weights data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Slovakia – Table SK.OECD.EO: Effective Exchange Rate: Forecast: OECD Member: Quarterly. EXCHER-Real effective exchange rate, constant trade weightsIndex, OECD reference year OECD calculation, see OECD Economic Outlook database documentation

Japan JP: Nominal Effective Exchange Rate: Chain-Linked: Overall Weights data was reported at 89.422 2015=100 in Dec 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 89.422 2015=100 for Sep 2025. Japan JP: Nominal Effective Exchange Rate: Chain-Linked: Overall Weights data is updated quarterly, averaging 91.611 2015=100 from Mar 1970 (Median) to Dec 2025, with 224 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 139.711 2015=100 in Dec 2011 and a record low of 16.134 2015=100 in Jun 1971. Japan JP: Nominal Effective Exchange Rate: Chain-Linked: Overall Weights data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.EO: Effective Exchange Rate: Forecast: OECD Member: Quarterly. EXCHEB-Nominal effective exchange rate, chain-linked, overall weightsIndex, OECD reference year OECD calculation, see OECD Economic Outlook database documentation

Ireland IE: Nominal Effective Exchange Rate: Chain-Linked: Overall Weights data was reported at 112.275 2015=100 in 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 112.205 2015=100 for 2024. Ireland IE: Nominal Effective Exchange Rate: Chain-Linked: Overall Weights data is updated yearly, averaging 100.779 2015=100 from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2025, with 36 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 113.133 2015=100 in 2009 and a record low of 86.840 2015=100 in 2000. Ireland IE: Nominal Effective Exchange Rate: Chain-Linked: Overall Weights data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ireland – Table IE.OECD.EO: Effective Exchange Rate: Forecast: OECD Member: Annual. EXCHEB-Nominal effective exchange rate, chain-linked, overall weightsIndex, OECD reference year OECD calculation, see OECD Economic Outlook database documentation

China Real Effective Exchange Rate: Constant Trade Weights data was reported at 0.902 Index, 2015 in 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.911 Index, 2015 for 2024. China Real Effective Exchange Rate: Constant Trade Weights data is updated yearly, averaging 0.917 Index, 2015 from Dec 2007 (Median) to 2025, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.020 Index, 2015 in 2022 and a record low of 0.633 Index, 2015 in 2007. China Real Effective Exchange Rate: Constant Trade Weights data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.EO: Effective Exchange Rate: Forecast: Non OECD Member: Annual. EXCHER-Real effective exchange rate, constant trade weightsIndex, OECD reference year OECD calculation, see OECD Economic Outlook database documentation