Interactive daily chart of Brent (Europe) crude oil prices over the last ten years. Values shown are daily closing prices.

Interactive chart showing the daily closing price for West Texas Intermediate (NYMEX) Crude Oil over the last 10 years. The prices shown are in U.S. dollars.

In June 2025, the average price of one barrel of Brent crude oil was 71.44 U.S. dollars. This was around seven U.S. dollars more than prices the previous month, which were the lowest value in the past 24-month period. Brent terminology and most common uses Brent is the world's leading price benchmark for Atlantic basin crude oils. It is used to price two thirds of the internationally traded crude oil supplies and is also the most significant crude oil benchmark for Europe. Brent crude originates in the North Sea and includes oils from Brent and Forties Oil Field in the United Kingdom, and from the Oseborg and Ekofisk oil fields, both oil reserves in Norway. Other names for Brent are Brent Blend, London Brent and Brent petroleum. The name Brent comes from the Brent oil field, located north-east of the Shetland Islands, and thus part of the United Kingdom. Because the Brent oil field already passed its production peak, today the benchmark Brent includes oil from the other three major oil fields. Brent, next to West Texas Intermediate (WTI), is one of the lightest crude oils. With a low content of sulfur, it is ranged among the so-called sweet crude oils. Most of the Brent crude oil is refined into gasoline and middle distillates in Northwest Europe. Benchmark oil prices Other crucial benchmarks for crude oil prices are the already mentioned U.S.- WTI and Dubai Crude (Fateh). They are indispensable for referencing the many types and grades of oil on the global market. In the past 20 years, the annual price for one barrel of Brent crude oil saw a net increase. For example, the average price per barrel stood at 80.53 U.S. dollars in 2024.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Commodity: Inputs to Industries: Net Inputs to Mining and Oil and Gas Field Machinery Manufacturing Industry, Trade Services (WPUIP33313021) from Apr 2014 to May 2025 about machinery, oil, mining, gas, trade, services, commodities, manufacturing, PPI, industry, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Interactive chart showing the monthly closing price for No. 2 Heating Oil: New York Harbor since 1986. The prices shown are in U.S. dollars.

United States - Producer Price Index by Commodity: Inputs to Industries: Net Inputs to Mining and Oil and Gas Field Machinery Manufacturing Industry, Goods Less Foods and Energy was 136.23200 Index April 2014=100 in April of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Producer Price Index by Commodity: Inputs to Industries: Net Inputs to Mining and Oil and Gas Field Machinery Manufacturing Industry, Goods Less Foods and Energy reached a record high of 144.01400 in May of 2022 and a record low of 93.20000 in February of 2016. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Producer Price Index by Commodity: Inputs to Industries: Net Inputs to Mining and Oil and Gas Field Machinery Manufacturing Industry, Goods Less Foods and Energy - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on June of 2025.

International crude oil prices has become one of the important factors that affect exchange rate fluctuation. By combining TVP-VAR model and DY time-varying spillover index, this paper measures the two-way fluctuation spillover effect between international crude oil prices and RMB exchange rate from 2011 to 2022. The research results show that: (1) There are obvious time-varying characteristics among international crude oil prices, onshore RMB exchange rate and offshore RMB exchange rate, and they are strengthened when major events occur at home and abroad; (2) The spillover and absorption level among international crude oil prices, onshore RMB exchange rate and offshore RMB exchange rate is relatively limited; (3) After the “exchange rate reform on August 11”, the market participation of RMB exchange rate has increased year by year, and the offshore RMB is mainly net spillover, while the onshore RMB is mainly reflected as a recipient; (4) The offshore RMB exchange rate has a driving effect on the onshore RMB exchange rate. Based on this, it is necessary to orderly promote the development and utilization of new energy, actively promote the market-oriented reform of RMB exchange rate, play the leading role of offshore market, and accelerate the construction of crude oil-RMB settlement system.

The file "fuels.txt" includes daily data for Brent futures (BrentF) and spot (BrentS) prices obtained from nasdaq.com database and three NASDAQ indices: 1) NASDAQ OMX Bio/Clean Fuels Index (GRNBIO). Source: {https://indexes.nasdaqomx.com/Index/Overview/GRNBIO} 2) NASDAQ OMX Fuel Cell Index (GRNFUEL). Source:{https://indexes.nasdaqomx.com/Index/Overview/GRNFUEL} 3) NASDAQ OMX Transportation Index (GRNTRN). Source: {https://indexes.nasdaqomx.com/Index/Overview/GRNTRN} The file "fundamentals.txt" includes monthly data for the following variables: 1) WIP: world industrial production index collected from:{https://sites.google.com/site/cjsbaumeister/datasets?authuser=0} 2) COMM: real commodity price factor - obtained from {https://sites.google.com/site/cjsbaumeister/datasets?authuser=0}; 3) GECON: global economic condition indicator (standardised) - obtained from {https://sites.google.com/site/cjsbaumeister/datasets?authuser=0}; 4) S.SH: oil supply shock - obtained from {https://sites.google.com/site/cjsbaumeister/datasets?authuser=0}; 5) OCDSH: oil consumption demand - obtained from {https://sites.google.com/site/cjsbaumeister/datasets?authuser=0}; 6) OIDSH: oil inventory demand- obtained from {https://sites.google.com/site/cjsbaumeister/datasets?authuser=0}; 7) EASH: oil demand shocks driven by global economic activity - obtained from {https://sites.google.com/site/cjsbaumeister/datasets?authuser=0}; 8) GEPU: global economic policy uncertainty index - , a normalised index of the volume of news articles discussing economic policy uncertainty; due to the nonstationarity of the data, obtained from: {https://www.policyuncertainty.com/global_monthly.html} 9) EXPT: Brent spot prices expectations formulated by the U.S. Energy Information Association; 10) SPX - end-of-month data of S&P500 11) SPECUL1: Net position of Money Managers (long-short) for Brent contract - based on the ICE Futures Europe Commitments of Traders Reports ({www.ice.com/marketdata/reports/122}); 12) SPECUL2: Speculation measure analogous to Working's (1960) index, which measures the speculative activity of non-commercial traders in the crude oil market.

Static spillover effect of international crude oil prices, onshore RMB exchange rate and offshore RMB Exchange rate (%).

Denmark Net Price Index: FB: Food: Oils and Fats data was reported at 155.500 2000=100 in Dec 2015. This records a decrease from the previous number of 159.800 2000=100 for Nov 2015. Denmark Net Price Index: FB: Food: Oils and Fats data is updated monthly, averaging 122.300 2000=100 from Jan 2000 (Median) to Dec 2015, with 192 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 164.700 2000=100 in Aug 2015 and a record low of 98.900 2000=100 in Jul 2000. Denmark Net Price Index: FB: Food: Oils and Fats data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Denmark. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Denmark – Table DK.I014: Net Price Index: 2000=100.

Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) are shares of trusts that hold portfolios of stocks designed to closely track the price performance and yield of specific indices. Copyright, 2016, Chicago Board Options Exchange, Inc. Reprinted with permission.

United States - Producer Price Index by Commodity: Inputs to Industries: Net Inputs to Mining and Oil and Gas Field Machinery Manufacturing Industry, Maintenance and Repair Construction was 109.90000 Index Dec 2014=100 in December of 2020, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Producer Price Index by Commodity: Inputs to Industries: Net Inputs to Mining and Oil and Gas Field Machinery Manufacturing Industry, Maintenance and Repair Construction reached a record high of 111.10000 in February of 2020 and a record low of 100.00000 in December of 2014. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Producer Price Index by Commodity: Inputs to Industries: Net Inputs to Mining and Oil and Gas Field Machinery Manufacturing Industry, Maintenance and Repair Construction - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Commodity: Inputs to Industries: Net Inputs to Mining and Oil and Gas Field Machinery Manufacturing Industry, Mining and Oil and Gas Field Machinery Manufacturing, Excluding Capital Investment, Labor, and Imports (WPUIP333130) from Apr 2014 to May 2025 about imports, machinery, oil, mining, gas, capital, investment, labor, commodities, manufacturing, PPI, industry, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Descriptive statistics of variables and unit root test.

CO2-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) can have less GHG emissions compared to conventional oil production methods. The economy of CO2-EOR can significantly benefit from the recent rise of carbon prices in carbon markets due to its greenhouse gas (GHG) emission savings. This study conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) of CO2-EOR in major hydrocarbon provinces of the world. Estimated net GHG emissions of CO2-EOR were compared with GHG emissions of average produced oil in the given country. When sourcing CO2 from coal-fired power plants, Kazakhstan and China have net GHG emissions of CO2-EOR of 276 and 380 kg CO2 eq/bbl, respectively, which are lower than the GHG emission factor of average oil produced in each of them. Significantly lower GHG emissions of CO2-EOR are observed in other hydrocarbon provinces (Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, etc.), where CO2 could be delivered from Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) power plants. However, the cost of CO2 capture is higher at NGCC power plants than at coal-fired power plants. Further, we developed a techno-economic assessment (TEA) model of the CO2-EOR and integrated it with LCA to thoroughly consider carbon credits in its economy. The model was built based upon previous investigations and used statistics from a large industrial data set of CO2-EOR to produce accurate estimates of the CO2-EOR economy. The technical model iteratively estimated the balance of three fluids (crude oil, CO2, and water) in the CO2-EOR system with a 25 year operational lifespan and obtained actual data for the LCA and TEA models. The model was simulated for the Kazakhstan case with its oil market conditions for a demonstration purpose. TEA results showed that, with the available low-cost CO2 capture source or high CO2 cost in carbon trading, CO2-EOR can compete with current upstream projects in Kazakhstan by simultaneously increasing oil production and reducing GHG emissions.

Natural gas rose to 3.36 USD/MMBtu on July 11, 2025, up 0.58% from the previous day. Over the past month, Natural gas's price has fallen 3.89%, but it is still 44.10% higher than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Natural gas - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

United States - Producer Price Index by Commodity: Inputs to Industries: Net Inputs to Mining and Oil and Gas Field Machinery Manufacturing Industry, Mining and Oil and Gas Field Machinery Manufacturing, Excluding Capital Investment, Labor, and Imports was 150.52900 Index April 2014=100 in May of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Producer Price Index by Commodity: Inputs to Industries: Net Inputs to Mining and Oil and Gas Field Machinery Manufacturing Industry, Mining and Oil and Gas Field Machinery Manufacturing, Excluding Capital Investment, Labor, and Imports reached a record high of 153.92000 in May of 2022 and a record low of 96.80000 in December of 2015. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Producer Price Index by Commodity: Inputs to Industries: Net Inputs to Mining and Oil and Gas Field Machinery Manufacturing Industry, Mining and Oil and Gas Field Machinery Manufacturing, Excluding Capital Investment, Labor, and Imports - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.