The goal of this research was to verify the formula found by Hoffmans [2012] for structures loaded by currents (flow parallel to the filter construction). As part of the verification of the design formula ten flume experiments were performed in the Environmental Fluid Mechanic Laboratory at Delft University of Technology.

After the execution of the model tests an extensive analysis was made based on the performed model tests and model tests performed in the past (Bakker [1960], Haverhoek [1968], Wouters [1982], Konter et al. [1990], Van Huijstee and Verheij [1991] and Van Velzen [2012]).

Measurements obtained from model setup, part of the master thesis: "Granular open filter in rubble mound sand retaining structures"

Physical model tests for this study have been performed in the long sediment transport flume of the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory. This flume is equipped with a wave generator that loads the structure with the desired wave spectrum. The results have been analysed for relations between loading and erosion.

measurements of scour under an geometrically open filter at the toe of a breakwater. tests executed at the laboratory of BAM in Utrecht.

A liquid filter comprises a housing comprising a housing pot having a substantially downwardly open filter element installation opening and a screw-on cover (11) that closes the opening, and a filter element arranged in the housing. The screw-on cover has a drain for residual liquid. A device for opening and closing the drain opening is arranged in the area of the drain. A liquid filter comprises a housing with an inlet and an outlet, comprising a housing pot having a substantially downwardly open filter element installation opening and a screw-on cover (11) that closes the installation opening, and a filter element arranged in the housing sealingly separating the inlet from the outlet. The screw-on cover has a drain for residual liquid present in the housing with a round drain opening (31) arranged in the central axis of the housing. A device for opening and closing the drain opening is arranged in the area of the drain and connected to filter element so that it moves relative to the drain opening and opens the drain when the cover is unscrewed. An independent claim is included for a filter element for a liquid filter.

To look whether it is feasible to use logs as bottom protection to prevent the formation of scour holes. This research provides an insight in the hydraulic load reduction over depth inside the filter layer and the effect of the filter on the underlying soil. Each experiment consisted of several time steps until erosion occurred. Each time step was on average 1.5 hours. At every time step, the discharge was increased. While increasing the discharge, the water level was emulated to be constant by adjusting the weir at the end of the flume. This led to an increased flow velocity in the flume during the experiment. At every time step the discharge, water level and flow velocities were measured. At the end of each time step, the filter height was measured by the laser and was checked whether erosion occurred by looking inside the sediment trap. If no erosion occurred, a next time step was introduced in which the average velocity in the flume increased. If erosion occurred, the experiment was stopped. Subsequently, the filer layer last bed measurements were done and the next experiment was constructed.

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