ABSTRACT The study compares the relationship between wages and labor productivity for different categories of workers in Brazil and in the U.S. Analyses highlight to what extent the equilibrium between wages and productivity is related to the degree of economic development. Wages in the U.S. has shown to be more attached to labor productivity, while Brazil has experienced several economic cycles were average earnings grew initially much faster than labor productivity, suddenly falling down in the subsequent years. Analyses also stress how wage differentials, in fact, match productivity differentials for certain occupational groups, while for others they do not.

The statistic shows the distribution of the workforce across economic sectors in Russia from 2013 to 2023. In 2023, 5.69 percent of the workforce in Russia was employed in agriculture, 26.38 percent in industry and 67.93 percent in services. Russia’s economy The majority of Russia’s labor force works in the services sector, which accounts for more than half of the jobs in the country. About 30 percent work in the industry sector and the rest in agriculture. Interestingly, Russia is among the leading export countries worldwide and agricultural products, as well as meat, are among the main exported goods. Russia’s economy also profits significantly from selling and exporting fish and sea food. Due to large oil resources, Russia is also among the largest economies and the countries with the largest gross domestic product / GDP worldwide. Subsequently, living and working conditions in Russia should be above average, but for a long time, many Russians have struggled to get by. While conditions seem to improve nowadays, many Russians still live below the poverty line. One suggested reason for this is corruption, which has been cited as a severe problem for the country for a long time, and continues to pose difficulties for Russia’s economy. Illicit employment and the so-called “shadow economy”, which does not officially contribute to the fiscal system, yields amounts worth almost half of Russia’s gross domestic product. This can be seen on a ranking of the untaxed economy in selected countries as a share of GDP. In addition to oil, fish and agricultural products, Russia also manufactures and exports arms and weapons. It is ranked third among the countries with the highest military spending, and second among the countries, in which military spending accounts for a significant percentage of the gross domestic product.

The programs replicate tables and figures from "Does Taxing Business Owners Affect Employees? Evidence from a Change in the Top Marginal Tax Rate", by Max Risch. Please see the README_public file for additional details.