This table presents Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and its main components according to the expenditure approach. Data is presented as growth rates. In the expenditure approach, the components of GDP are: final consumption expenditure of households and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISH) plus final consumption expenditure of General Government plus gross fixed capital formation (or investment) plus net trade (exports minus imports).

When using the filters, please note that final consumption expenditure is shown separately for the Households/NPISH and General Government sectors, not for the whole economy. All other components of GDP are shown for the whole economy, not for the sector breakdowns.
The data is presented for G20 countries individually, as well as the OECD total, G20, G7, OECD Europe, United States - Mexico - Canada Agreement (USMCA), European Union and euro area.

These indicators were presented in the previous dissemination system in the QNA dataset.

See User Guide on Quarterly National Accounts (QNA) in OECD Data Explorer: QNA User guide
See QNA Calendar for information on advance release dates: QNA Calendar
See QNA Changes for information on changes in methodology: QNA Changes
See QNA TIPS for a better use of QNA data: QNA TIPS
Explore also the GDP and non-financial accounts webpage: GDP and non-financial accounts webpage
OECD statistics contact: STAT.Contact@oecd.org

Graph and download economic data for Leading Indicators OECD: Reference Series: Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Original Series for the Euro Area (19 Countries) (EA19LORSGPORIXOBSAM) from Mar 1960 to Aug 2022 about leading indicator, origination, Euro Area, Europe, and GDP.

Graph and download economic data for Gross Domestic Product by Expenditure in Constant Prices: Less: Imports of Goods and Services for the OECD Total Area (DISCONTINUED) (NAEXKP07O1A659S) from 1962 to 2016 about OECD Economies, imports, goods, services, real, and GDP.

CN: Gross Domestic Product: Current PPP data was reported at 34,643.710 USD bn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 31,773.150 USD bn for 2022. CN: Gross Domestic Product: Current PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 4,522.776 USD bn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 34,643.710 USD bn in 2023 and a record low of 350.540 USD bn in 1981. CN: Gross Domestic Product: Current PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Product, GDP PPP and GDP Deflator: Non OECD Member: Annual.

The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.

The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.

From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.

In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.

Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.

Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.

This table presents Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and its main components according to the expenditure approach. Data is presented in US dollars. In the expenditure approach, the components of GDP are: final consumption expenditure of households and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISH) plus final consumption expenditure of General Government plus gross fixed capital formation (or investment) plus net trade (exports minus imports).

When using the filters, please note that final consumption expenditure is shown separately for the Households/NPISH and General Government sectors, not for the whole economy. All other components of GDP are shown for the whole economy, not for the sector breakdowns.

The table shows OECD countries and some other economies, as well as the OECD total, G20, G7, OECD Europe, United States - Mexico - Canada Agreement (USMCA), European Union and euro area.

These indicators were presented in the previous dissemination system in the QNA dataset.
See User Guide on Quarterly National Accounts (QNA) in OECD Data Explorer: QNA User guide
See QNA Calendar for information on advance release dates: QNA Calendar
See QNA Changes for information on changes in methodology: QNA Changes
See QNA TIPS for a better use of QNA data: QNA TIPS
Explore also the GDP and non-financial accounts webpage: GDP and non-financial accounts webpage
OECD statistics contact: STAT.Contact@oecd.org

In the OECD countries, the gross domestic product per hour worked was highest in Ireland in 2021. It amounted to 128.2 constant 2010 PPP U.S. dollars in that year. Luxembourg and Norway followed on the places behind with 99 and 84.5 PPP dollars, respectively.

This map is part of SDGs Today. Please see sdgstoday.orgGross Domestic Product (GDP) is one of the most commonly used measures for tracking national accounts and economic activity. Tracking growth over time can provide insights into the growth or decline of a nation’s economic activities following global/national events, policy changes, and other large-scale phenomena.The OECD's quarterly national accounts (QNA) dataset presents GDP growth data collected from all the OECD member countries and some other major economies on the basis of a standardised questionnaire. It contains a wide selection of generally seasonally adjusted quarterly series most widely used for economic analysis from 1960 or whenever available. These indicators include measures such as GDP expenditure/output and industry-based employment rates. All available OECD QNA measurements are made available to the public here.For more information, contact STAT.Contact@oecd.org.

This table presents volume indices and the price indices (or deflators) for Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and its main components according to the expenditure approach. In the expenditure approach, the components of GDP are: final consumption expenditure of households and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISH) plus final consumption expenditure of General Government plus gross fixed capital formation (or investment) plus net trade (exports minus imports).

When using the filters, please note that final consumption expenditure is shown separately for the Households/NPISH and General Government sectors, not for the whole economy. All other components of GDP are shown for the whole economy, not for the sector breakdowns. The data is presented for OECD countries and some other economies, as well as the OECD total, G20, G7, OECD Europe, United States - Mexico - Canada Agreement (USMCA), European Union and euro area.

These indicators were presented in the previous dissemination system in the QNA dataset.
See User Guide on Quarterly National Accounts (QNA) in OECD Data Explorer: QNA User guide
See QNA Calendar for information on advance release dates: QNA Calendar
See QNA Changes for information on changes in methodology: QNA Changes
See QNA TIPS for a better use of QNA data: QNA TIPS
Explore also the GDP and non-financial accounts webpage: GDP and non-financial accounts webpage
OECD statistics contact: STAT.Contact@oecd.org

United States US: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 0.650 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.654 % for 2021. United States US: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.786 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.245 % in 1985 and a record low of 0.650 % in 2022. United States US: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

For the United States, from 2021 onwards, changes to the US BERD survey questionnaire allowed for more exhaustive identification of acquisition costs for ‘identifiable intangible assets’ used for R&D. This has resulted in a substantial increase in reported R&D capital expenditure within BERD. In the business sector, the funds from the rest of the world previously included in the business-financed BERD, are available separately from 2008. From 2006 onwards, GOVERD includes state government intramural performance (most of which being financed by the federal government and state government own funds). From 2016 onwards, PNPERD data are based on a new R&D performer survey. In the higher education sector all fields of SSH are included from 2003 onwards.

Following a survey of federally-funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) in 2005, it was concluded that FFRDC R&D belongs in the government sector - rather than the sector of the FFRDC administrator, as had been reported in the past. R&D expenditures by FFRDCs were reclassified from the other three R&D performing sectors to the Government sector; previously published data were revised accordingly. Between 2003 and 2004, the method used to classify data by industry has been revised. This particularly affects the ISIC category “wholesale trade” and consequently the BERD for total services.

U.S. R&D data are generally comparable, but there are some areas of underestimation:

1. i) Up to 2008, Government sector R&D performance covers only federal government activities. That by State and local government establishments is excluded;
2. ii) Except for the Government and the Business Enterprise sectors, the R&D data exclude most capital expenditures. For the Business Enterprise sector, depreciation is reported in place of gross capital expenditures up to 2014. Higher education (and national total) data were revised back to 1998 due to an improved methodology that corrects for double-counting of R&D funds passed between institutions.

Breakdown by type of R&D (basic research, applied research, etc.) was also revised back to 1998 in the business enterprise and higher education sectors due to improved estimation procedures.

The methodology for estimating researchers was changed as of 1985. In the Government, Higher Education and PNP sectors the data since then refer to employed doctoral scientists and engineers who report their primary work activity as research, development or the management of R&D, plus, for the Higher Education sector, the number of full-time equivalent graduate students with research assistantships averaging an estimated 50 % of their time engaged in R&D activities. As of 1985 researchers in the Government sector exclude military personnel. As of 1987, Higher education R&D personnel also include those who report their primary work activity as design.

Due to lack of official data for the different employment sectors, the total researchers figure is an OECD estimate up to 2019. Comprehensive reporting of R&D personnel statistics by the United States has resumed with records available since 2020, reflecting the addition of official figures for the number of researchers and total R&D personnel for the higher education sector and the Private non-profit sector; as well as the number of researchers for the government sector. The new data revise downwards previous OECD estimates as the OECD extrapolation methods drawing on historical US data, required to produce a consistent OECD aggregate, appear to have previously overestimated the growth in the number of researchers in the higher education sector.

Pre-production development is excluded from Defence GBARD (in accordance with the Frascati Manual) as of 2000. 2009 GBARD data also includes the one time incremental R&D funding legislated in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Beginning with the 2000 GBARD data, budgets for capital expenditure – “R&D plant” in national terminology - are included. GBARD data for earlier years relate to budgets for current costs only.

US: GDP: Value Added: Current PPP data was reported at 16,340.388 USD bn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 14,962.179 USD bn for 2021. US: GDP: Value Added: Current PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 6,968.773 USD bn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 16,340.388 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 2,097.284 USD bn in 1981. US: GDP: Value Added: Current PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Product, GDP PPP and GDP Deflator: OECD Member: Annual.

This table presents Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and its components according to the income approach. In the income approach, GDP is measured as the sum of compensation of employees (wages and salaries paid to employees and their employers’ social contributions), plus gross operating surplus (business profits) and gross mixed income (profits of the self-employed), plus taxes on production and imports less subsidies.

Data is presented for each country in national currency as well as in euros for the European Union and the euro area. The presentation is on a country-by-country basis. Users are recommended to select one country (or area) at a time in the ‘Reference area’ filter.

These indicators were presented in the previous dissemination system in the QNA dataset.
See User Guide on Quarterly National Accounts (QNA) in OECD Data Explorer: QNA User guide
See QNA Calendar for information on advance release dates: QNA Calendar
See QNA Changes for information on changes in methodology: QNA Changes
See QNA TIPS for a better use of QNA data: QNA TIPS
Explore also the GDP and non-financial accounts webpage: GDP and non-financial accounts webpage
OECD statistics contact: STAT.Contact@oecd.org

Switzerland Gross Domestic Product data was reported at 795,110.102 CHF mn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 781,460.269 CHF mn for 2022. Switzerland Gross Domestic Product data is updated yearly, averaging 483,636.918 CHF mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 795,110.102 CHF mn in 2023 and a record low of 220,471.247 CHF mn in 1981. Switzerland Gross Domestic Product data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Switzerland – Table CH.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Product, GDP PPP and GDP Deflator: OECD Member: Annual.

In Switzerland, the Business Enterprise sector comprises private enterprises only. Public enterprises are included in the Government sector.

From 2000, the Government sector no longer includes the telecommunications companies that have been privatised (Swisscom).

From 2017 onwards, GBARD data are derived from a funder-based approach (performer-based approach before 2017). The Swiss contribution to the European Space Agency is allocated to the space objective in GBARD as of 2006, while it was before included in non-oriented research programmes. From 1998, the Federal Office of Agriculture and its research institutes no longer break down their R&D by socio-economic objective but group all under 'Agriculture'. For GBARD this results in a break in series for both Agriculture and Health objectives, where half of the funds previously declared under Health are now declared under Agriculture. Also in 1998, the telecommunications field of the Federal Post office has become the private enterprise Swisscom which is no longer included under the Infrastructure objective in GBARD. Before 1994, GBARD did not include the public sector financed R&D mandates.

Graph and download economic data for Gross Domestic Product by Expenditure in Constant Prices: Government Final Consumption Expenditure for the OECD Total Area (DISCONTINUED) (NAEXKP03O1Q659S) from Q1 1963 to Q2 2017 about OECD Economies, consumption expenditures, consumption, government, real, and GDP.

In 2022, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in Luxembourg was minus 511 percent as a share of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). This is down to a large telecommunication MNE withdrawing a large amount of capital from the country. Luxembourg is known as being one of the country's most open to FDI worldwide. Other FDI inflow rates of GDP vary from 8.6 percent in Sweden to minus eight percent in the Netherlands.

This table presents Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF, or investment) by institutional sector. The institutional sector breakdown is for general government, which is made up of central, local and state (regional) government and social security; and sectors other than general government, which is made up of all other sectors of the economy. Data is presented for each country in national currency.

In this table, the presentation of GFCF and its breakdown is on a country-by-country basis. Users are recommended to select one country (or area) at a time in the ‘Reference area’ filter.

These indicators were presented in the previous dissemination system in the QNA dataset.
See User Guide on Quarterly National Accounts (QNA) in OECD Data Explorer: QNA User guide
See QNA Calendar for information on advance release dates: QNA Calendar
See QNA Changes for information on changes in methodology: QNA Changes
See QNA TIPS for a better use of QNA data: QNA TIPS
Explore also the GDP and non-financial accounts webpage: GDP and non-financial accounts webpage
OECD statistics contact: STAT.Contact@oecd.org

Switzerland Fossil Fuel Support by Sector: Other: as % of GDP: Total: Petroleum data was reported at 0.017 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.015 % for 2022. Switzerland Fossil Fuel Support by Sector: Other: as % of GDP: Total: Petroleum data is updated yearly, averaging 0.015 % from Dec 2010 (Median) to 2023, with 14 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.017 % in 2023 and a record low of 0.009 % in 2012. Switzerland Fossil Fuel Support by Sector: Other: as % of GDP: Total: Petroleum data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Switzerland – Table CH.OECD.ESG: Environmental: Fossil Fuel Support by Sector: OECD Member: Annual.

Graph and download economic data for Gross Domestic Product by Expenditure in Constant Prices: Total Gross Domestic Product for the OECD Total Area (DISCONTINUED) (NAEXKP01O1Q661S) from Q1 1962 to Q2 2017 about OECD Economies, real, and GDP.

Graph and download economic data for Gross Domestic Product by Expenditure in Constant Prices: Gross Fixed Capital Formation for the OECD Total Area (DISCONTINUED) (NAEXKP04O1Q657S) from Q2 1962 to Q2 2017 about OECD Economies, fixed capital formation, fixed, capital, gross, real, and GDP.

United States US: GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 3.586 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.483 % for 2021. United States US: GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 2.612 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.586 % in 2022 and a record low of 2.268 % in 1981. United States US: GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

For the United States, from 2021 onwards, changes to the US BERD survey questionnaire allowed for more exhaustive identification of acquisition costs for ‘identifiable intangible assets’ used for R&D. This has resulted in a substantial increase in reported R&D capital expenditure within BERD. In the business sector, the funds from the rest of the world previously included in the business-financed BERD, are available separately from 2008. From 2006 onwards, GOVERD includes state government intramural performance (most of which being financed by the federal government and state government own funds). From 2016 onwards, PNPERD data are based on a new R&D performer survey. In the higher education sector all fields of SSH are included from 2003 onwards.

Following a survey of federally-funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) in 2005, it was concluded that FFRDC R&D belongs in the government sector - rather than the sector of the FFRDC administrator, as had been reported in the past. R&D expenditures by FFRDCs were reclassified from the other three R&D performing sectors to the Government sector; previously published data were revised accordingly. Between 2003 and 2004, the method used to classify data by industry has been revised. This particularly affects the ISIC category “wholesale trade” and consequently the BERD for total services.

U.S. R&D data are generally comparable, but there are some areas of underestimation:

1. i) Up to 2008, Government sector R&D performance covers only federal government activities. That by State and local government establishments is excluded;
2. ii) Except for the Government and the Business Enterprise sectors, the R&D data exclude most capital expenditures. For the Business Enterprise sector, depreciation is reported in place of gross capital expenditures up to 2014. Higher education (and national total) data were revised back to 1998 due to an improved methodology that corrects for double-counting of R&D funds passed between institutions.

Breakdown by type of R&D (basic research, applied research, etc.) was also revised back to 1998 in the business enterprise and higher education sectors due to improved estimation procedures.

The methodology for estimating researchers was changed as of 1985. In the Government, Higher Education and PNP sectors the data since then refer to employed doctoral scientists and engineers who report their primary work activity as research, development or the management of R&D, plus, for the Higher Education sector, the number of full-time equivalent graduate students with research assistantships averaging an estimated 50 % of their time engaged in R&D activities. As of 1985 researchers in the Government sector exclude military personnel. As of 1987, Higher education R&D personnel also include those who report their primary work activity as design.

Due to lack of official data for the different employment sectors, the total researchers figure is an OECD estimate up to 2019. Comprehensive reporting of R&D personnel statistics by the United States has resumed with records available since 2020, reflecting the addition of official figures for the number of researchers and total R&D personnel for the higher education sector and the Private non-profit sector; as well as the number of researchers for the government sector. The new data revise downwards previous OECD estimates as the OECD extrapolation methods drawing on historical US data, required to produce a consistent OECD aggregate, appear to have previously overestimated the growth in the number of researchers in the higher education sector.

Pre-production development is excluded from Defence GBARD (in accordance with the Frascati Manual) as of 2000. 2009 GBARD data also includes the one time incremental R&D funding legislated in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Beginning with the 2000 GBARD data, budgets for capital expenditure – “R&D plant” in national terminology - are included. GBARD data for earlier years relate to budgets for current costs only.

This dashboard presents a set of annual financial indicators for the economy as a whole (‘total economy’) and for each institutional sector of the economy: non-financial corporations, financial corporations, general government, households and Non-Profit Institutions Serving Households (NPISH). It provides users with key indicators of the financial health of economies and their sectors. The indicators are calculated from the financial accounts (flows) and balance sheets (stocks), which are compiled in accordance with the 2008 System of National Accounts. The information buttons in the tables provide further details about each of the indicators, including definitions and formulas.

For indicators of debt, the measure used is the broadest measure of debt which may include the following financial liabilities (although coverage varies by sector and by country): Special Drawing Rights, currency and deposits, debt securities (at market value), loans, insurance, pensions and standardised guarantees, and other accounts payable. The ‘adjusted’ measure of debt – as well as of net financial worth – excludes unfunded pension liabilities. As financial liability coverage varies between countries, users should proceed with caution when comparing different countries.

This table is on a consolidated basis, meaning that counterpart assets and liabilities of units within the same sector are removed. The exception is data for Chile, Colombia, Korea and Mexico which is on a non-consolidated basis, meaning that it shows all assets and liabilities of units in a sector without removing counterpart assets and liabilities of units within the same sector.