A global survey conducted between November 2022 and January 2023 found that nearly ** percent of the respondents around the world were convinced that it is impossible to protect their privacy. Japan had the highest share of respondents agreeing with the statement, ** percent. Users in India were more optimistic about it than respondents from other countries.

Using public libraries from the Institute of Museum and Library Services, via its Public Libraries Survey for 2016, this map shows the population growth or decline within 1 mile's walk of each library. The libraries were downloaded from the PLS site and added as a layer in ArcGIS Online. The layer was next enriched with Esri then-current year population estimates (2017) using an analysis tool in ArcGIS Online, and symbolized based on growth or decline of population within a short walk of each library. Citation: Pelczar, M., Frehill, L. M., Williams, K., Wan, C., & Nielsen, E. (2018). Data File Documentation: Public Libraries in the United States Fiscal Year 2016. Institute of Museum and Library Services: Washington, D.C.

Explore the Saudi Arabia World Development Indicators dataset , including key indicators such as Access to clean fuels, Adjusted net enrollment rate, CO2 emissions, and more. Find valuable insights and trends for Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, China, and India.

Indicator, Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking, rural (% of rural population), Access to electricity (% of population), Adjusted net enrollment rate, primary, female (% of primary school age children), Adjusted net national income (annual % growth), Adjusted savings: education expenditure (% of GNI), Adjusted savings: mineral depletion (current US$), Adjusted savings: natural resources depletion (% of GNI), Adjusted savings: net national savings (current US$), Adolescents out of school (% of lower secondary school age), Adolescents out of school, female (% of female lower secondary school age), Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population), Agricultural methane emissions (% of total), Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (current US$), Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$), Alternative and nuclear energy (% of total energy use), Annualized average growth rate in per capita real survey mean consumption or income, total population (%), Arms exports (SIPRI trend indicator values), Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values), Average working hours of children, working only, ages 7-14 (hours per week), Average working hours of children, working only, male, ages 7-14 (hours per week), Cause of death, by injury (% of total), Cereal yield (kg per hectare), Changes in inventories (current US$), Chemicals (% of value added in manufacturing), Child employment in agriculture (% of economically active children ages 7-14), Child employment in manufacturing, female (% of female economically active children ages 7-14), Child employment in manufacturing, male (% of male economically active children ages 7-14), Child employment in services (% of economically active children ages 7-14), Child employment in services, female (% of female economically active children ages 7-14), Children (ages 0-14) newly infected with HIV, Children in employment, study and work (% of children in employment, ages 7-14), Children in employment, unpaid family workers (% of children in employment, ages 7-14), Children in employment, wage workers (% of children in employment, ages 7-14), Children out of school, primary, Children out of school, primary, male, Claims on other sectors of the domestic economy (annual growth as % of broad money), CO2 emissions (kg per 2015 US$ of GDP), CO2 emissions (kt), CO2 emissions from other sectors, excluding residential buildings and commercial and public services (% of total fuel combustion), CO2 emissions from transport (% of total fuel combustion), Communications, computer, etc. (% of service exports, BoP), Condom use, population ages 15-24, female (% of females ages 15-24), Container port traffic (TEU: 20 foot equivalent units), Contraceptive prevalence, any method (% of married women ages 15-49), Control of Corruption: Estimate, Control of Corruption: Percentile Rank, Upper Bound of 90% Confidence Interval, Control of Corruption: Standard Error, Coverage of social insurance programs in 4th quintile (% of population), CPIA building human resources rating (1=low to 6=high), CPIA debt policy rating (1=low to 6=high), CPIA policies for social inclusion/equity cluster average (1=low to 6=high), CPIA public sector management and institutions cluster average (1=low to 6=high), CPIA quality of budgetary and financial management rating (1=low to 6=high), CPIA transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector rating (1=low to 6=high), Current education expenditure, secondary (% of total expenditure in secondary public institutions), DEC alternative conversion factor (LCU per US$), Deposit interest rate (%), Depth of credit information index (0=low to 8=high), Diarrhea treatment (% of children under 5 who received ORS packet), Discrepancy in expenditure estimate of GDP (current LCU), Domestic private health expenditure per capita, PPP (current international $), Droughts, floods, extreme temperatures (% of population, average 1990-2009), Educational attainment, at least Bachelor's or equivalent, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative), Educational attainment, at least Bachelor's or equivalent, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative), Educational attainment, at least completed lower secondary, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative), Educational attainment, at least completed primary, population 25+ years, total (%) (cumulative), Educational attainment, at least Master's or equivalent, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative), Educational attainment, at least Master's or equivalent, population 25+, total (%) (cumulative), Electricity production from coal sources (% of total), Electricity production from nuclear sources (% of total), Employers, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate), Employment in industry (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate), Employment in services, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate), Employment to population ratio, 15+, male (%) (modeled ILO estimate), Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total (%) (national estimate), Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita), Export unit value index (2015 = 100), Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), Exports of goods, services and primary income (BoP, current US$), External debt stocks (% of GNI), External health expenditure (% of current health expenditure), Female primary school age children out-of-school (%), Female share of employment in senior and middle management (%), Final consumption expenditure (constant 2015 US$), Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials (% of firms), Firms experiencing losses due to theft and vandalism (% of firms), Firms formally registered when operations started (% of firms), Fixed broadband subscriptions, Fixed telephone subscriptions (per 100 people), Foreign direct investment, net outflows (% of GDP), Forest area (% of land area), Forest area (sq. km), Forest rents (% of GDP), GDP growth (annual %), GDP per capita (constant LCU), GDP per unit of energy use (PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent), GDP, PPP (constant 2017 international $), General government final consumption expenditure (current LCU), GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (Mt of CO2 equivalent), GNI growth (annual %), GNI per capita (constant LCU), GNI, PPP (current international $), Goods and services expense (current LCU), Government Effectiveness: Percentile Rank, Government Effectiveness: Percentile Rank, Lower Bound of 90% Confidence Interval, Government Effectiveness: Standard Error, Gross capital formation (annual % growth), Gross capital formation (constant 2015 US$), Gross capital formation (current LCU), Gross fixed capital formation, private sector (% of GDP), Gross intake ratio in first grade of primary education, male (% of relevant age group), Gross intake ratio in first grade of primary education, total (% of relevant age group), Gross national expenditure (current LCU), Gross national expenditure (current US$), Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (constant LCU), Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (current US$), Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure, PPP (constant 2017 international $), Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure: linked series (current LCU), Human capital index (HCI) (scale 0-1), Human capital index (HCI), male (scale 0-1), Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months), Import value index (2015 = 100), Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), Incidence of HIV, ages 15-24 (per 1,000 uninfected population ages 15-24), Incidence of HIV, all (per 1,000 uninfected population), Income share held by highest 20%, Income share held by lowest 20%, Income share held by third 20%, Individuals using the Internet (% of population), Industry (including construction), value added (constant LCU), Informal payments to public officials (% of firms), Intentional homicides, male (per 100,000 male), Interest payments (% of expense), Interest rate spread (lending rate minus deposit rate, %), Internally displaced persons, new displacement associated with conflict and violence (number of cases), International tourism, expenditures for passenger transport items (current US$), International tourism, expenditures for travel items (current US$), Investment in energy with private participation (current US$), Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, female (%) (modeled ILO estimate), Development

Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, China, India Follow data.kapsarc.org for timely data to advance energy economics research..

This archive contains code and data for reproducing the analysis for “Replication Data for Revisiting ‘The Rise and Decline’ in a Population of Peer Production Projects”. Depending on what you hope to do with the data you probabbly do not want to download all of the files. Depending on your computation resources you may not be able to run all stages of the analysis. The code for all stages of the analysis, including typesetting the manuscript and running the analysis, is in code.tar. If you only want to run the final analysis or to play with datasets used in the analysis of the paper, you want intermediate_data.7z or the uncompressed tab and csv files. The data files are created in a four-stage process. The first stage uses the program “wikiq” to parse mediawiki xml dumps and create tsv files that have edit data for each wiki. The second stage generates all.edits.RDS file which combines these tsvs into a dataset of edits from all the wikis. This file is expensive to generate and at 1.5GB is pretty big. The third stage builds smaller intermediate files that contain the analytical variables from these tsv files. The fourth stage uses the intermediate files to generate smaller RDS files that contain the results. Finally, knitr and latex typeset the manuscript. A stage will only run if the outputs from the previous stages do not exist. So if the intermediate files exist they will not be regenerated. Only the final analysis will run. The exception is that stage 4, fitting models and generating plots, always runs. If you only want to replicate from the second stage onward, you want wikiq_tsvs.7z. If you want to replicate everything, you want wikia_mediawiki_xml_dumps.7z.001 wikia_mediawiki_xml_dumps.7z.002, and wikia_mediawiki_xml_dumps.7z.003. These instructions work backwards from building the manuscript using knitr, loading the datasets, running the analysis, to building the intermediate datasets. Building the manuscript using knitr This requires working latex, latexmk, and knitr installations. Depending on your operating system you might install these packages in different ways. On Debian Linux you can run apt install r-cran-knitr latexmk texlive-latex-extra. Alternatively, you can upload the necessary files to a project on Overleaf.com. Download code.tar. This has everything you need to typeset the manuscript. Unpack the tar archive. On a unix system this can be done by running tar xf code.tar. Navigate to code/paper_source. Install R dependencies. In R. run install.packages(c("data.table","scales","ggplot2","lubridate","texreg")) On a unix system you should be able to run make to build the manuscript generalizable_wiki.pdf. Otherwise you should try uploading all of the files (including the tables, figure, and knitr folders) to a new project on Overleaf.com. Loading intermediate datasets The intermediate datasets are found in the intermediate_data.7z archive. They can be extracted on a unix system using the command 7z x intermediate_data.7z. The files are 95MB uncompressed. These are RDS (R data set) files and can be loaded in R using the readRDS. For example newcomer.ds <- readRDS("newcomers.RDS"). If you wish to work with these datasets using a tool other than R, you might prefer to work with the .tab files. Running the analysis Fitting the models may not work on machines with less than 32GB of RAM. If you have trouble, you may find the functions in lib-01-sample-datasets.R useful to create stratified samples of data for fitting models. See line 89 of 02_model_newcomer_survival.R for an example. Download code.tar and intermediate_data.7z to your working folder and extract both archives. On a unix system this can be done with the command tar xf code.tar && 7z x intermediate_data.7z. Install R dependencies. install.packages(c("data.table","ggplot2","urltools","texreg","optimx","lme4","bootstrap","scales","effects","lubridate","devtools","roxygen2")). On a unix system you can simply run regen.all.sh to fit the models, build the plots and create the RDS files. Generating datasets Building the intermediate files The intermediate files are generated from all.edits.RDS. This process requires about 20GB of memory. Download all.edits.RDS, userroles_data.7z,selected.wikis.csv, and code.tar. Unpack code.tar and userroles_data.7z. On a unix system this can be done using tar xf code.tar && 7z x userroles_data.7z. Install R dependencies. In R run install.packages(c("data.table","ggplot2","urltools","texreg","optimx","lme4","bootstrap","scales","effects","lubridate","devtools","roxygen2")). Run 01_build_datasets.R. Building all.edits.RDS The intermediate RDS files used in the analysis are created from all.edits.RDS. To replicate building all.edits.RDS, you only need to run 01_build_datasets.R when the int... Visit https://dataone.org/datasets/sha256%3Acfa4980c107154267d8eb6dc0753ed0fde655a73a062c0c2f5af33f237da3437 for complete metadata about this dataset.

This dataset contains model-based census tract level estimates in GIS-friendly format. PLACES covers the entire United States—50 states and the District of Columbia—at county, place, census tract, and ZIP Code Tabulation Area levels. It provides information uniformly on this large scale for local areas at four geographic levels. Estimates were provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of Population Health, Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch. PLACES was funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation in conjunction with the CDC Foundation. Data sources used to generate these model-based estimates are Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) 2022 or 2021 data, Census Bureau 2010 population estimates, and American Community Survey (ACS) 2015–2019 estimates. The 2024 release uses 2022 BRFSS data for 36 measures and 2021 BRFSS data for 4 measures (high blood pressure, high cholesterol, cholesterol screening, and taking medicine for high blood pressure control among those with high blood pressure) that the survey collects data on every other year. These data can be joined with the Census tract 2022 boundary file in a GIS system to produce maps for 40 measures at the census tract level. An ArcGIS Online feature service is also available for users to make maps online or to add data to desktop GIS software. https://cdcarcgis.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=3b7221d4e47740cab9235b839fa55cd7

Globally, about 25 percent of the population is under 15 years of age and 10 percent is over 65 years of age. Africa has the youngest population worldwide. In Sub-Saharan Africa, more than 40 percent of the population is below 15 years, and only three percent are above 65, indicating the low life expectancy in several of the countries. In Europe, on the other hand, a higher share of the population is above 65 years than the population under 15 years. Fertility rates The high share of children and youth in Africa is connected to the high fertility rates on the continent. For instance, South Sudan and Niger have the highest population growth rates globally. However, about 50 percent of the world’s population live in countries with low fertility, where women have less than 2.1 children. Some countries in Europe, like Latvia and Lithuania, have experienced a population decline of one percent, and in the Cook Islands, it is even above two percent. In Europe, the majority of the population was previously working-aged adults with few dependents, but this trend is expected to reverse soon, and it is predicted that by 2050, the older population will outnumber the young in many developed countries. Growing global population As of 2025, there are 8.1 billion people living on the planet, and this is expected to reach more than nine billion before 2040. Moreover, the global population is expected to reach 10 billions around 2060, before slowing and then even falling slightly by 2100. As the population growth rates indicate, a significant share of the population increase will happen in Africa.

Demographic data for introduced crab from multiple bays along the Central California coast, shallow subtidal (<3 m depth), in 2015. access_formats=.htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv,.esriCsv,.geoJson acquisition_description=We conducted monthly trappings of invasive European green crabs to gather demographic data from several bays in northern California: Bodega Harbor, Tomales Bay, Bolinas Lagoon, San Francisco Bay, and Elkhorn Slough. All sites were accessed by foot via shore entry. At each of four sites within each bay, we placed 5 baited traps (folding Fukui fish traps) and 5 baited minnow traps in shallow intertidal areas. Traps arrays were set with fish and minnow traps alternating and with each 20 m apart. Traps were retrieved 24 hours later and traps were rebaited and collected again the following day.\u00a0Trapping was continued for three consecutive days with traps removed on the final day.\u00a0Each day, data for crab species, size, sex, reproductive condition, and injuries were collected for all crabs in the field. Following data collection, all crabs were returned to the lab, and frozen overnight prior to disposal.\u00a0

See Turner et al. (2016)\u00a0Biological Invasions\u00a018: 533-548 for additional methodological details:
Turner, B.C., de Rivera, C.E., Grosholz, E.D., & Ruiz, G.M. 2016. Assessing population increase as a possible outcome to management of invasive species. Biological Invasions, 18(2), pp 533\u2013548. doi:10.1007/s10530-015-1026-9 awards_0_award_nid=699764 awards_0_award_number=OCE-1514893 awards_0_data_url=http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=1514893 awards_0_funder_name=NSF Division of Ocean Sciences awards_0_funding_acronym=NSF OCE awards_0_funding_source_nid=355 awards_0_program_manager=David L. Garrison awards_0_program_manager_nid=50534 cdm_data_type=Other comment=Demographic data for introduced crab from multiple bays in 2015 PI: Edwin Grosholz (UC Davis) Co-PI: Catherine de Rivera & Gregory Ruiz (Portland State University)
Version: 15 June 2017 Conventions=COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3 data_source=extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3 19 Dec 2019 defaultDataQuery=&time<now doi=10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.701751.1 Easternmost_Easting=-121.738422 geospatial_lat_max=38.316968 geospatial_lat_min=36.823953 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-121.738422 geospatial_lon_min=-123.058725 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east infoUrl=https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/701751 institution=BCO-DMO instruments_0_dataset_instrument_description=At each of four sites within each bay, we placed 5 baited traps (folding Fukui fish traps) and 5 baited minnow traps in shallow intertidal areas. instruments_0_dataset_instrument_nid=701774 instruments_0_description=Fukui produces multi-species, multi-purpose collapsible or stackable fish traps, available in different sizes. instruments_0_instrument_name=Fukui fish trap instruments_0_instrument_nid=701772 instruments_0_supplied_name=folding Fukui fish traps metadata_source=https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/701751 Northernmost_Northing=38.316968 param_mapping={'701751': {'lat': 'master - latitude', 'lon': 'master - longitude'}} parameter_source=https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/701751/parameters people_0_affiliation=University of California-Davis people_0_affiliation_acronym=UC Davis people_0_person_name=Edwin Grosholz people_0_person_nid=699768 people_0_role=Principal Investigator people_0_role_type=originator people_1_affiliation=Portland State University people_1_affiliation_acronym=PSU people_1_person_name=Catherine de Rivera people_1_person_nid=699771 people_1_role=Co-Principal Investigator people_1_role_type=originator people_2_affiliation=Portland State University people_2_affiliation_acronym=PSU people_2_person_name=Gregory Ruiz people_2_person_nid=471603 people_2_role=Co-Principal Investigator people_2_role_type=originator people_3_affiliation=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution people_3_affiliation_acronym=WHOI BCO-DMO people_3_person_name=Shannon Rauch people_3_person_nid=51498 people_3_role=BCO-DMO Data Manager people_3_role_type=related project=Invasive_predator_harvest projects_0_acronym=Invasive_predator_harvest projects_0_description=The usual expectation is that when populations of plants and animals experience repeated losses to predators or human harvest, they would decline over time. If instead these populations rebound to numbers exceeding their initial levels, this would seem counter-intuitive or even paradoxical. However, for several decades mathematical models of population processes have shown that this unexpected response, formally known as overcompensation, is not only possible, but even expected under some circumstances. In what may be the first example of overcompensation in a marine system, a dramatic increase in a population of the non-native European green crab was recently observed following an intensive removal program. This RAPID project will use field surveys and laboratory experiments to verify that this population explosion results from overcompensation. Data will be fed into population models to understand to what degree populations processes such as cannibalism by adult crabs on juvenile crabs and changes in maturity rate of reproductive females are contributing to or modifying overcompensation. The work will provide important insights into the fundamental population dynamics that can produce overcompensation in both natural and managed populations. Broader Impacts include mentoring graduate trainees and undergraduate interns in the design and execution of field experiments as well as in laboratory culture and feeding experiments. The project will also involve a network of citizen scientists who are involved with restoration activities in this region and results will be posted on the European Green Crab Project website. This project aims to establish the first example of overcompensation in marine systems. Overcompensation refers to the paradoxical process where reduction of a population due to natural or human causes results in a greater equilibrium population than before the reduction. A population explosion of green crabs has been recently documented in a coastal lagoon and there are strong indications that this may be the result of overcompensation. Accelerated maturation of females, which can accompany and modify the expression of overcompensation has been observed. This RAPID project will collect field data from this unusual recruitment class and conduct targeted mesocosm experiments. These will include population surveys and mark-recapture studies to measure demographic rates across study sites. Laboratory mesocosm studies using this recruitment class will determine size specific mortality. Outcomes will be used in population dynamics models to determine to what degree overcompensation has created this dramatic population increase. The project will seek answers to the following questions: 1) what are the rates of cannibalism by adult green crabs and large juveniles on different sizes of juvenile green crabs, 2) what are the consequences of smaller size at first reproduction for population dynamics and for overcompensation and 3) how quickly will the green crab population return to the levels observed prior to the eradication program five years earlier? projects_0_end_date=2016-11 projects_0_geolocation=Europe projects_0_name=RAPID: A rare opportunity to examine overcompensation resulting from intensive harvest of an introduced predator projects_0_project_nid=699765 projects_0_start_date=2014-12 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=36.823953 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v55 version=1 Westernmost_Easting=-123.058725 xml_source=osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3

pone.0281172.t006 - Knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with vitamin D supplementation: A cross-sectional online community survey of adults in the UK

The statistic shows the total population of India from 2019 to 2029. In 2023, the estimated total population in India amounted to approximately 1.43 billion people.

Total population in India

India currently has the second-largest population in the world and is projected to overtake top-ranking China within forty years. Its residents comprise more than one-seventh of the entire world’s population, and despite a slowly decreasing fertility rate (which still exceeds the replacement rate and keeps the median age of the population relatively low), an increasing life expectancy adds to an expanding population. In comparison with other countries whose populations are decreasing, such as Japan, India has a relatively small share of aged population, which indicates the probability of lower death rates and higher retention of the existing population.

With a land mass of less than half that of the United States and a population almost four times greater, India has recognized potential problems of its growing population. Government attempts to implement family planning programs have achieved varying degrees of success. Initiatives such as sterilization programs in the 1970s have been blamed for creating general antipathy to family planning, but the combined efforts of various family planning and contraception programs have helped halve fertility rates since the 1960s. The population growth rate has correspondingly shrunk as well, but has not yet reached less than one percent growth per year.

As home to thousands of ethnic groups, hundreds of languages, and numerous religions, a cohesive and broadly-supported effort to reduce population growth is difficult to create. Despite that, India is one country to watch in coming years. It is also a growing economic power; among other measures, its GDP per capita was expected to triple between 2003 and 2013 and was listed as the third-ranked country for its share of the global gross domestic product.

This is the complete dataset for the 500 Cities project 2016 release. This dataset includes 2013, 2014 model-based small area estimates for 27 measures of chronic disease related to unhealthy behaviors (5), health outcomes (13), and use of preventive services (9). Data were provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of Population Health, Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch. The project was funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) in conjunction with the CDC Foundation. It represents a first-of-its kind effort to release information on a large scale for cities and for small areas within those cities. It includes estimates for the 500 largest US cities and approximately 28,000 census tracts within these cities. These estimates can be used to identify emerging health problems and to inform development and implementation of effective, targeted public health prevention activities. Because the small area model cannot detect effects due to local interventions, users are cautioned against using these estimates for program or policy evaluations. Data sources used to generate these measures include Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data (2013, 2014), Census Bureau 2010 census population data, and American Community Survey (ACS) 2009-2013, 2010-2014 estimates. More information about the methodology can be found at www.cdc.gov/500cities. Note: During the process of uploading the 2015 estimates, CDC found a data discrepancy in the published 500 Cities data for the 2014 city-level obesity crude prevalence estimates caused when reformatting the SAS data file to the open data format. . The small area estimation model and code were correct. This data discrepancy only affected the 2014 city-level obesity crude prevalence estimates on the Socrata open data file, the GIS-friendly data file, and the 500 Cities online application. The other obesity estimates (city-level age-adjusted and tract-level) and the Mapbooks were not affected. No other measures were affected. The correct estimates are update in this dataset on October 25, 2017.

Today, globally, women of childbearing age have an average of approximately 2.2 children over the course of their lifetime. In pre-industrial times, most women could expect to have somewhere between five and ten live births throughout their lifetime; however, the demographic transition then sees fertility rates fall significantly. Looking ahead, it is believed that the global fertility rate will fall below replacement level in the 2050s, which will eventually lead to population decline when life expectancy plateaus. Recent decades Between the 1950s and 1970s, the global fertility rate was roughly five children per woman - this was partly due to the post-WWII baby boom in many countries, on top of already-high rates in less-developed countries. The drop around 1960 can be attributed to China's "Great Leap Forward", where famine and disease in the world's most populous country saw the global fertility rate drop by roughly 0.5 children per woman. Between the 1970s and today, fertility rates fell consistently, although the rate of decline noticeably slowed as the baby boomer generation then began having their own children. Replacement level fertility Replacement level fertility, i.e. the number of children born per woman that a population needs for long-term stability, is approximately 2.1 children per woman. Populations may continue to grow naturally despite below-replacement level fertility, due to reduced mortality and increased life expectancy, however, these will plateau with time and then population decline will occur. It is believed that the global fertility rate will drop below replacement level in the mid-2050s, although improvements in healthcare and living standards will see population growth continue into the 2080s when the global population will then start falling.

Self-control for dietary behaviour is important for the improvement of numerous physical and mental health conditions. The current thesis explored individual differences in self-control and related psychological constructs. The current studies identified key constructs for dietary self-control, validated scales to measure them, and proposed a serial mediation model in which dietary goal-desire incongruence affects self-control, which affects motivation for dietary self-control, which then affects satisfaction with dietary behaviour. The fifth study evaluated inhibitory control training and showed that an online delivery could be effective via associative learning. The current thesis extended previous research in dietary self-control for health.

Mark recapture data for introduced crab in Seadrift Lagoon (Central California coast, shallow subtidal (<3 m depth)) in 2015. access_formats=.htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv,.esriCsv,.geoJson acquisition_description=We conducted monthly trapping of invasive European green crabs to gather demographic data in Seadrift Lagoon, Stinson Beach, CA (lat 37.907440, long -122.6661694). All sites were accessed by either kayak or by foot via shore entry. At each of the six sites used for monthly trapping plus three additional sites, we placed 15 baited traps (folding Fukui fish traps) in shallow (<2 m) subtidal areas. Traps were retrieved 24 hours later and were rebaited and collected again the following day. Trapping was continued for four consecutive days with traps removed on the final day.\u00a0Crabs were marked by clipping two adjacent anterio-lateral spines.\u00a0Each day, data for crab species, size, sex, reproductive condition, injuries, and presence of marks were collected for all crabs in the field. Following data collection, all marked crabs were returned to the lagoon at the same site that the crabs were collected.\u00a0

See Turner et al. (2016)\u00a0Biological Invasions\u00a018: 533-548 for additional methodological details:
Turner, B.C., de Rivera, C.E., Grosholz, E.D., & Ruiz, G.M. 2016. Assessing population increase as a possible outcome to management of invasive species. Biological Invasions, 18(2), pp 533\u2013548. doi:10.1007/s10530-015-1026-9 awards_0_award_nid=699764 awards_0_award_number=OCE-1514893 awards_0_data_url=http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=1514893 awards_0_funder_name=NSF Division of Ocean Sciences awards_0_funding_acronym=NSF OCE awards_0_funding_source_nid=355 awards_0_program_manager=David L. Garrison awards_0_program_manager_nid=50534 cdm_data_type=Other comment=Mark recapture data for introduced crab in Seadrift Lagoon in 2015 PI: Edwin Grosholz (UC Davis) Co-PI: Catherine de Rivera & Gregory Ruiz (Portland State University)
Version: 02 June 2017 Conventions=COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3 data_source=extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3 19 Dec 2019 defaultDataQuery=&time<now doi=10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.701840.1 Easternmost_Easting=-122.6661694 geospatial_lat_max=37.90744 geospatial_lat_min=37.90744 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-122.6661694 geospatial_lon_min=-122.6661694 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east infoUrl=https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/701840 institution=BCO-DMO instruments_0_dataset_instrument_description=At each of the six sites used for monthly trapping plus three additional sites, we placed 15 baited traps (folding Fukui fish traps) in shallow ( instruments_0_dataset_instrument_nid=701849 instruments_0_description=Fukui produces multi-species, multi-purpose collapsible or stackable fish traps, available in different sizes. instruments_0_instrument_name=Fukui fish trap instruments_0_instrument_nid=701772 instruments_0_supplied_name=Fukui fish traps metadata_source=https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/701840 Northernmost_Northing=37.90744 param_mapping={'701840': {'lat': 'master - latitude', 'lon': 'master - longitude'}} parameter_source=https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/701840/parameters people_0_affiliation=University of California-Davis people_0_affiliation_acronym=UC Davis people_0_person_name=Edwin Grosholz people_0_person_nid=699768 people_0_role=Principal Investigator people_0_role_type=originator people_1_affiliation=Portland State University people_1_affiliation_acronym=PSU people_1_person_name=Catherine de Rivera people_1_person_nid=699771 people_1_role=Co-Principal Investigator people_1_role_type=originator people_2_affiliation=Portland State University people_2_affiliation_acronym=PSU people_2_person_name=Gregory Ruiz people_2_person_nid=471603 people_2_role=Co-Principal Investigator people_2_role_type=originator people_3_affiliation=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution people_3_affiliation_acronym=WHOI BCO-DMO people_3_person_name=Shannon Rauch people_3_person_nid=51498 people_3_role=BCO-DMO Data Manager people_3_role_type=related project=Invasive_predator_harvest projects_0_acronym=Invasive_predator_harvest projects_0_description=The usual expectation is that when populations of plants and animals experience repeated losses to predators or human harvest, they would decline over time. If instead these populations rebound to numbers exceeding their initial levels, this would seem counter-intuitive or even paradoxical. However, for several decades mathematical models of population processes have shown that this unexpected response, formally known as overcompensation, is not only possible, but even expected under some circumstances. In what may be the first example of overcompensation in a marine system, a dramatic increase in a population of the non-native European green crab was recently observed following an intensive removal program. This RAPID project will use field surveys and laboratory experiments to verify that this population explosion results from overcompensation. Data will be fed into population models to understand to what degree populations processes such as cannibalism by adult crabs on juvenile crabs and changes in maturity rate of reproductive females are contributing to or modifying overcompensation. The work will provide important insights into the fundamental population dynamics that can produce overcompensation in both natural and managed populations. Broader Impacts include mentoring graduate trainees and undergraduate interns in the design and execution of field experiments as well as in laboratory culture and feeding experiments. The project will also involve a network of citizen scientists who are involved with restoration activities in this region and results will be posted on the European Green Crab Project website. This project aims to establish the first example of overcompensation in marine systems. Overcompensation refers to the paradoxical process where reduction of a population due to natural or human causes results in a greater equilibrium population than before the reduction. A population explosion of green crabs has been recently documented in a coastal lagoon and there are strong indications that this may be the result of overcompensation. Accelerated maturation of females, which can accompany and modify the expression of overcompensation has been observed. This RAPID project will collect field data from this unusual recruitment class and conduct targeted mesocosm experiments. These will include population surveys and mark-recapture studies to measure demographic rates across study sites. Laboratory mesocosm studies using this recruitment class will determine size specific mortality. Outcomes will be used in population dynamics models to determine to what degree overcompensation has created this dramatic population increase. The project will seek answers to the following questions: 1) what are the rates of cannibalism by adult green crabs and large juveniles on different sizes of juvenile green crabs, 2) what are the consequences of smaller size at first reproduction for population dynamics and for overcompensation and 3) how quickly will the green crab population return to the levels observed prior to the eradication program five years earlier? projects_0_end_date=2016-11 projects_0_geolocation=Europe projects_0_name=RAPID: A rare opportunity to examine overcompensation resulting from intensive harvest of an introduced predator projects_0_project_nid=699765 projects_0_start_date=2014-12 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=37.90744 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v55 subsetVariables=lagoon,latitude,longitude version=1 Westernmost_Easting=-122.6661694 xml_source=osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3

BackgroundThe aim of the study was to ascertain the views and experiences of those working in urgent and emergency care (UEC) settings towards screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) for alcohol, to inform future practice.ObjectivesTo explore i) views towards health promotion, ii) views towards and practice of SBIRT, iii) facilitators and barriers to delivering SBIRT, iv) training needs to support future SBIRT practice, and v) comparisons in views and attitudes between demographic characteristics, geographical regions, setting and occupational groups.MethodsThis was an open cross-sectional international survey, using an online self-administered questionnaire with closed and open-ended responses. Participants were ≥18 years of age, from any occupational group, working in urgent and emergency care (UEC) settings in any country or region.ResultsThere were 362 respondents (aged 21–65 years, 87.8% shift workers) from 7 occupational groups including physicians (48.6%), nurses (22.4%) and advanced clinical practitioners (18.5%). Most believed that health promotion is part of their role, and that SBIRT for alcohol prevention is needed and appropriate in UEC settings. SBIRT was seen to be acceptable to patients. 66% currently provide brief alcohol advice, but fewer screen for alcohol problems or make alcohol-related referrals. The most common barriers were high workload and lack of funding for prevention, lack of knowledge and training on SBIRT, lack of access to high-quality resources, lack of timely referral pathways, and concerns about patient resistance to advice. Some views and attitudes varied according to demographic characteristics, occupation, setting or region.ConclusionsUEC workers are willing to engage in SBIRT for alcohol prevention but there are challenges to implementation in UEC environments and concerns about workload impacts on already-burdened staff, particularly in the context of global workforce shortages. UEC workers advocate for clear guidelines and policies, increased staff capacity and/or dedicated health promotion teams onsite, SBIRT education/training/resources, appropriate physical spaces for SBIRT conversations and improved alcohol referral pathways to better funded services. Implementation of SBIRT could contribute to improving population health and reducing service demand, but it requires significant and sustained commitment of time and resources for prevention across healthcare organisations.

The effect of internet use on the frequency of physical exercise among middle- and younger-aged population.

Sociodemographic information, participant flow, engagement, and compliance.

R socio-demographic factors, hypertension knowledge, health belief model constructs, and self-care behaviour.

First launched in November 2006, PlayStation Network (PSN) is a digital entertainment service associated with Sony’s PlayStation series of consoles. It has since been expanded to run on smartphones, tablets, and HD televisions. As of March 2025, the network had approximately 124 million monthly active users, an decrease from the 129 million users in December 2024. PSN perks PSN has a dedicated store where gamers can buy the latest releases, as well as a subscription service, PlayStation Plus, which allows users to not only play online with their friends, but also gain access to exclusive content and early releases. PlayStation Plus had an estimated 47.4 million users in spring 2023, illustrating that gamers are willing to pay a little bit extra to connect with the wider gaming world. Moreover, those who are willing to pay for PlayStation Plus Essential are handsomely rewarded in the form of free games — subscribers were offered a cumulative total of 1,304 U.S. dollars' worth of free video games in 2022.   King of the consoles? Sony's PlayStation 5 was released in November 2020 and is the company's current flagship console. Sony’s previous console, the PlayStation 4, was released back in late-2013, but is still going strong many years later. The console has surpassed 100 million units sold worldwide, an impressive increase on the 10 million units sold within the first year. The best-selling game of all time on the PS4 is Marvel's Spider-Man at approximately 20 million PS4 game sales. With Microsoft’s Xbox One sales falling short of 50 million units, it appears that Sony is staking its claim as the king of the consoles.