In 2021, South Korea had the largest number of scientists and researchers per 1,000 employee (full time equivalent), with **** people working in research or science field per 1,000 employees. Sweden was second in the ranking, with **** scientists and researchers per 1,000 employees. On the other hand, the ratio was only *** in Mexico.

United States Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 1,889,780.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,823,522.000 Person for 2020. United States Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 1,856,651.000 Person from Dec 2020 (Median) to 2021, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,889,780.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 1,823,522.000 Person in 2020. United States Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

For the United States, from 2021 onwards, changes to the US BERD survey questionnaire allowed for more exhaustive identification of acquisition costs for ‘identifiable intangible assets’ used for R&D. This has resulted in a substantial increase in reported R&D capital expenditure within BERD. In the business sector, the funds from the rest of the world previously included in the business-financed BERD, are available separately from 2008. From 2006 onwards, GOVERD includes state government intramural performance (most of which being financed by the federal government and state government own funds). From 2016 onwards, PNPERD data are based on a new R&D performer survey. In the higher education sector all fields of SSH are included from 2003 onwards.

Following a survey of federally-funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) in 2005, it was concluded that FFRDC R&D belongs in the government sector - rather than the sector of the FFRDC administrator, as had been reported in the past. R&D expenditures by FFRDCs were reclassified from the other three R&D performing sectors to the Government sector; previously published data were revised accordingly. Between 2003 and 2004, the method used to classify data by industry has been revised. This particularly affects the ISIC category “wholesale trade” and consequently the BERD for total services.

U.S. R&D data are generally comparable, but there are some areas of underestimation:

1. i) Up to 2008, Government sector R&D performance covers only federal government activities. That by State and local government establishments is excluded;
2. ii) Except for the Government and the Business Enterprise sectors, the R&D data exclude most capital expenditures. For the Business Enterprise sector, depreciation is reported in place of gross capital expenditures up to 2014. Higher education (and national total) data were revised back to 1998 due to an improved methodology that corrects for double-counting of R&D funds passed between institutions.

Breakdown by type of R&D (basic research, applied research, etc.) was also revised back to 1998 in the business enterprise and higher education sectors due to improved estimation procedures.

The methodology for estimating researchers was changed as of 1985. In the Government, Higher Education and PNP sectors the data since then refer to employed doctoral scientists and engineers who report their primary work activity as research, development or the management of R&D, plus, for the Higher Education sector, the number of full-time equivalent graduate students with research assistantships averaging an estimated 50 % of their time engaged in R&D activities. As of 1985 researchers in the Government sector exclude military personnel. As of 1987, Higher education R&D personnel also include those who report their primary work activity as design.

Due to lack of official data for the different employment sectors, the total researchers figure is an OECD estimate up to 2019. Comprehensive reporting of R&D personnel statistics by the United States has resumed with records available since 2020, reflecting the addition of official figures for the number of researchers and total R&D personnel for the higher education sector and the Private non-profit sector; as well as the number of researchers for the government sector. The new data revise downwards previous OECD estimates as the OECD extrapolation methods drawing on historical US data, required to produce a consistent OECD aggregate, appear to have previously overestimated the growth in the number of researchers in the higher education sector.

Pre-production development is excluded from Defence GBARD (in accordance with the Frascati Manual) as of 2000. 2009 GBARD data also includes the one time incremental R&D funding legislated in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Beginning with the 2000 GBARD data, budgets for capital expenditure – “R&D plant” in national terminology - are included. GBARD data for earlier years relate to budgets for current costs only.

United States US: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 1,639,258.000 FTE in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,513,964.000 FTE for 2020. United States US: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 998,340.036 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,639,258.000 FTE in 2021 and a record low of 531,938.478 FTE in 1981. United States US: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

For the United States, from 2021 onwards, changes to the US BERD survey questionnaire allowed for more exhaustive identification of acquisition costs for ‘identifiable intangible assets’ used for R&D. This has resulted in a substantial increase in reported R&D capital expenditure within BERD. In the business sector, the funds from the rest of the world previously included in the business-financed BERD, are available separately from 2008. From 2006 onwards, GOVERD includes state government intramural performance (most of which being financed by the federal government and state government own funds). From 2016 onwards, PNPERD data are based on a new R&D performer survey. In the higher education sector all fields of SSH are included from 2003 onwards.

Following a survey of federally-funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) in 2005, it was concluded that FFRDC R&D belongs in the government sector - rather than the sector of the FFRDC administrator, as had been reported in the past. R&D expenditures by FFRDCs were reclassified from the other three R&D performing sectors to the Government sector; previously published data were revised accordingly. Between 2003 and 2004, the method used to classify data by industry has been revised. This particularly affects the ISIC category “wholesale trade” and consequently the BERD for total services.

U.S. R&D data are generally comparable, but there are some areas of underestimation:

1. i) Up to 2008, Government sector R&D performance covers only federal government activities. That by State and local government establishments is excluded;
2. ii) Except for the Government and the Business Enterprise sectors, the R&D data exclude most capital expenditures. For the Business Enterprise sector, depreciation is reported in place of gross capital expenditures up to 2014. Higher education (and national total) data were revised back to 1998 due to an improved methodology that corrects for double-counting of R&D funds passed between institutions.

Breakdown by type of R&D (basic research, applied research, etc.) was also revised back to 1998 in the business enterprise and higher education sectors due to improved estimation procedures.

The methodology for estimating researchers was changed as of 1985. In the Government, Higher Education and PNP sectors the data since then refer to employed doctoral scientists and engineers who report their primary work activity as research, development or the management of R&D, plus, for the Higher Education sector, the number of full-time equivalent graduate students with research assistantships averaging an estimated 50 % of their time engaged in R&D activities. As of 1985 researchers in the Government sector exclude military personnel. As of 1987, Higher education R&D personnel also include those who report their primary work activity as design.

Due to lack of official data for the different employment sectors, the total researchers figure is an OECD estimate up to 2019. Comprehensive reporting of R&D personnel statistics by the United States has resumed with records available since 2020, reflecting the addition of official figures for the number of researchers and total R&D personnel for the higher education sector and the Private non-profit sector; as well as the number of researchers for the government sector. The new data revise downwards previous OECD estimates as the OECD extrapolation methods drawing on historical US data, required to produce a consistent OECD aggregate, appear to have previously overestimated the growth in the number of researchers in the higher education sector.

Pre-production development is excluded from Defence GBARD (in accordance with the Frascati Manual) as of 2000. 2009 GBARD data also includes the one time incremental R&D funding legislated in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Beginning with the 2000 GBARD data, budgets for capital expenditure – “R&D plant” in national terminology - are included. GBARD data for earlier years relate to budgets for current costs only.

United States US: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 1,466,769.000 Person in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,454,417.000 Person for 2021. United States US: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 1,014,000.000 Person from Dec 2008 (Median) to 2022, with 11 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,466,769.000 Person in 2022 and a record low of 950,000.000 Person in 2010. United States US: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

For the United States, some respondents revised their reporting practices and eliminated expenditures that did not meet the definition of R&D during the 2023 BERD data collection. This has resulted in a meaningful decrease in estimated U.S. R&D performance compared to the amount of 2023 R&D performance that would have been estimated based on respondent reporting practices used in 2022 and earlier..From 2021 onwards, changes to the US BERD survey questionnaire allowed for more exhaustive identification of acquisition costs for ‘identifiable intangible assets’ used for R&D. This has resulted in a substantial increase in reported R&D capital expenditure within BERD. In the business sector, the funds from the rest of the world previously included in the business-financed BERD, are available separately from 2008. From 2006 onwards, GOVERD includes state government intramural performance (most of which being financed by the federal government and state government own funds). From 2016 onwards, PNPERD data are based on a new R&D performer survey. In the higher education sector all fields of SSH are included from 2003 onwards.

Following a survey of federally-funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) in 2005, it was concluded that FFRDC R&D belongs in the government sector - rather than the sector of the FFRDC administrator, as had been reported in the past. R&D expenditures by FFRDCs were reclassified from the other three R&D performing sectors to the Government sector; previously published data were revised accordingly. Between 2003 and 2004, the method used to classify data by industry has been revised. This particularly affects the ISIC category “wholesale trade” and consequently the BERD for total services.

U.S. R&D data are generally comparable, but there are some areas of underestimation:

1. i) Up to 2008, Government sector R&D performance covers only federal government activities. That by State and local government establishments is excluded;
2. ii) Except for the Government and the Business Enterprise sectors, the R&D data exclude most capital expenditures. For the Business Enterprise sector, depreciation is reported in place of gross capital expenditures up to 2014. Higher education (and national total) data were revised back to 1998 due to an improved methodology that corrects for double-counting of R&D funds passed between institutions.

Breakdown by type of R&D (basic research, applied research, etc.) was also revised back to 1998 in the business enterprise and higher education sectors due to improved estimation procedures.

The methodology for estimating researchers was changed as of 1985. In the Government, Higher Education and PNP sectors the data since then refer to employed doctoral scientists and engineers who report their primary work activity as research, development or the management of R&D, plus, for the Higher Education sector, the number of full-time equivalent graduate students with research assistantships averaging an estimated 50 % of their time engaged in R&D activities. As of 1985 researchers in the Government sector exclude military personnel. As of 1987, Higher education R&D personnel also include those who report their primary work activity as design.

Due to lack of official data for the different employment sectors, the total researchers figure is an OECD estimate up to 2021. As of 2022, it is based on official personnel data available for all sectors. For years 2020 and 2021, it is based on official personnel data available for the business, PNP and Higher Education sectors, and OECD estimates for the Government sector (for estimating the missing FFRDC component). For previous years, OECD estimates were readjusted back to 2000.

The government personnel data includes the state government R&D personnel from 2021 and FFRDC R&D personnel from 2022. However, 8 FFRDC centres are not included as they could not report their R&D personnel data. These 8 centres account for 24% of the total R&D expenditure of all FFRDCs in 2022. Pre-production development is excluded from Defence GBARD (in accordance with the Frascati Manual) as of 2000. 2009 GBARD data also includes the one time incremental R&D funding legislated in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Beginning with the 2000 GBARD data, budgets for capital expenditure – “R&D plant” in national terminology - are included. GBARD data for earlier years relate to budgets for current costs only.

RU: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data was reported at 46.543 % in 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 47.973 % for 2019. RU: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 50.612 % from Dec 1994 (Median) to 2020, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 60.342 % in 1995 and a record low of 44.190 % in 2018. RU: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Russian Federation – Table RU.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.

In response to Russia's large-scale aggression against Ukraine, the OECD Council decided on 8 March 2022 to immediately suspend the participation of Russia and Belarus in OECD bodies. In view of this decision, the OECD suspended its solicitation of official statistics on R&D from Russian authorities, leading to the absence of more recent R&D statistics for this country in the OECD database. Previously collected and compiled indicators are still available.

The business enterprise sector includes all organisations and enterprises whose main activity is connected with the production of goods and services for sale, including those owned by the state, and private non-profit institutions serving the above-mentioned organisations. In practice however, R&D performed in this sector is carried out mostly by industrial research institutes other than enterprises. This particularity reflects the traditional organisation of Russian R&D.

Headcount data include full-time personnel only, and hence are underestimated, while data in full-time equivalents (FTE) are calculated on the basis of both full-time and part-time personnel. This explains why the FTE data are greater than the headcount data.

New budgetary procedures introduced in 2005 have resulted in items previously classified as GBARD being attributed to other headings and have affected the coverage and breakdown by socio-economic objective.

RU: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force data was reported at 5.300 Per 1000 in 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 5.316 Per 1000 for 2019. RU: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force data is updated yearly, averaging 6.230 Per 1000 from Dec 1994 (Median) to 2020, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.807 Per 1000 in 1994 and a record low of 5.300 Per 1000 in 2020. RU: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Russian Federation – Table RU.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual. In response to Russia's large-scale aggression against Ukraine, the OECD Council decided on 8 March 2022 to immediately suspend the participation of Russia and Belarus in OECD bodies. In view of this decision, the OECD suspended its solicitation of official statistics on R&D from Russian authorities, leading to the absence of more recent R&D statistics for this country in the OECD database, while previously compiled data are still available.The business enterprise sector includes all organisations and enterprises whose main activity is connected with the production of goods and services for sale, including those owned by the state, and private non-profit institutions serving the above-mentioned organisations. In practice however, R&D performed in this sector is carried out mostly by industrial research institutes other than enterprises. This particularity reflects the traditional organisation of Russian R&D.Headcount data include full-time personnel only, and hence are underestimated, while data in full-time equivalents (FTE) are calculated on the basis of both full-time and part-time personnel. This explains why the FTE data are greater than the headcount data.New budgetary procedures introduced in 2005 have resulted in items previously classified as GBARD being attributed to other headings and have affected the coverage and breakdown by socio-economic objective.

AR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 9,839.000 Person in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 9,526.000 Person for 2021. AR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 4,656.000 Person from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2022, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9,839.000 Person in 2022 and a record low of 3,079.000 Person in 2009. AR: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Argentina – Table AR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.

In Argentina, the coverage of the business enterprises was expanded in 2015. BERD data are derived from a new survey from 2009. Since 1997, data for human resources relate to R&D. Before that, human resources data were expressed in terms of Science and Technology Activities (STA), involving R&D and diffusion activities of S&T (library services, training services, conferences, etc.). These have not been transferred to the OECD database. Since 2002, the source of funds data for private non-profit organisations, universities and S&T public organisations are requested for R&D. Before 2002, these sources of funds data were requested in terms of STA. These data were converted into R&D by means of a coefficient for each sector of performance. The main source of funds for science and technology activities in Argentina is the National Budget.

RU: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 748,721.000 FTE in 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 753,796.000 FTE for 2019. RU: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 912,291.000 FTE from Dec 1994 (Median) to 2020, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,264,138.000 FTE in 1994 and a record low of 748,721.000 FTE in 2020. RU: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Russian Federation – Table RU.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.

In response to Russia's large-scale aggression against Ukraine, the OECD Council decided on 8 March 2022 to immediately suspend the participation of Russia and Belarus in OECD bodies. In view of this decision, the OECD suspended its solicitation of official statistics on R&D from Russian authorities, leading to the absence of more recent R&D statistics for this country in the OECD database. Previously collected and compiled indicators are still available.

The business enterprise sector includes all organisations and enterprises whose main activity is connected with the production of goods and services for sale, including those owned by the state, and private non-profit institutions serving the above-mentioned organisations. In practice however, R&D performed in this sector is carried out mostly by industrial research institutes other than enterprises. This particularity reflects the traditional organisation of Russian R&D.

Headcount data include full-time personnel only, and hence are underestimated, while data in full-time equivalents (FTE) are calculated on the basis of both full-time and part-time personnel. This explains why the FTE data are greater than the headcount data.

New budgetary procedures introduced in 2005 have resulted in items previously classified as GBARD being attributed to other headings and have affected the coverage and breakdown by socio-economic objective.

CN: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data was reported at 58.372 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 57.863 % for 2021. CN: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 58.117 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 68.588 % in 2008 and a record low of 26.729 % in 1991. CN: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.

The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.

The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.

From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.

In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.

Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.

Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.

United States US: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data was reported at 17.169 Per 1000 in 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 15.152 Per 1000 for 2019. United States US: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 13.282 Per 1000 from Dec 2011 (Median) to 2020, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17.169 Per 1000 in 2020 and a record low of 12.478 Per 1000 in 2012. United States US: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':

R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.

The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:

It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.

Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.

RU: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data was reported at 38.785 % in 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 39.077 % for 2019. RU: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 41.904 % from Dec 1994 (Median) to 2020, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 48.795 % in 1994 and a record low of 38.785 % in 2020. RU: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Russian Federation – Table RU.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.

In response to Russia's large-scale aggression against Ukraine, the OECD Council decided on 8 March 2022 to immediately suspend the participation of Russia and Belarus in OECD bodies. In view of this decision, the OECD suspended its solicitation of official statistics on R&D from Russian authorities, leading to the absence of more recent R&D statistics for this country in the OECD database. Previously collected and compiled indicators are still available.

The business enterprise sector includes all organisations and enterprises whose main activity is connected with the production of goods and services for sale, including those owned by the state, and private non-profit institutions serving the above-mentioned organisations. In practice however, R&D performed in this sector is carried out mostly by industrial research institutes other than enterprises. This particularity reflects the traditional organisation of Russian R&D.

Headcount data include full-time personnel only, and hence are underestimated, while data in full-time equivalents (FTE) are calculated on the basis of both full-time and part-time personnel. This explains why the FTE data are greater than the headcount data.

New budgetary procedures introduced in 2005 have resulted in items previously classified as GBARD being attributed to other headings and have affected the coverage and breakdown by socio-economic objective.

RU: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force data was reported at 9.991 Per 1000 in 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 10.001 Per 1000 for 2019. RU: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force data is updated yearly, averaging 12.117 Per 1000 from Dec 1994 (Median) to 2020, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17.906 Per 1000 in 1994 and a record low of 9.962 Per 1000 in 2018. RU: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Russian Federation – Table RU.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual. In response to Russia's large-scale aggression against Ukraine, the OECD Council decided on 8 March 2022 to immediately suspend the participation of Russia and Belarus in OECD bodies. In view of this decision, the OECD suspended its solicitation of official statistics on R&D from Russian authorities, leading to the absence of more recent R&D statistics for this country in the OECD database, while previously compiled data are still available.The business enterprise sector includes all organisations and enterprises whose main activity is connected with the production of goods and services for sale, including those owned by the state, and private non-profit institutions serving the above-mentioned organisations. In practice however, R&D performed in this sector is carried out mostly by industrial research institutes other than enterprises. This particularity reflects the traditional organisation of Russian R&D.Headcount data include full-time personnel only, and hence are underestimated, while data in full-time equivalents (FTE) are calculated on the basis of both full-time and part-time personnel. This explains why the FTE data are greater than the headcount data.New budgetary procedures introduced in 2005 have resulted in items previously classified as GBARD being attributed to other headings and have affected the coverage and breakdown by socio-economic objective.

Netherlands NL: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 114,913.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 106,099.000 FTE for 2021. Netherlands NL: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 47,854.000 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 35 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 114,913.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 19,436.000 FTE in 1981. Netherlands NL: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Netherlands – Table NL.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In the Netherlands, beginning with the 2013 data, the following methodological improvements led to breaks in series in the business sector (increase), the government sector (decrease), and at the total economy level (increase): better collection and treatment methods for measuring and reporting R&D expenditures related to external R&D personnel (alignment with the 2015 Frascati Manual); reclassification from the government to the business sector of public corporations engaged in market production; and a better follow-up of non-respondents. In 2012, the method for sampling enterprises included in ISIC industries 84 to 99 (community, social, and personal services) as well as the breakdown of personnel data by occupation were modified leading to breaks in series in the business and government sectors. In 2011, the method for producing business enterprise data changed: all observed enterprises are included whereas before 2011, only enterprises with substantial R&D activities (i.e. with a minimum number of R&D personnel) were incorporated. Subsequent changes affected the higher education sector: before 1999, a large number of PhD candidates were formally employed by research institutes (in the government sector) financing their research. From 1999, universities became the formal employer of PhD candidates and their research activities moved from the Government sector to the Higher Education sector. Besides this, the R&D activities of the Universities of Applied Sciences (HBO) were taken into account for the first time. Finally the R&D activities of the Academic hospitals were increasingly underestimated due to the merging of the Academic hospitals and (parts) of the Faculties of Medicine of the universities into so-called University Medical Centers (UMC's). This started in 1998 and meant for instance that staff of the Faculty of Medicine of the university became employees of the UMC. As a result, data on R&D in the field of medical sciences were also revised. As of 2000, newly-recruited researchers on the payroll of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NOW), previously included in the Government sector, were included with personnel in the higher education sector. In 1982 and 1990, the methodology of the survey on R&D expenditure changed.

In 2003, Statistics Netherlands revised the panel of the R&D survey for the Government and PNP sectors, resulting in breaks in series for both. Also beginning in 2003, R&D personnel in the PNP sector are grouped with Government sector R&D personnel.

In 1994 and 1996 there were major expansions of the scope of the Business Enterprise sector survey; R&D expenditure and personnel data in the latter sector and in the whole economy are thus not comparable with those for the previous years.

In 1990 and 1999, new methods for calculating GUF are introduced for GBARD series.

CL: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data was reported at 0.697 Per 1000 in 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.651 Per 1000 for 2019. CL: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 0.723 Per 1000 from Dec 2007 (Median) to 2020, with 14 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.047 Per 1000 in 2008 and a record low of 0.600 Per 1000 in 2009. CL: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Chile – Table CL.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual. For Chile, the method for reporting international observatories' R&D expenditure has been revised in 2016, leading to a break in series in the PNP and HE sectors. Prior to 2014, higher education data was obtained from the research departments of each institution (in a centralised way). Thereafter, it is obtained from the units directly (research centres of universities, scientific centres, etc). In 2013, some institutions, previously classified in the PNP sector, were included in the government sector. BERD funded by the business and the rest of the world sectors has also significantly increased as a result of better reporting in the R&D surveys starting with reference year 2013. From reference year 2009 in the business sector innovation and R&D surveys were separated and the survey sampling modified. Astronomical observatories are surveyed and included in the PNP sector from 2009; this may include some observatories operated by international organisations.;

Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':

R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.

The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:

It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.

Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.

FI: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data was reported at 14.737 Per 1000 in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 13.693 Per 1000 for 2020. FI: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 12.865 Per 1000 from Dec 2004 (Median) to 2021, with 18 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 14.737 Per 1000 in 2021 and a record low of 11.472 Per 1000 in 2016. FI: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Finland – Table FI.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Finland: a new methodology for calculating the time spent on R&D by personnel in the Higher Education sector was implemented in 2011. As a consequence, R&D personnel (measured in FTE) in the Higher Education sector decreased. From 2004, R&D personnel data are available according to occupation. Previous breakdown was by formal qualification.From 1998 to 2004, due to a greater number of responses to the BE survey on the group level, the questionnaire category funds from other foreign enterprises of the group was merged with business enterprise funds (own funds) thus reducing the share of funds coming from the rest of the world.From 1997, the Higher Education sector includes central university hospitals.From 1997 and the implementation of ISCED 97, 'Researchers' also includes holders of engineering degrees and graduates of vocational polytechnics, degrees which are now classified in First Stage Tertiary Education (ISCED 5A).In 1991, the method for measuring R&D expenditures in the Government and the Higher Education sectors changed. Since 1994, PNP institutions are included in the Government sector in non-survey years.Data on GBARD have been revised back to 1991 because of changes in R&D coefficients for certain research institutes. In 1991, there was an upward adjustment in the total due to the inclusion of pension costs. From 1995, funds received by the State research institutes from external sources are excluded from Government allocations. As of 1997, the data covers allocations for central university hospitals.

Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':

R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.

The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:

It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.

Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.

Israel IL: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data was reported at 42.230 Per 1000 in 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 39.253 Per 1000 for 2019. Israel IL: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 24.164 Per 1000 from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2020, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 42.230 Per 1000 in 2020 and a record low of 14.840 Per 1000 in 1997. Israel IL: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Israel – Table IL.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual. For Israel, defence R&D is excluded. Both the business enterprise and higher education surveys were improved in 2009, causing a break in series for the BERD financed by the rest of the world and by the Business Enterprise sector, as well as a break in 2007 for the HERD financed by the rest of the world and by the Higher Education sector. Since 2001, the government sector is covered by a survey; beforehand government R&D was estimated through financial reports and interviews of accountants. From 2000 onwards, hospitals were re-classified to the business sector from the government and PNP sectors.Data for the higher education sector are partly based on universities' financial reports. Before 2008, humanities and law are only partially covered in the higher education sector.The 2009 BERD survey has given more options to businesses to break down the data by sources of funds. Using the results of the 2009 survey, BERD and GERD financed by Business Enterprises and by the rest of the world were revised back to 1993.;

Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':

R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.

The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:

It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.

Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.

AR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 8.239 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 4.636 % for 2021. AR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 5.014 % from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2022, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19.045 % in 2004 and a record low of -12.946 % in 2000. AR: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Argentina – Table AR.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.

In Argentina, the coverage of the business enterprises was expanded in 2015. BERD data are derived from a new survey from 2009. Since 1997, data for human resources relate to R&D. Before that, human resources data were expressed in terms of Science and Technology Activities (STA), involving R&D and diffusion activities of S&T (library services, training services, conferences, etc.). These have not been transferred to the OECD database. Since 2002, the source of funds data for private non-profit organisations, universities and S&T public organisations are requested for R&D. Before 2002, these sources of funds data were requested in terms of STA. These data were converted into R&D by means of a coefficient for each sector of performance. The main source of funds for science and technology activities in Argentina is the National Budget.

PL: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 102,674.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 85,469.000 Person for 2020. PL: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 12,611.000 Person from Dec 1994 (Median) to 2021, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 102,674.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 5,882.000 Person in 2002. PL: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Poland – Table PL.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Poland, in 2016, some units previously classified in the Government sector were reallocated to the Business sector. From 2013, improvements in R&D surveys enable the distribution of all expenditure by type of R&D, leading to a break in basic research series.

From reference year 2019 onwards, GBARD for GUF is derived from the Higher Education R&D survey, in which units now report on subsidies received from the ministry responsible for science and higher education, whereas these estimates came directly from this ministry before 2019. GBARD data exclude European Commission funds since 2012.

United States US: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data was reported at 11.683 Per 1000 in 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 10.363 Per 1000 for 2019. United States US: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 9.108 Per 1000 from Dec 2008 (Median) to 2020, with 13 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 11.683 Per 1000 in 2020 and a record low of 8.026 Per 1000 in 2008. United States US: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':

R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.

The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:

It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.

Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.

BE: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data was reported at 27.661 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 25.002 % for 2019. BE: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 21.669 % from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2021, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 28.654 % in 2017 and a record low of 17.513 % in 2000. BE: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Belgium – Table BE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Belgium, R&D personnel in the business sector reported since 2021 includes both internal and external personnel, causing a break in the series compared to pre-2021 data which only reflected internal personnel. Some institutions were reallocated from the PNP sector to the Government sector in 2012.

Beginning with the 1998 data, two large non-profit organisations, formerly included in the higher education sector, were reclassified in the government sector.

As of 1993 (1992 for the Business enterprise sector), data are based on full surveys and no longer on a combination of budget figures and survey findings.

Total national R&D expenditures are underestimated in 1987 and 1988, as is the contribution of government as R&D financed by federative authorities (about 2-4 % of GERD and 7-15 % of government-financed GERD) is excluded. As a breakdown of this sum by sector of performance is not available, the impact on the other R&D expenditure tables cannot be estimated, though it probably affects R&D in the Government and Higher Education sectors.