We conducted a cross-sectional study of the publicly available 2022 Open Payments data to characterize and quantify sponsored events (available for download at: https://www.cms.gov/priorities/key-initiatives/open-payments/data/dataset-downloads). Data sources We downloaded the 2022 dataset ZIP files from the Open Payments website on June 30th, 2023. We included all records for nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, certified registered nurse anesthetists, and certified nurse-midwives (hereafter advanced practiced registered nurses (APRNs)); and allopathic and osteopathic physicians (hereafter, ‘physicians’). To ensure consistency in provider classification, we linked Payments data to the National Plan and Provider Enumeration System data (June 2023) by National Provider Identifier (NPI) and the National Uniform Claim Committee (NUCC) and excluded individuals with an ambiguous provider type. Event-centric analysis of Open Payments records: Creating an event typology We included only payments classified as “food and beverage” to reliably identify distinct sponsored events. We reasoned that food and beverage would be consumed on the same day in the same place, thus assumed that records for food and beverage associated with the same event would share the date of payment and location. We also assumed that the reported value of a food and beverage payment is the total cost of the hospitality divided by the number of attendees, thus grouped payment records with the same amount, rounded to the nearest dollar. Inferring which Open Payment records relate to the same sponsored event requires analytic decisions regarding the selection and representation of variables that define an event. To understand the impact of these choices, we undertook a sensitivity analysis to explore alternative ways to group Open Payments records for food and beverage, to determine how combination of variables, including date (specific date or within the same calendar week), amount (rounded to nearest dollar), and recipient’s state, affected the identification of sponsored events in the Open Payments data set. We chose to define a sponsored event as a cluster of three or more individual payment records for food and beverage (nature of payment) with the following matching Open Payments record variables: • Submitting applicable manufacturer (name) • Product category or therapeutic area • Name of drug or biological or device or medical supply • Recipient state • Total amount of payment (USD, rounded to nearest dollar) • Date of payment (exact) After examining the distribution of the data, we classified events in terms of size (≥20 attendees as “large” and 3-<20 as “small”) and amount per person. We categorized events <$10 as “coffee”, $10-<$30 as “lunch”, $30-<$150 as “dinner”, and ≥$150 as “banquet”.

Every year, CMS will update the Open Payments data at least once after its initial publication. The refreshed data will include updates to data disputes and other data corrections made since the initial publication of this data documenting payments or transfers of value to physicians and teaching hospitals, and physician ownership and investment interests. This financial data is submitted by applicable manufacturers and applicable group purchasing organizations (GPOs). #### What data is collected? Applicable manufacturers and GPOs submit data to Open Payments about payments or other transfers of value between applicable manufacturers and GPOs and physicians or teaching hospitals: 1. Paid directly to physicians and teaching hospitals (known as direct payments) 2. Paid indirectly to physicians and teaching hospitals (known as indirect payments) through an intermediary such as a medical specialty society 3. Designated by physicians or teaching hospitals to be paid to another party (known

Context Financial relationships between manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologicals, and medical supplies and healthcare providers (physicians, non-physician practitioners, and teaching hospitals) are common and often serve important functions. However, these ties can also create potential conflicts of interest.

The CMS (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services) Open Payments program is a U.S. federal initiative designed to increase transparency around these financial relationships. By publicly reporting data on payments and other transfers of value, the program helps patients and researchers better understand the nature and extent of these collaborations.

While the raw data is incredibly rich, its comprehensive and detailed structure can be challenging for quick analysis or machine learning applications. This dataset is a cleaned, processed, and user-friendly version of the original Open Payments data, specifically prepared to facilitate straightforward data exploration, visualization, and predictive modeling.

Content This dataset contains records of payments made by manufacturers to healthcare providers in the United States. The original, multi-part fields for products, specialties, and licenses have been simplified to focus on the primary entry for each record, and columns with low variance or sparse data have been removed.

The dataset includes the following columns: | Column Name | Description | | ------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | payment_id | System-assigned unique identifier for the payment transaction. | | payment_amount | The total value of the payment in U.S. Dollars. | | payment_number | The number of individual payments included in the total amount. | | address_full | The full primary business street address of the payment recipient. | | address_country | The primary business country of the recipient. | | address_state | The primary business state of the recipient (2-letter abbreviation). | | address_city | The primary business city of the recipient. | | zip_code | The 5 or 9-digit zip code for the recipient's primary business location. | | payment_day | The day of the month the payment was made. | | payment_month | The month the payment was made. | | payment_year | The year the payment was made. | | publication_day | The day of the month the payment record was published. | | publication_month | The month the payment record was published. | | publication_year | The year the payment record was published. | | change_type | An indicator showing if the record is new or added (NEW, ADD). | | indicator_third_party | Indicates if payment was made to a third party (ENTITY, INDIVIDUAL, NO THIRD PARTY PAYMENT). | | indicator_related_product | Indicates if the payment was related to a specific product (YES, NO). | | indicator_covered | Indicates if the related product is "covered" under Open Payments rules (UNKNOWN, NON-COVERED, COVERED). | | identity_type | The professional designation of the payment recipient (NON-PHYSICIAN PRACTITIONER, PHYSICIAN). | | first_name | The first name of the covered recipient. | | last_name | The last name of the covered recipient. | | manufacturer_name | The name of the company that made the payment. | | manufacturer_state | The state where the paying company is located. | | manufacturer_country | The country where the paying compan...

Information on Open Payments managed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), which is a national disclosure program created by the Affordable Care Act (ACA) that promotes transparency and accountability by helping consumers understand the financial relationships between pharmaceutical and medical device industries and physicians and teaching hospitals.

Variability in mean payment per physician, number of physicians, and aggregated payments for transactions in the Open Payments database, 2014–2018, for each top-category specialty available for allopathic and osteopathic physicians.

The Covered Recipient Profile Supplement file contains information about physicians and non-physician practitioners who have been indicated as recipients of payments, other transfers of value, or ownership and investment interest in payment records, as well as physicians and non-physician practitioners who have been identified as principal investigators associated with research payment records published by Open Payments.

This file contains only those physicians that have at least one published payment record in this cycle of the publication as of January 30, 2025. The criteria used by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) to determine which payment records are eligible for publication is available in the Open Payments Methodology and Data Dictionary Document. This document can be found on the Resources page of the Open Payments website (https://www.cms.gov/OpenPayments/Resources). The Methodology and Data Dictionary Document also includes information on the data collection and reporting methodology, data fields included in the files, and any notes or special considerations that users should be aware of.

Every year, CMS will update the Open Payments data at least once after its initial publication. The refreshed data will include updates to data disputes and other data corrections made since the initial publication of this data documenting payments or transfers of value to physicians and teaching hospitals, and physician ownership and investment interests. This financial data is submitted by applicable manufacturers and applicable group purchasing organizations (GPOs). #### What data is collected? Applicable manufacturers and GPOs submit data to Open Payments about payments or other transfers of value between applicable manufacturers and GPOs and physicians or teaching hospitals: 1. Paid directly to physicians and teaching hospitals (known as direct payments) 2. Paid indirectly to physicians and teaching hospitals (known as indirect payments) through an intermediary such as a medical specialty society 3. Designated by physicians or teaching hospitals to be paid to another party (known

Context

Open Payments is a federal program that collects and makes information public about financial relationships between the health care industry, physicians, and teaching hospitals. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) collects information from manufacturers of drugs and devices about payments and other transfers of value they make to physicians and teaching hospitals. These payments and other transfers of value can be for many purposes, like research, consulting, travel, and gifts. We’ll make this data publicly available and searchable on this site each year. More information about it can be found here.

Content

The data has been cleaned slightly to remove all fields that had 5% or more null values. This was done in order to decrease the file size and make it slightly more understandable.

Acknowledgements

The original datasets can be found here.

Inspiration

Inspired by the 2013 version of this dataset that was upload by Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services , found here

Context

Open Payments is a national disclosure program created by the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and managed by Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). The purpose of the program is to promote transparency into the financial relationships between pharmaceutical and medical device industries, and physicians and teaching hospitals. The financial relationships may include consulting fees, research grants, travel reimbursements, and payments from industry to medical practitioners.

Content

There are 3 datasets that represent 3 different payment types:

• General Payments: Payments not made in connection with a research agreement. This dataset contains 65 variables.

• Research Payments: Payments made in connection with a research agreement. This dataset contains 166 variables.

• Physician Ownership or Investment Interest: Information about physicians who hold ownership or investment interest in the manufacturer/GPO or who have an immediate family member holding such interest. This dataset contains 29 variables.

• Deleted/Removed Records: Contains any deleted/removed records.

A comprehensive methodology overview and data dictionary for each dataset can be found here.

Acknowledgements

The original datasets can be found here.

Inspiration

• Using the General Payments dataset, can you determine any trends in the total amount of payment to hospitals and physicians across the medical specialties or by the form/nature of the payments?

• According to the Research Payments dataset, which area(s) of research or the type of drug/medical device receive the most amount of payment?

Dataset contains all of the identifying information for physicians who were indicated as recipients of payments, other transfers of value, or ownership and investment interest in records published by CMS through Open Payments as well as physician principal investigators who were associated with payments or other transfers of value in records published in Open Payments. This file contains only physicians and principal investigators having at least one payment record published.

Sometimes, doctors and hospitals have financial relationships with health care manufacturing companies. These relationships can include money for research activities, gifts, speaking fees, meals, or travel. The Social Security Act requires CMS to collect information from applicable manufacturers and group purchasing organizations (GPOs) in order to report information about their financial relationships with physicians and hospitals. Open Payments is the federally run program that collects the information about these financial relationships and makes it available to you from the Opendata.utah.gov portal.

Content

More details about each file are in the individual file descriptions.

Context

This is a dataset hosted by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). The organization has an open data platform found here and they update their information according the amount of data that is brought in. Explore CMS's Data using Kaggle and all of the data sources available through the CMS organization page!

• Update Frequency: This dataset is updated daily.

Acknowledgements

This dataset is maintained using Socrata's API and Kaggle's API. Socrata has assisted countless organizations with hosting their open data and has been an integral part of the process of bringing more data to the public.

This dataset is distributed under the following licenses: Public Domain, NA

Content

More details about each file are in the individual file descriptions.

Context

This is a dataset hosted by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). The organization has an open data platform found here and they update their information according the amount of data that is brought in. Explore CMS's Data using Kaggle and all of the data sources available through the CMS organization page!

• Update Frequency: This dataset is updated daily.

Acknowledgements

This dataset is maintained using Socrata's API and Kaggle's API. Socrata has assisted countless organizations with hosting their open data and has been an integral part of the process of bringing more data to the public.

This dataset is distributed under the following licenses: NA

This dataset is pre-filtered based on the most frequent searches of Open Payments data.

The CMS Program Statistics - Medicare Physician, Non-Physician Practitioner and Supplier tables provide use and payment data for physicians, other practitioners, limited-licensed practitioners, and durable medical equipment, prosthetic, and orthotic (DMEPOS) suppliers.

For additional information on enrollment, providers, and Medicare use and payment, visit the CMS Program Statistics page.

Below is the list of tables:

MDCR PHYSSUPP 1. Medicare Physicians, Non-Physician Practitioners, and Suppliers: Utilization, Program Payments, Cost Sharing, and Balance Billing for Original Medicare Beneficiaries, by Type of Entitlement, Yearly Trend
MDCR PHYSSUPP 2. Medicare Physicians, Non-Physician Practitioners, and Suppliers: Utilization, Program Payments, Cost Sharing, and Balance Billing for Original Medicare Beneficiaries, by Demographic Characteristics and Medicare-Medicaid Enrollment Status
MDCR PHYSSUPP 3. Medicare Physicians, Non-Physician Practitioners, and Suppliers: Utilization, Program Payments, Cost Sharing, and Balance Billing for Original Medicare Beneficiaries, by Area of Residence
MDCR PHYSSUPP 4. Medicare Physicians, Non-Physician Practitioners, and Suppliers: Utilization, Program Payments, and Balance Billing for Original Medicare Beneficiaries, by Type of Service
MDCR PHYSSUPP 5. Medicare Physicians, Non-Physician Practitioners, and Suppliers: Utilization, Program Payments, and Balance Billing for Original Medicare Beneficiaries, by Place of Service
MDCR PHYSSUPP 6. Medicare Physicians, Non-Physician Practitioners, and Suppliers: Utilization, Program Payments, and Balance Billing for Original Medicare Beneficiaries, by Physician Specialty
MDCR PHYSSUPP 7. Medicare Physicians, Non-Physician Practitioners, and Suppliers: Utilization and Program Payments for Original Medicare Beneficiaries, by Berenson-Eggers Type of Service (BETOS) Classification

This public dataset was created by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. The data summarizes the utilization and payments for procedures, services, and prescription drugs provided to Medicare beneficiaries by specific inpatient and outpatient hospitals. The dataset includes the following data - common inpatient and outpatient services from 2012 to 2015.

Providers determine what they will charge for items, services, and procedures provided to patients and these charges are the amount that providers bill for an item, service, or procedure.

Content

The Comprehensive Primary Care (CPC) initiative is a multi-payer initiative fostering collaboration between public and private health care payers to strengthen primary care. Medicare will work with commercial and State health insurance plans and offer bonus payments to primary care doctors who better coordinate care for their patients. Primary care practices that choose to participate in this initiative will be given resources to better coordinate primary care for their Medicare patients.

Context

This is a dataset hosted by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). The organization has an open data platform found here and they update their information according the amount of data that is brought in. Explore CMS's Data using Kaggle and all of the data sources available through the CMS organization page!

• Update Frequency: This dataset is updated daily.

Acknowledgements

This dataset is maintained using Socrata's API and Kaggle's API. Socrata has assisted countless organizations with hosting their open data and has been an integral part of the process of bringing more data to the public.

Cover photo by Sweet Ice Cream Photography on Unsplash
Unsplash Images are distributed under a unique Unsplash License.

This dataset is pre-filtered based on the most frequent searches of Open Payments data.

Content

List of Essential Community Providers (ECPs) that Provide Dental Services

Context

This is a dataset hosted by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). The organization has an open data platform found here and they update their information according the amount of data that is brought in. Explore CMS's Data using Kaggle and all of the data sources available through the CMS organization page!

• Update Frequency: This dataset is updated daily.

Acknowledgements

This dataset is maintained using Socrata's API and Kaggle's API. Socrata has assisted countless organizations with hosting their open data and has been an integral part of the process of bringing more data to the public.

Cover photo by Kinga Cichewicz on Unsplash
Unsplash Images are distributed under a unique Unsplash License.

This dataset is distributed under NA

The CMS Program Statistics - Medicare Part A & Part B - All Types of Service tables provide use and payment data by type of coverage and type of service.

For additional information on enrollment, providers, and Medicare use and payment, visit the CMS Program Statistics page.

Below is the list of tables:

MDCR SUMMARY AB 1. Medicare Part A and Part B Summary: Utilization, Program Payments, and Cost Sharing for All Original Medicare Beneficiaries, by Type of Coverage and Type of Service, Yearly Trend
MDCR SUMMARY AB 2. Medicare Part A and Part B Summary: Utilization, Program Payments, and Cost Sharing for Aged Original Medicare Beneficiaries, by Type of Coverage and Type of Service, Yearly Trend
MDCR SUMMARY AB 3. Medicare Part A and Part B Summary: Utilization, Program Payments, and Cost Sharing for Disabled Original Medicare Beneficiaries by Type of Coverage and Type of Service, Yearly Trend
MDCR SUMMARY AB 4. Medicare Part A and Part B Summary: Utilization, Program Payments, and Cost Sharing for Original Medicare Beneficiaries, by Type of Coverage, Demographic Characteristics, and Medicare-Medicaid Enrollment Status
MDCR SUMMARY AB 5. Medicare Part A and Part B Summary: Utilization, Program Payments, and Cost Sharing for Original Medicare Beneficiaries, by Type of Coverage and by Area of Residence
MDCR SUMMARY AB 6. Medicare Part A and Part B Summary: Utilization and Program Payments for Original Medicare Beneficiaries, by Type of Entitlement, Amount of Program Payments, Type of Coverage, and Type of Service