The OS MasterMap Imagery Layer is a maintained seamless digital dataset of high-quality 24-bit colour orthorectified aerial photography of Great Britain. It provides vital information that cannot be gained from mapping alone, allowing identification and monitoring of features such as road markings, trees, pipe networks, paths and land surface. The imagery is colour balanced and fully orthorectified, meaning that it accurately reflects the position of features at ground level without distortion. This also ensures accurate alignment with all the other layers in the OS MasterMap family and customer data.

Colour InfraRed (CIR) imagery for most of England and Wales collected between 2006 and 2010 at 50cm resolution by Bluesky, and then acquired by the Landmap project. The data were collected using digital cameras mounted underneath planes. The Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) funded Landmap service which ran from 2001 to July 2014 collected and hosted Earth Observation satellite data for the majority of the UK, part of which was CIR data. After removal of JISC funding in 2013, the Landmap service is no longer operational, with the data now held at the NEODC. The data are split into 100x100km regions that correspond to Ordnance Survey grid reference squares, and are available in GeoTiff format. Some regions are also available in ecw (Enhanced Compression Wavelet) format. Colour InfraRed imagery consists of imagery in three bands – Near InfraRed (NIR), red and green. CIR can be used study the health and variation of vegetation coverage as NIR rays are reflected at the bottom of leaves rather than the top, as with green. To aid with this, images were captured at times when plants were expected to be in full leaf. The invisible near infrared light of CIR can be "seen" by shifting it and the primary colours over so that near infrared wavelengths become visible as red while red wavelengths appear as green and green as blue. Blue wavelengths are shifted out of the visible portion of the spectrum and so they appear as black. On CIR imagery vegetation appears red while water generally appears black with artificial structures like buildings and roads showing as a light blue-green.

When using these data please also include the following copyright statement: © GeoPerspectives supplied by Bluesky yyyy

The NFI definition of woodland is a minimum area of 0.5 hectares under stands of trees with, or with the potential to achieve, tree crown cover of more than 20% of the ground. Areas of young trees, which have the potential to achieve a canopy cover of more than 20%, will also be interpreted as woodland and mapped. The minimum width for woodland is 20 m, although where woodlands are connected by a narrow neck of woodland less than 20 m wide, the break may be disregarded if less than 20 m in extent. Intervening land classes such as Roads - all 'tarmac' roads should be excluded from the woodland area, but internal forest tracks, farmers tracks, rides etc. will be included as part of the woodland if< 20m wide. Rivers - where the gap in woodland is 20m then rivers will be excluded from the woodland area.Power lines etc. - where the gap in woodland is 20m then power lines will be excluded from the woodland area.Railways - all normal gauge railways should be excluded from woodland Scrubby vegetation" is included within this survey where low woody growth seems to dominate a likely woodland site. The definition of an open area is any open area that is 20m wide and 0.5 ha in extent and is completely surrounded by woodland.The woodland boundaries have been interpreted from colour aerial orthophotographic imagery. For the base map, photographic images aimed to be no older than 3 years at the time of mapping (i.e. areas mapped in 2007 would be based on photographs that were ideally taken no earlier than 2004). As the map is be the basis for a longer rolling programme of sample field surveys it has been necessary to develop procedures to update the map to the date of the field survey, currently 2011, for the purpose of reporting on the current phase.The map is continually updated on an annual basis. These updates will are achieved by a combination of remote sensing and updated aerial imagery analysis for changes in the woodland structure and with reference to available new planting information from grant schemes and the FE sub-compartment database. Ordnance Survey MasterMap® (OSMM) features have been used as a reference for capturing the woodland boundaries. OSMM is the most up to date large-scale digital map of GB providing a seamless database for 1:1250, 1:2500 and 1:10000 survey data. All woodland (both urban and rural, regardless of ownership) which is 0.5ha or greater in extent, with the exception of Assumed woodland or Low density areas that can be 0.1ha or greater in extend, as been mapped Woodland that is less than 0.5ha in extent will not be described within the dataset but will be included in a separate sample survey of small woodland and tree features. The primary objective is to create a new digital map of all woodland in Great Britain using O.S.MasterMap features as boundaries where appropriate. The map shows the extent of all woodland of 0.5 ha.Woodland categories are defined by IFT (Interpreted Forest Type) values. Detailed Woodland categories are: BroadleavedConiferFelledGround Prepared for New PlantingMixed - predominantly BroadleavedMixed - predominantly ConiferYoung TreesCoppiceCoppice with StandardsShrub LandUncertainCloud or ShadowLow DensityAssumed woodlandFailedWindthrow/WindblowNon woodland categories are defined by the IOA (Interpreted Open Area) values. Detailed Non woodland categories are:Agriculture landBare areaGrassOpen waterOther vegetationPower lineQuarryRiverRoadUrbanWindfarm

The NFI definition of woodland is a minimum area of 0.5 hectares under stands of trees with, or with the potentialto achieve, tree crown cover of more than 20% of the ground.Areas of young trees, which have the potential to achieve a canopy cover of more than 20%, will also beinterpreted as woodland and mapped. The minimum width for woodland is 20 m, although where woodlands areconnected by a narrow neck of woodland less than 20 m wide, the break may be disregarded if less than 20 m inextent.Intervening land classes such as Roads - all 'tarmac' roads should be excluded from the woodland area, butinternal forest tracks, farmers tracks, rides etc. will be included as part of the woodland if < 20m wide.Rivers - where the gap in woodland is 20m then rivers will be excluded from the woodland area.Power lines etc. - where the gap in woodland is 20m then power lines will be excluded from the woodland area.Railways - all normal gauge railways should be excluded from woodland Scrubby vegetation" is included within this survey where low woody growth seems to dominate a likely woodland site. The definition of an open area is any open area that is 20m wide and 0.5 ha in extent and is completely surrounded by woodland.The woodland boundaries have been interpreted from colour aerial orthophotographic imagery. For the base map,photographic images aimed to be no older than 3 years at the time of mapping (i.e. areas mapped in 2007 wouldbe based on photographs that were ideally taken no earlier than 2004). As the map is be the basis for a longerrolling programme of sample field surveys it has been necessary to develop procedures to update the map to thedate of the field survey, currently 2011, for the purpose of reporting on the current phase.The map is continually updated on an annual basis. These updates will are achieved by a combination of remotesensing and updated aerial imagery analysis for changes in the woodland structure and with reference toavailable new planting information from grant schemes and the FE sub-compartment database.Ordnance Survey MasterMap® (OSMM) features have been used as a reference for capturing the woodlandboundaries. OSMM is the most up to date large-scale digital map of GB providing a seamless database for1:1250, 1:2500 and 1:10000 survey data.All woodland (both urban and rural, regardless of ownership) which is 0.5ha or greater in extent, with theexception of Assumed woodland or Low density areas that can be 0.1ha or greater in extend, as been mappedWoodland that is less than 0.5ha in extent will not be described within the dataset but will be included in aseparate sample survey of small woodland and tree features.The primary objective is to create a new digital map of all woodland in Great Britain using O.S.MasterMap features as boundaries where appropriate. The map shows the extent of all woodland of 0.5 ha.Woodland categories are defined by IFT (Interpreted Forest Type) values. Detailed Woodland categories are:BroadleavedConiferFelledGround Prepared for New PlantingMixed - predominantly BroadleavedMixed - predominantly ConiferYoung TreesCoppiceCoppice with StandardsShrub LandUncertainCloud or ShadowLow DensityAssumed woodlandFailedWindthrow/WindblowNon woodland categories are defined by the IOA (Interpreted Open Area) values. Detailed Non woodland categories are:Agriculture landBare areaGrassOpen waterOther vegetationPower lineQuarryRiverRoadUrbanWindfarm

In 2000, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and the National Assembly for Wales commissioned Halcrow to develop Futurecoast, a completely new way of predicting shoreline evolution. The analysis it contains gives a better understanding of coastal systems and their characteristics, and it is now being used to create the next generation of Shoreline Management Plans. The main format is oblique aerial photos taken from helicopter of the entire GB coastline, linked to the Ordnance Survey map. They were produced by DEFRA in conjunction with Halcro, expressly to assist in the shoreline management planning process. A 'behavioural systems' approach, such as was adopted by the FUTURECOAST project, involves the identification of the different elements that make up the coastal structure and developing an understanding of how these elements interact on a range of both temporal and spatial scales. In this exercise it is the interaction between the units that is central to determining the behaviour. Feedback invariably plays an important role and changes in energy/sediment inputs that affect one unit can in turn affect other units, which themselves give rise to a change in the level of energy/sediment input. Whilst the starting point for a behavioural system is the energy and sediment pathways, it is important to identify the causative mechanism as a basis for building a robust means of predicting the response to change. This must take account of variations in sediment supply and forcing parameters, such as tide and wave energy. However, it is also important to look for situations where the system response is to switch to a different state, for example, the catastrophic failure of a spit, or the switching of channels as a consequence of episodic storm events.

The NFI definition of woodland is a minimum area of 0.5 hectares under stands of trees with, or with the potentialto achieve, tree crown cover of more than 20% of the ground.Areas of young trees, which have the potential to achieve a canopy cover of more than 20%, will also beinterpreted as woodland and mapped. The minimum width for woodland is 20 m, although where woodlands areconnected by a narrow neck of woodland less than 20 m wide, the break may be disregarded if less than 20 m inextent.Intervening land classes such as Roads - all 'tarmac' roads should be excluded from the woodland area, butinternal forest tracks, farmers tracks, rides etc. will be included as part of the woodland if < 20m wide.Rivers - where the gap in woodland is 20m then rivers will be excluded from the woodland area.Power lines etc. - where the gap in woodland is 20m then power lines will be excluded from the woodland area.Railways - all normal gauge railways should be excluded from woodland Scrubby vegetation" is included within this survey where low woody growth seems to dominate a likely woodland site. The definition of an open area is any open area that is 20m wide and 0.5 ha in extent and is completely surrounded by woodland.The woodland boundaries have been interpreted from colour aerial orthophotographic imagery. For the base map,photographic images aimed to be no older than 3 years at the time of mapping (i.e. areas mapped in 2007 wouldbe based on photographs that were ideally taken no earlier than 2004). As the map is be the basis for a longerrolling programme of sample field surveys it has been necessary to develop procedures to update the map to thedate of the field survey, currently 2011, for the purpose of reporting on the current phase.The map is continually updated on an annual basis. These updates will are achieved by a combination of remotesensing and updated aerial imagery analysis for changes in the woodland structure and with reference toavailable new planting information from grant schemes and the FE sub-compartment database.Ordnance Survey MasterMap® (OSMM) features have been used as a reference for capturing the woodlandboundaries. OSMM is the most up to date large-scale digital map of GB providing a seamless database for1:1250, 1:2500 and 1:10000 survey data.All woodland (both urban and rural, regardless of ownership) which is 0.5ha or greater in extent, with theexception of Assumed woodland or Low density areas that can be 0.1ha or greater in extend, as been mappedWoodland that is less than 0.5ha in extent will not be described within the dataset but will be included in aseparate sample survey of small woodland and tree features.The primary objective is to create a new digital map of all woodland in Great Britain using O.S.MasterMap features as boundaries where appropriate. The map shows the extent of all woodland of 0.5 ha.Woodland categories are defined by IFT (Interpreted Forest Type) values. Detailed Woodland categories are:BroadleavedConiferFelledGround Prepared for New PlantingMixed - predominantly BroadleavedMixed - predominantly ConiferYoung TreesCoppiceCoppice with StandardsShrub LandUncertainCloud or ShadowLow DensityAssumed woodlandFailedWindthrow/WindblowNon woodland categories are defined by the IOA (Interpreted Open Area) values. Detailed Non woodland categories are:Agriculture landBare areaGrassOpen waterOther vegetationPower lineQuarryRiverRoadUrbanWindfarm

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) woodland map covers all forest and woodland area over 0.5 hectare with a minimum of 20% canopy cover, or the potential to achieve it, and a minimum width of 20 metres. This includes areas of new planting, clearfell, windblow and restock. The woodland map excludes all 'tarmac' roads and active railways, and forest roads, rivers and powerlines where the gap in the woodland is greater than 20 meters wide.All woodland (both urban and rural), regardless of ownership, is 0.5 hectare or greater in extent, with the exception of Assumed woodland or Low density areas that can be 0.1 hectare or greater in extent. Also, in the case of woodland areas that cross the countries borders, the minimum size restriction does not apply if the overall area complies with the minimum size.Woodland less than 0.5 hectare in extent, with the expectation of the areas above, will not be described within the dataset but will be included in a separate sample survey of small woodland and tree features.The woodland map is updated on an annual basis and the changes in the woodland boundaries use the Ordnance Survey MasterMap® (OSMM) as a reference where appropriated.The changes in the canopy cover have been identified on: • Sentinel 2 imagery taken during spring/summer 2019 and 2020 or colour aerial orthophotographic imagery available at the time of the assessment;• New planting information for the financial year 2019/2020, from grant schemes and the sub-compartment database covering the estate of Forestry England, Forestry and Land Scotland and Natural Resources Wales;Woodland areas, greater than 0.5 hectares, are classified as an interpreted forest type (IFT) from aerial photography and satellite imagery. Non-woodland areas, open areas greater than 0.5 hectare completely surrounded by woodland are described according to open area types.IFT categories are Conifer, Broadleaved, Mixed mainly conifer, Mixed mainly broadleaved, Coppice, Coppice with standards, Shrub, Young trees, Felled, Ground prep, Cloud \ shadow, Uncertain, Low density, Assumed woodland, Failed, Windblow.IOA categories are Open water, Grassland, Agricultural land, Urban, Road, River, Powerline, Quarry, Bare area, Windfarm, Other vegetation.For further information regarding the interpreted forest types (IFT) and the interpreted open areas (IOA) please see NFI description of attributes available on www.forestresearch.gov.uk

The NFI definition of woodland is a minimum area of 0.5 hectares under stands of trees with, or with the potential to achieve, tree crown cover of more than 20% of the ground. Areas of young trees, which have the potential to achieve a canopy cover of more than 20%, will also be interpreted as woodland and mapped. The minimum width for woodland is 20 m, although where woodlands are connected by a narrow neck of woodland less than 20 m wide, the break may be disregarded if less than 20 m in extent. Intervening land classes such as Roads - all 'tarmac' roads should be excluded from the woodland area, but internal forest tracks, farmers tracks, rides etc. will be included as part of the woodland if< 20m wide. Rivers - where the gap in woodland is 20m then rivers will be excluded from the woodland area.Power lines etc. - where the gap in woodland is 20m then power lines will be excluded from the woodland area.Railways - all normal gauge railways should be excluded from woodland Scrubby vegetation" is included within this survey where low woody growth seems to dominate a likely woodland site. The definition of an open area is any open area that is 20m wide and 0.5 ha in extent and is completely surrounded by woodland.The woodland boundaries have been interpreted from colour aerial orthophotographic imagery. For the base map, photographic images aimed to be no older than 3 years at the time of mapping (i.e. areas mapped in 2007 would be based on photographs that were ideally taken no earlier than 2004). As the map is be the basis for a longer rolling programme of sample field surveys it has been necessary to develop procedures to update the map to the date of the field survey, currently 2011, for the purpose of reporting on the current phase.The map is continually updated on an annual basis. These updates will are achieved by a combination of remote sensing and updated aerial imagery analysis for changes in the woodland structure and with reference to available new planting information from grant schemes and the FE sub-compartment database. Ordnance Survey MasterMap® (OSMM) features have been used as a reference for capturing the woodland boundaries. OSMM is the most up to date large-scale digital map of GB providing a seamless database for 1:1250, 1:2500 and 1:10000 survey data. All woodland (both urban and rural, regardless of ownership) which is 0.5ha or greater in extent, with the exception of Assumed woodland or Low density areas that can be 0.1ha or greater in extend, as been mapped Woodland that is less than 0.5ha in extent will not be described within the dataset but will be included in a separate sample survey of small woodland and tree features. The primary objective is to create a new digital map of all woodland in Great Britain using O.S.MasterMap features as boundaries where appropriate. The map shows the extent of all woodland of 0.5 ha.Woodland categories are defined by IFT (Interpreted Forest Type) values. Detailed Woodland categories are: BroadleavedConiferFelledGround Prepared for New PlantingMixed - predominantly BroadleavedMixed - predominantly ConiferYoung TreesCoppiceCoppice with StandardsShrub LandUncertainCloud or ShadowLow DensityAssumed woodlandFailedWindthrow/WindblowNon woodland categories are defined by the IOA (Interpreted Open Area) values. Detailed Non woodland categories are:Agriculture landBare areaGrassOpen waterOther vegetationPower lineQuarryRiverRoadUrbanWindfarm

Overview An updated spatial data set for existing green roofs has been produced for London's Central Activities Zone (CAZ) using 2015 aerial imagery. The CAZ makes up around two per cent of London's total area. Method ArcMap GIS software was used to map green roofs installations. The aerial imagery was loaded into the software in true colour (RGB) and infrared (IR) composites, along with the CAZ boundary and London 500x500m Ordnance Survey grid to aid locating. RGB images are useful for both roof types with IR being very good for identifying vegetation. IR allows for easy identification of vegetation due to it reflecting strongly in the near infrared (NIR) and appearing deep red in colour (healthy vegetation). Challenges and solutions The problem of judging elevation from aerial imagery, particularly of buildings with only a few stories can be partially overcome by comparing the location with Google Maps Earth view. This includes a digital elevation model that makes it easier to judge whether a green area is raised or at street level. A number of small roof terraces in the CAZ have very dense vegetation along the edge of the roof. Where this kind of greening is spatially significant, the vegetation itself has been mapped rather than the full extent of the roof, in order to produce a more appropriate and accurate green area value. Building shadows can mask the texture and colour of the roof. The use of NIR helps with green roof identification, as the contrast of the red of the vegetation with the surrounding area is far higher than in RGB, making the shadow less impactful. Some roofs that appear very uniformly green in RGB may be Astroturf as opposed to a living green roof. This can usually be identified by inspecting the roof in IR, as it will not give the distinctive deep/bright red colours of living vegetation, displaying instead as blue-purple. Even analysing a small area of London, such as the CAZ, takes a long time. This is the main reason why this study methodology has not been extended beyond the CAZ.

Summary The NFI definition of woodland is a minimum area of 0.5 hectares under stands of trees with, or with the potential to achieve, tree crown cover of more than 20% of the ground. Areas of young trees, which have the potential to achieve a canopy cover of more than 20%, will also be interpreted as woodland and mapped. The minimum width for woodland is 20 m, although where woodlands are connected by a narrow neck of woodland less than 20 m wide, the break may be disregarded if less than 20 m in extent. Intervening land classes such as Roads - all 'tarmac' roads should be excluded from the woodland area, but internal forest tracks, farmers tracks, rides etc. willbe included as part of the woodland if < 20m wide. Rivers - where the gap in woodland is 20m then rivers will be excluded from the woodland area. Power lines etc. - where the gap in woodland is 20m then power lines will be excluded from the woodland area. Railways - all normal gauge railways should be excluded from woodland Scrubby vegetation" is included within this survey where low woody growth seems to dominate a likely woodland site. The definition of an open area is any open area that is 20m wide and 0.5 ha in extent and is completely surrounded by woodland. The woodland boundaries have been interpreted from colour aerial orthophotographic imagery. For the base map, photographic images aimed to be no older than 3 years at the time of mapping (i.e. areas mapped in 2007 would be based on photographs that were ideally taken no earlier than 2004). As the map is be the basis for a longer rolling programme of sample field surveys it has been necessary to develop procedures to update the map to the date of the field survey, currently 2011, for the purpose of reporting on the current phase. The map is continually updated on an annual basis. These updates will are achieved by a combination of remote sensing and updated aerial imagery analysis for changes in the woodland structure and with reference to available new planting information from grant schemes and the FE sub-compartment database. Ordnance Survey MasterMap® (OSMM) features have been used as a reference for capturing the woodland boundaries. OSMM is the most up to date large-scale digital map of GB providing a seamless database for 1:1250, 1:2500 and 1:10000 survey data. All woodland (both urban and rural, regardless of ownership) which is 0.5ha or greater in extent, with the expection of Assumed woodland or Low density areas that can be 0.1ha or greater in extend, as been mapped Woodland that is less than 0.5ha in extent will not be described within the dataset but will be included in a separate sample survey of small woodland and tree features. Description. The primary objective is to create a new digital map of all woodland in Great Britain using O.S.MasterMap features as boundaries where appropriate. The map shows the extent of all woodland of 0.5 ha.Woodland categories are defined by IFT (Interpreted Forest Type) values. Detailed Woodland categories are: Broadleaved Conifer Felled Ground Prepared for New Planting Mixed - predominantly Broadleaved Mixed - predominantly Conifer Young Trees Coppice Coppice with Standards Shrub Land Uncertain Cloud or Shadow Low Density Assumed woodland Failed Windthrow/Windblow Non woodland categories are defined by the IOA (Interpreted Open Area) values. Detailed Non woodland categories are: Agriculture land Bare area Grass Open water Other vegetation Power line Quarry River Road Urban Windfarm A full list of attributes can be found in the Data Lineage section. Any maps produced using this data should contain the following Forestry Commission acknowledgement: "Contains, or is based on, information supplied by the Forestry Commission. © Crown copyright and database right [Year] Ordnance Survey [100021242]". Attribution statement: Contains OS data © Crown copyright [and database right] [year].