Heating Oil rose to 2.41 USD/Gal on July 2, 2025, up 3.25% from the previous day. Over the past month, Heating Oil's price has risen 14.80%, but it is still 8.30% lower than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Heating oil - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Interactive chart showing the daily closing price for West Texas Intermediate (NYMEX) Crude Oil over the last 10 years. The prices shown are in U.S. dollars.

As of May 2025, the average annual price of Brent crude oil stood at 72 U.S. dollars per barrel. This is some eight U.S. dollars lower than the 2024 average. Brent is the world's leading price benchmark for Atlantic basin crude oils. Crude oil is one of the most closely observed commodity prices as it influences costs across all stages of the production process and consequently alters the price of consumer goods as well. What determines crude oil benchmarks? In the past decade, crude oil prices have been especially volatile. Their inherent inelasticity regarding short-term changes in demand and supply means that oil prices are erratic by nature. However, since the 2009 financial crisis, many commercial developments have greatly contributed to price volatility; such as economic growth by BRIC countries like China and India, and the advent of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling in the U.S. The outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war are examples of geopolitical events dictating prices. Light crude oils - Brent and WTI Brent Crude is considered a classification of sweet light crude oil and acts as a benchmark price for oil around the world. It is considered a sweet light crude oil due to its low sulfur content and a low density and may be easily refined into gasoline. This oil originates in the North Sea and comprises several different oil blends, including Brent Blend and Ekofisk crude. Often, this crude oil is refined in Northwest Europe. Another sweet light oil often referenced alongside UK Brent is West Texas Intermediate (WTI). WTI oil prices amounted to 76.55 U.S. dollars per barrel in 2024.

The size of the Oil & Gas Upstream Market in Thailand was valued at USD XX Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of 3.00">> 3.00% during the forecast period. The Oil & Gas Upstream Market refers to the exploration and production segment of the oil and gas industry. It encompasses activities aimed at locating oil and gas reserves beneath the earth’s surface, drilling wells to extract these resources, and the initial stages of processing raw hydrocarbons. This market is a key component of the overall energy sector, and it includes companies involved in seismic surveys, geological studies, well drilling, and resource extraction. The upstream segment plays a vital role in providing crude oil and natural gas, which are essential inputs for refineries and petrochemical plants. Global demand for energy and hydrocarbons drives this market, with factors like geopolitical stability, regulatory frameworks, and advancements in extraction technology influencing its growth. In recent years, the market has experienced significant volatility due to fluctuating crude oil prices, environmental concerns, and shifting government policies around carbon emissions and renewable energy. Recent developments include: In February 2021, Thailand's state-controlled oil firm, PTT, announced that it was planning an investment of USD 28.3 billion across all its operations for 2021-2025. It focuses on developing the country's natural gas industry while seeking future energy opportunities., In May 2021, Valaris Limited was awarded a contract extension of approximately 240 days with Mubadala Petroleum Thailand offshore Thailand for VALARIS JU-115, a heavy-duty modern jackup. The extension is anticipated to begin in the first quarter of 2022, and, as a result, the VALARIS JU-115 is now expected to be under contract through September 2022., In December 2021, Shelf Drilling announced it had secured contract extensions for a pair of jack-up drilling rigs with Chevron Thailand Exploration and Production, Ltd. for operations in the Gulf of Thailand. The extensions for the Shelf Drilling Chaophraya and Shelf Drilling Krathong are in direct continuation of the planned out of service projects at the end of each rig's current contract with the same client. The duration is 39 months for the Shelf Drilling Chaophraya and 36 months for the Shelf Drilling Krathong and is expected to commence in Q3 2022 and Q4 2022, respectively.. Key drivers for this market are: 4., Increasing Demand from Industrial Applications4.; Growing Infrastructure Across the World. Potential restraints include: 4., A Rise In Concerns Related To Carbon Emissions And A Shift Towards Electric Vehicles And Renewable Sources Of Energy. Notable trends are: Offshore Sector to Dominate the Market.

The global demand for crude oil (including biofuels) in 2024 amounted to 103.75 million barrels per day. The source expects economic activity and related oil demand to pick up by the end of the year, with forecast suggesting it could increase to more than 105 million barrels per day. Motor fuels make up majority of oil demand Oil is an important and versatile substance, used in different ways and in different forms for many applications. The road sector is the largest oil consuming sector worldwide. It accounts for nearly one half of the global demand for oil, largely due to reliance on motor spirits made from petroleum. The OPEC projects global oil product demand to reach 120 million barrels per day by 2050, with transportation fuels such as gasoline and diesel expected to remain the most consumed products. Diesel and gasoil demand is forecast to amount to 32.5 million barrels per day in 2050, up from 29 million barrels in 2023. Gasoline demand is forecast at 27 million barrels by 2050. Differences in forecast oil demand widen between major energy institutions Despite oil producing bodies such as the OPEC seeing continued importance for crude oil in the future, other forecast centers have been more moderate in their demand outlooks. For example, between the EIA, IEA, and OPEC, the latter was the only one to expect significant growth for oil demand until 2030.

Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery Market Outlook

The global thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) market is estimated to have a market size of approximately USD 20 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 30 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5%. The market's growth is primarily driven by advancements in technology and increased investments in mature oil fields. As the global demand for energy continues to rise, thermal EOR methods are becoming increasingly vital in extracting oil from reservoirs that conventional methods cannot effectively exploit.

One of the primary growth factors of the thermal EOR market is the increasing global energy demand. With the continuous rise in population and industrial activities, the need for energy is surging. This has led to the exploration of unconventional and mature oil reserves that were previously deemed uneconomical. Thermal EOR techniques, such as steam injection and in-situ combustion, allow for the extraction of oil from these challenging reservoirs, thereby supporting the global energy supply chain. Furthermore, the volatility in crude oil prices has encouraged oil companies to maximize recovery from existing fields, thus driving the adoption of thermal EOR technologies.

Technological advancements also play a crucial role in the growth of the thermal EOR market. Innovations in thermal recovery methods, such as advanced steam generators and more efficient in-situ combustion techniques, have significantly improved the efficiency and effectiveness of oil recovery processes. These technological improvements not only enhance the yield from mature oil fields but also reduce the environmental impact associated with oil extraction. Companies are increasingly investing in research and development to optimize thermal EOR methods, which is expected to further fuel market growth over the forecast period.

Environmental regulations and government policies are additional factors contributing to the market's expansion. As governments worldwide enforce stricter environmental regulations on oil extraction and production, there is a growing emphasis on adopting cleaner and more efficient recovery methods. Thermal EOR techniques, which can enhance oil recovery rates while complying with environmental standards, are gaining traction. Additionally, several governments provide tax incentives and subsidies to oil companies that adopt advanced recovery technologies, thereby promoting the use of thermal EOR.

Regionally, North America holds a significant share of the thermal EOR market, primarily due to the presence of numerous mature oil fields and substantial investments in technology. The region is expected to continue its dominance over the forecast period, driven by favorable government policies and a robust oil industry infrastructure. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to exhibit the highest growth rate, propelled by increasing energy demand and investments in oil exploration activities. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America are also emerging as crucial markets, with several countries looking to maximize their oil recovery potential using thermal EOR techniques.

Technology Analysis

Steam Injection Analysis

Steam injection is one of the most widely used thermal EOR techniques and involves the injection of steam into the reservoir to reduce the viscosity of heavy oil, making it easier to extract. This method has been particularly effective in heavy oil reservoirs, which are prevalent in regions like North America and the Middle East. The steam injection process can be further divided into cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) and steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD). CSS, also known as "huff and puff," involves injecting steam into the well, allowing it to soak, and then producing the oil. SAGD, on the other hand, uses a pair of horizontal wells, one for steam injection and one for oil production, which operates continuously.

Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (CO2 EOR) is emerging as a significant method within the broader EOR market, offering a promising solution to enhance oil recovery while addressing environmental concerns. This technique involves injecting carbon dioxide into oil reservoirs, which helps to reduce the viscosity of the oil, making it easier to extract. The use of CO2 EOR not only improves oil recovery rates but also provides an opportunity for carbon sequestr

The size of the Venezuela Oil and Gas Industry market was valued at USD XX Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of % during the forecast period. One of the most important features of the Venezuelan economy is the oil and gas industry, led by the state-owned PDVSA (Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A.). Among the countries of the world, Venezuela has one of the biggest proven oil reserves and most of them are within the Orinoco Belt which is one of the historical sources of crude oil production. What is sad is that despite such great potential, the industry to date has faced major challenges, mainly in the last couple of years-poor economic management, political instability, and sanctions that crippled production levels and investment. The level of productivity has declined due to the low productivity on the historical infrastructure and lack of maintenance, creating inefficiencies and lower output. Moreover, this economy has faced heavy dependence on revenues from oil, and the government left it sensitive to fluctuations in the global price of oil, worsening the case. Recovery efforts are hence embarked upon as the Venezuelan state seeks foreign investment and partnerships to upgrade the technology and efficiency of operations. Once more, political risks and stability issues of regulations are keeping potential investors at bay. Yet, the Venezuela oil and gas industry still presents big untapped resources that would be recoverable and grow if the improvement of political and economic conditions could come, to likely reposition Venezuela as a key player in the global energy market. Key drivers for this market are: 4., Recovering Number of Air Passengers, on Account of the Cheaper Airfare in Recent Times4.; Increasing Disposable Income of Population. Potential restraints include: 4., High Share of Fossil-Fuel-Based Aviation Fuels in South American Countries. Notable trends are: Upstream Sector as a Prominent Market.

The data set list the decay rates of saturated hydrocarbons measured during the standardized sediment-oil-agglomerate (sSOA) experiment. In this experiment, 100 sSOAs produced from agglomerates washed-up at Pensacola Beach/Florida were buried in the upper 50 cm of the sandy beach at Pensacola Beach/Florida. Five pairs of sSOAs contained in stainless steel teaballs were attached to a 50 cm long vertical PVC pipe, such that pairs of sSOAs were positioned a 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm sediment depth. sSOA degradation was followed over 3 years. The sSOA arrays were deployed on October 22nd, 2010, and then retrieved with surrounding sediment at seven monthly to bimonthly intervals for approximately one year and thereafter at three larger intervals until the final sampling on 16 December 2013 (2 Dec10, 19 Jan 11, 2 Mar 11, 21 Apr 11, 16 Jun 11, 28 Jul 11, 14 Sep 11, 10 Jan 12, 26 Oct 12, 16 Dec 13). One parameter monitored was saturated hydrocarbon content of the sSOAs. The decay rates calculated from the saturated hydrocarbon concentration decrease over time are reported in this data set.

In 2023, the total revenue of the United States’ oil and gas industry came to ************* U.S. dollars. That was a considerable decrease from the previous year, when U.S. oil and gas had revenue peaked at ************* U.S. dollars. The advent of shale oil and gas Following the financial crisis, investors in the U.S. sought to increase domestic production and reduce dependence on foreign oil and gas in turbulent international markets. Despite high start-up costs, shale gas and tight oil became economically viable to extract as the result of new methods such as hydraulic fracturing (also known as fracking). Production expanded rapidly in states with large permeable rock formations of sandstone, such as Texas and North Dakota. Surplus and instability The United States’ production of shale gas and tight oil has continued to grow significantly since 2008, leading to an oversupply by 2014. During the 2010s oil glut, output and revenue decreased as petroleum prices were destabilized worldwide. The trajectory of the gross output in the United States' oil and gas extraction industry largely precipitates the changes in total revenue, both reaching a high point in 2014 before a drastic fall the following year.

The North America Pressure Pumping Oil and Gas Industry size was valued at USD XX Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, exhibiting a CAGR of 7.00">> 7.00 % during the forecasts periods.The North American Pressure Pumping Oil and Gas Industry is an important sector in the extraction and subsequent production of supplies of oil and natural gas within the continent. Pressure pumping is the injection of fluids at high pressure into underground formations and causing fractures that release hydrocarbons from rock formations like shale. It has, in an irreversible manner, changed the status of the energy landscape in the USA and Canada by raising—by an order of magnitude—the vast reserves of previously inaccessible oil and gas. Specialized equipment, monitoring systems, and fluid tanks together with high-pressure pumps are major elements of the industry, which will make efficient fracking operations possible. This sort of operation is required to stimulate production from unconventional reservoirs such as shale, tight sands, and coalbed methane formations. Pressure pumping technology has been innovated upon particularly in North America, especially the United States, over the last couple of decades with regard to advanced pump design, fracking fluids, and environmental monitoring techniques. The operational and environmental stewardship practices are also influenced by differing regulatory frameworks.The pressure pumping industry remains dynamic with the changing energy markets and firm worldwide demand for oil and gas, and it focuses on being efficient, safe, and environmentally sustainable. Recent developments include: In 2020, the United States achieved the most significant extensions and discoveries of proved crude oil reserves and lease condensates, which were discovered in Texas, New Mexico, and North Dakota. The operators in Texas added around 1.8 billion barrels, New Mexico had 0.7 billion barrels, and North Dakota had 0.2 billion barrels of extensions and discoveries. The discoveries are likely to give more development and production opportunities to the E&P companies, and hence the pressure pumping services too., The gas operators in Alaska added a substantial volume of proved natural gas reserves in 2020. The annual total of proved natural gas reserves in Alaska increased by 27 tcf in 2020, quadrupling the state's total from 9 tcf to 36 tcf.. Key drivers for this market are: Rapid Recovery in the Oil and Gas and Mining Industries4., Surge in the Construction Industry. Potential restraints include: High Maintenance and Operation Costs of Submersible Pump Restrain the Market. Notable trends are: Hydraulic Fracturing Expected to Dominate the Market.

Global oil production amounted to ************ barrels per day in 2024. The level of oil production reached an all-time high in 2024. However, the coronavirus pandemic and its impact on transportation fuel demand led to a notable decline in 2020. Rising production and consumption Apart from events surrounding global economic crisis as in the late 2000's and 2020, oil production consistently increased every year for the past two decades. Similarly, global oil consumption only decreased in 2008, 2009, and 2020, but has otherwise increased to a higher level year after year. Oil and oil products remain invaluable commodities as most transportation fuels are petroleum-based and oil is a major raw material for the chemicals industry. Production by region and country While total production is rising, regional distribution has shifted, with the share of production declining the most in Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) since 2008, and rising the most in North America. Even though as a region the Middle East still produces the largest share of oil worldwide, the United States is currently the worl'ds largest producer of oil, followed by Saudi Arabia and Russia.

The Thai oil and gas upstream market, while a smaller player on the global stage, exhibits significant growth potential driven by increasing domestic energy demand and strategic government initiatives to bolster energy security. The market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 3.0% indicates a steady expansion, fueled by exploration and production activities targeting both onshore and offshore reserves. Key players like PTT Public Company Limited, Chevron Corporation, and ExxonMobil Corporation are significantly shaping the market landscape through investments in exploration, production, and technological advancements. While the exact market size for 2025 isn't explicitly provided, considering the global market trends and the presence of major international oil companies, a reasonable estimate would place it in the range of several hundred million USD. This estimate considers the relatively smaller scale of the Thai market compared to major global players but acknowledges the ongoing investments and growth trajectory. The onshore segment likely dominates due to established infrastructure, while the offshore segment presents higher growth potential through the discovery and development of new reserves. Challenges include the relatively limited size of proven reserves, environmental concerns associated with extraction, and fluctuating global oil prices. Nevertheless, government support for energy independence and exploration efforts contributes to a positive outlook for the Thai oil and gas upstream sector, projecting continued growth throughout the forecast period (2025-2033). Further growth will hinge on successful exploration efforts to identify new reserves, technological advancements to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impact, and sustained government policies that encourage investment and development within the sector. The regional distribution within Thailand itself will likely show a concentration of activity in areas with historically higher production and proximity to existing infrastructure. While international players contribute significantly to the market, the role of domestic companies like PTT Public Company Limited cannot be overstated; their strategic direction and investments heavily influence the sector's overall trajectory. The ongoing transition towards cleaner energy sources, although a global trend, might pose a challenge to the long-term growth projections, requiring the industry to adapt and incorporate sustainable practices. Recent developments include: In February 2021, Thailand's state-controlled oil firm, PTT, announced that it was planning an investment of USD 28.3 billion across all its operations for 2021-2025. It focuses on developing the country's natural gas industry while seeking future energy opportunities., In May 2021, Valaris Limited was awarded a contract extension of approximately 240 days with Mubadala Petroleum Thailand offshore Thailand for VALARIS JU-115, a heavy-duty modern jackup. The extension is anticipated to begin in the first quarter of 2022, and, as a result, the VALARIS JU-115 is now expected to be under contract through September 2022., In December 2021, Shelf Drilling announced it had secured contract extensions for a pair of jack-up drilling rigs with Chevron Thailand Exploration and Production, Ltd. for operations in the Gulf of Thailand. The extensions for the Shelf Drilling Chaophraya and Shelf Drilling Krathong are in direct continuation of the planned out of service projects at the end of each rig's current contract with the same client. The duration is 39 months for the Shelf Drilling Chaophraya and 36 months for the Shelf Drilling Krathong and is expected to commence in Q3 2022 and Q4 2022, respectively.. Notable trends are: Offshore Sector to Dominate the Market.

The data set lists the carbon content of the standardized sediment-oil-agglomerates (sSOAs) measured during the sSOA experiment. In this experiment, 100 sSOAs produced from agglomerates washed-up at Pensacola Beach/Florida were buried in the upper 50 cm of the sandy beach at Pensacola Beach/Florida. Five pairs of sSOAs contained in stainless steel teaballs were attached to a 50 cm long vertical PVC pipe, such that pairs of sSOAs were positioned a 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm sediment depth. sSOA degradation was followed over 3 years. The sSOA arrays were deployed on October 22nd, 2010, and then retrieved with surrounding sediment at seven monthly to bimonthly intervals for approximately one year and thereafter at three larger intervals until the final sampling on 16 December 2013 (2 Dec10, 19 Jan 11, 2 Mar 11, 21 Apr 11, 16 Jun 11, 28 Jul 11, 14 Sep 11, 10 Jan 12, 26 Oct 12, 16 Dec 13). One parameter monitored was the carbon content of the sSOAs. The carbon contents measured are reported in this data set.

Sugar fell to 15.69 USd/Lbs on July 1, 2025, down 3.01% from the previous day. Over the past month, Sugar's price has fallen 7.00%, and is down 23.87% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Sugar - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

The size of the Oil and Gas Industry in Qatar market was valued at USD XX Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of 3.20% during the forecast period. The oil and gas industry is at the heart of Qatar's economy, contributing significantly to its GDP and determining its standing in the world of economics. Home to the largest producers of natural gas and among the world's significant oil-exporting nations, Qatar's energy sector primarily boasts its vast reserves, particularly in the North Field, the world's largest single natural gas field. Qatar Petroleum (QP) is a state-owned company that stands at the center of oil and gas exploration, production, and export. The country has its prudent investment in advanced technologies for the enhancement of extraction efficiency with some of the world's finest infrastructure, like liquefaction facilities of natural gas, thus making Qatar the world's biggest LNG exporter. Over the past couple of years, Qatar has been focusing on increasing its LNG production capacity and purchasing proposals that are expected to further boost the same to meet the booming demand for cleaner energy sources worldwide. Petrochemicals and refining investments are being made to add more diversification to its energy portfolio besides further adding value to hydrocarbon resources. The country also focuses on environmental sustainability as another imperative. The government has set initiatives for reducing the carbon footprint of its operations. It can be seen, then, that the oil and gas industry in Qatar is bound to continue its growth and transformation through strategic investment, technology, and environment-friendly practices. Key drivers for this market are: Drivers, Restraints. Potential restraints include: 4., Political Instability and Militant Attacks on Pipeline Infrastructure. Notable trends are: Upstream Segment to Dominate the Market.

Gasoline rose to 2.10 USD/Gal on July 1, 2025, up 1.85% from the previous day. Over the past month, Gasoline's price has risen 1.77%, but it is still 18.30% lower than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Gasoline - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

This statistic shows the trade balance of goods of Saudi Arabia from 2013 to 2023. In 2023, Saudi Arabia's trade balance surplus amounted to approximately 113.08 billion years. Saudi Arabia's economic state Saudi Arabia’s positive trade balance dropped during the economic crisis, recovered thereafter, but has faltered somewhat in the past couple of years. This is likely due to a loss in export income associated with falling crude oil prices in the region. This has affected the economy and is expected to increase the country’s national debt. As a major oil producer and exporter, on the one hand Saudi Arabia needs to maintain international relations related to the export of its most precious resource, and on the other hand it needs to preserve stability in the region. For the most part, the country has been able to do so. Due to large oil reserves throughout the region, Saudi Arabia’s most important export partners include China, the United States, Japan, South Korea, India and Singapore. As one of the main oil producers worldwide and ranked among the countries with the largest GDP, Saudi Arabia remains one of the key players in the Muslim and Arab world. It is also home to the birthplace of the Muslim Prophet Mohammed, giving the country a special significance. However, as tension rise with Iran, an uneasy relationship based in religion, politics and history, preserving stability in the region and international relations may become a challenge.

The size of the United Kingdom Midstream Oil and Gas Software Industry market was valued at USD XX Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of % during the forecast period. The midstream oil and gas software market in the UK has experienced a growth rate of quite a good percentage. This arises from the increasing complexity in energy logistics as well as the ever-growing requirement to be more operationally efficient. Midstream operations involve transporting, storing, and processing of oil and gas, making software solutions critical in optimizing the activities. No better time to depend on high-level software solutions will spring up in the UK's energy landscape as it moves toward a more sustainable one, and perhaps no better chance for midstream operators to depend on those sophisticated software solutions for overall safety compliance and operational performance improvements. Some of the other megatrends in this industry are using cloud-based platforms for real-time analytics and monitoring, enabling companies to make decisions on how to manage supply chains or maintain asset integrity. Automation and artificial intelligence are applied and implemented in new software solutions. Predictive maintenance and times between failures are improved with this design. Thus, the midstream sector is also under the pressure of the UK's commitment to reducing carbon emissions. Companies are considering software that will track emissions and enforce conformity in meeting national and international sustainability objectives. Furthermore, the renewed interest in hydrogen and other alternative fuel sources spur the midstream operators to tailor the solutions in their software to include a range of energy sources. For the midstream oil and gas software of the UK, the medium and long-term perspective remains positive despite constraints such as regulatory compliance and cybersecurity threats. The next couple of years would therefore see increased investment into technology and innovations that ensure medium term growth and efficiency in operations at midstream. Key drivers for this market are: 4., Favorable Government Policies and Increasing Adoption of Solar PV Systems4.; Soaring Electricity Prices Incentivized Installing Solar PV Systems for Self-Consumption. Potential restraints include: 4., The Growth of Other Renewable Technologies Such as Wind and Bioenergy. Notable trends are: Transportation Sector to Witness Growth.

The dataset lists the decay rates of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) measured during the standardized sediment-oil-agglomerate (sSOA) experiment. In this experiment, 100 sSOAs produced from agglomerates washed-up at Pensacola Beach/Florida and were buried in the upper 50 cm of the sandy beach at Pensacola Beach/Florida. Five pairs of sSOAs contained in stainless steel teaballs were attached to a 50 cm long vertical PVC pipe, such that pairs of sSOAs were positioned a 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm sediment depth. sSOA degradation was followed over 3 years. The sSOA arrays were deployed on October 22nd, 2010, and then retrieved with surrounding sediment at seven monthly to bimonthly intervals for approximately one year and thereafter at three larger intervals until the final sampling on 16 December 2013 (2 Dec10, 19 Jan 11, 2 Mar 11, 21 Apr 11, 16 Jun 11, 28 Jul 11, 14 Sep 11, 10 Jan 12, 26 Oct 12, 16 Dec 13). One parameter monitored was saturated hydrocarbon content of the sSOAs. The decay rates calculated from the PAH concentration decrease over time are reported in this dataset.

The size of the Australia Refined Petroleum Products Market was valued at USD XX Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of 2.00% during the forecast period. The refined petroleum products market in Australia is an important part of Australia's energy ecosystem, consisting of a portfolio of products such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and heating oil. Although Australia has an extremely robust view on its crude reserve, it imports most of its domestic refined oil due to patterns of consumption and an intrinsically small refining capacity. In the past couple of years, several significant challenges have faced the refining sector in Australia, as multiple refineries have closed down or scaled back their inputs due to unbearable operational cost burdens. These closures have heightened concerns about energy security and whether Australia's domestic demand will be met amidst rising geopolitical tensions and global supply chain disruptions. On the other hand, it is somewhat interesting how the Australian government is focusing much on refining capability enhancement with policies in place which may introduce financial incentives to retain and upgrade the refineries. The market sees a trend of growing interest into sustainable alternatives as investments into biofuels and other low-emission technology are picking up pace. With such a fierce battle looming large, the highly refined petroleum products market will have to adapt in the years to come, balancing traditional fuel needs with an increasingly pressing drive towards sustainability and energy security. Recent developments include: In May 2022, Japan's Sumitomo Corp. will partner with Anglo-Australian mining giant Rio Tinto to develop a 2 MW green hydrogen production facility at the miner's Yarwun refinery in the Australian state of Queensland, while exploring the potential of hydrogen as a replacement for gas in the alumina refining process., In April 2022, Energy Minister announced the government's funding of USD 250 million for oil refineries and to give Australia to fuel security and low sulfur refining.. Key drivers for this market are: 4., Growing Demand for Renewable Energy4.; Upcoming Investments in the Energy Sector and Supportive Renewable Energy Policies. Potential restraints include: 4., High Initial Investment Cost and Long Investment Return Period on Projects. Notable trends are: Aviation Fuel Market to Grow Significantly.