This item is in mature support and will be retired in September 2022. Please use the new version instead in your maps and apps. This map is the one inch to the mile "hills" edition made by the Ordnance Survey in the period 1885-1903. It has been kindly provided by the National Library of Scotland. More information about this map series can be found here: https://maps.nls.uk/os/introduction.html

Historical Map Data is owned and supplied by Landmark Information Group and Ordnance Survey (OS) and supplied to Natural Resource Wales (NRW) via an OS licence. Landmark Information Group Limited holds the most extensive digital collection of historical Ordnance Survey mapping of Great Britain. This has been taken from Ordnance Survey’s archive of Town Plans, County Series and National Grid mapping covering the period from 1841 to 1996. Historical mapping provides a unique insight into our past and is a fascinating journey through history in itself. Particularly when displayed with contemporary mapping or aerial photography. Historical Map Data is available for different time periods, referred to as epochs. Epoch 1: the first County Series survey; published dates 1843 to 1893 Epoch 2: the first County Series revision; published dates 1891 to 1912 Epoch 3: the second County Series revision; published dates 1904 to 1939 Epoch 4: the third County Series revision; published dates 1919 to 1939

National Library of Scotland Historic Maps APIHistorical Maps of Great Britain for use in mashups and ArcGIS Onlinehttps://nls.tileserver.com/https://maps.nls.uk/projects/api/index.htmlThis seamless historic map can be:embedded in your own websiteused for research purposesused as a backdrop for your own markers or geographic dataused to create derivative work (such as OpenStreetMap) from it.The mapping is based on out-of-copyright Ordnance Survey maps, dating from the 1920s to the 1940s.The map can be directly opened in a web browser by opening the Internet address: https://nls.tileserver.com/The map is ready for natural zooming and panning with finger pinching and dragging.How to embed the historic map in your websiteThe easiest way of embedding the historical map in your website is to copy < paste this HTML code into your website page. Simple embedding (try: hello.html):You can automatically position the historic map to open at a particular place or postal address by appending the name as a "q" parameter - for example: ?q=edinburgh Embedding with a zoom to a place (try: placename.html):You can automatically position the historic map to open at particular latitude and longitude coordinates: ?lat=51.5&lng=0&zoom=11. There are many ways of obtaining geographic coordinates. Embedding with a zoom to coordinates (try: coordinates.html):The map can also automatically detect the geographic location of the visitor to display the place where you are right now, with ?q=auto Embedding with a zoom to coordinates (try: auto.html):How to use the map in a mashupThe historic map can be used as a background map for your own data. You can place markers on top of it, or implement any functionality you want. We have prepared a simple to use JavaScript API to access to map from the popular APIs like Google Maps API, Microsoft Bing SDK or open-source OpenLayers or KHTML. To use our map in your mashups based on these tools you should include our API in your webpage: ... ...

High resolution scanned images of Ordnance Survey maps from 1932 and 1933 in .tif file format, and corresponding .pdf format versions of these.These show parts of Salford, including the former docks, and the western side of Manchester city centre. A0 sized poster prints of these maps were used as part of the Undiscovered Salford display in the Community Science Showcase at Manchester Science Festival's GameLab event. The event took place on 20/21 October 2018 at the University of Salford's MediaCityUK campus.Original files kindly provided by the Salford Local History Library from their archives held at the Salford Art Gallery & Museum.OS Copyright expires 50 years from the date of publication, hence these maps are copyright free.

This collection of polygonal data has been derived from the 1st Edition 25" (1:2500) Ordnance Survey County Series mapping which was surveyed between 1869-1874. The data consists of features such as trackways and earthwork features which were mapped by the OS but could not be included within the digital polygons as this would impact upon the acreage calculations. Instead these features have been mapped independently. The polygons has been generated from Modern Ordnance Survey Topographic Layer and have been altered to reflect the historical mapping source. This data was created as part of the AHRC's Deep Mapping Estate Archives project in January 2022 using ESRI ArcPro 2.9.1. The data has been imported into the ArcGIS online system as a shapefile and is available for public use under the Non-Commercial Open Government Licence.

The primary objective from this project was to acquire historical shoreline information for all of the Northern Ireland coastline. Having this detailed understanding of the coast’s shoreline position and geometry over annual to decadal time periods is essential in any management of the coast.The historical shoreline analysis was based on all available Ordnance Survey maps and aerial imagery information. Analysis looked at position and geometry over annual to decadal time periods, providing a dynamic picture of how the coastline has changed since the start of the early 1800s.Once all datasets were collated, data was interrogated using the ArcGIS package – Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). DSAS is a software package which enables a user to calculate rate-of-change statistics from multiple historical shoreline positions. Rate-of-change was collected at 25m intervals and displayed both statistically and spatially allowing for areas of retreat/accretion to be identified at any given stretch of coastline.The DSAS software will produce the following rate-of-change statistics:Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) – the distance between the oldest and the youngest shorelines.Shoreline Change Envelope (SCE) – a measure of the total change in shoreline movement considering all available shoreline positions and reporting their distances, without reference to their specific dates.End Point Rate (EPR) – derived by dividing the distance of shoreline movement by the time elapsed between the oldest and the youngest shoreline positions.Linear Regression Rate (LRR) – determines a rate of change statistic by fitting a least square regression to all shorelines at specific transects.Weighted Linear Regression Rate (WLR) - calculates a weighted linear regression of shoreline change on each transect. It considers the shoreline uncertainty giving more emphasis on shorelines with a smaller error.The end product provided by Ulster University is an invaluable tool and digital asset that has helped to visualise shoreline change and assess approximate rates of historical change at any given coastal stretch on the Northern Ireland coast.

The primary objective from this project was to acquire historical shoreline information for all of the Northern Ireland coastline. Having this detailed understanding of the coast’s shoreline position and geometry over annual to decadal time periods is essential in any management of the coast.The historical shoreline analysis was based on all available Ordnance Survey maps and aerial imagery information. Analysis looked at position and geometry over annual to decadal time periods, providing a dynamic picture of how the coastline has changed since the start of the early 1800s.Once all datasets were collated, data was interrogated using the ArcGIS package – Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). DSAS is a software package which enables a user to calculate rate-of-change statistics from multiple historical shoreline positions. Rate-of-change was collected at 25m intervals and displayed both statistically and spatially allowing for areas of retreat/accretion to be identified at any given stretch of coastline.The DSAS software will produce the following rate-of-change statistics:Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) – the distance between the oldest and the youngest shorelines.Shoreline Change Envelope (SCE) – a measure of the total change in shoreline movement considering all available shoreline positions and reporting their distances, without reference to their specific dates.End Point Rate (EPR) – derived by dividing the distance of shoreline movement by the time elapsed between the oldest and the youngest shoreline positions.Linear Regression Rate (LRR) – determines a rate of change statistic by fitting a least square regression to all shorelines at specific transects.Weighted Linear Regression Rate (WLR) - calculates a weighted linear regression of shoreline change on each transect. It considers the shoreline uncertainty giving more emphasis on shorelines with a smaller error.The end product provided by Ulster University is an invaluable tool and digital asset that has helped to visualise shoreline change and assess approximate rates of historical change at any given coastal stretch on the Northern Ireland coast.

This dataset contains a sample of 10,000 (3.5%) out of a total of 285,846 text sequences extracted from the 1891–1896 Map of London by the Ordnance Survey (OS).

The methodology used for the automated recognition, linking, and sequencing of the text is detailed in the article Recognizing and Sequencing Multi-word Texts in Maps Using an Attentive Pointer by M. Zou et al., 2025.

Description of the content

The map is drawn at a scale of five-feet to the mile (c.a. 1:1,056). The text on the map is an invaluable source of information about the Greater London in the late Victorian period. It includes the names of streets, squares, parks, watercourses and even some estates ('Poplars', 'The Grange', 'Arbutus Lodge'). In addition, the map contains many details of the function of buildings and economic activity, such as factories ('Sweet Factory', 'Crown Linoleum Works', 'Imperial Flour Mills', 'Lion Brewery'), warehouses or commercial infrastructure ('Warehouse', 'Jamaica Wharf', 'Rag Store'), offices ('Offices'), etc. The map also mentions public buildings such as schools ('School Boys, Girls & Infants', 'Sunday School'), hospitals or clinics ('St. Saviour's Union Infirmary', 'Beulah Spa Hydropathic Establishment', 'South Western Fever Hospital'), railway stations ('Clapham Station'), post offices, banks, police stations, etc. Other social venues are also mentioned, such as public houses, i.e. pubs ('P.H.'), clubs, casinos, and recreational areas (e.g. 'Cricket Ground'). Special attention is given to churches, with a regular count of the number of seats (e.g. 'Baptist Chapel Seats for 600').

In addition, the map provides details that can be of great interest in the study of everyday life in London at the end of the 19th century. For example, there are numerous mentions of 'Stables', 'Drinking Fountain'[s] (or simply 'Fn.') or 'Urinal'[s]. Fire protection infrastructure is highlighted, e.g. fire plugs ('F.P.') and fire alarms ('F.A.'). The map also includes information on elevation (e.g. '11·6') and flood levels (e.g. 'High Water Mark of Ordinary Tides').

A list of abbreviations used in the Ordnance Survey maps, created by Richard Oliver [1], is made available by the National Library of Scotland (link).

Organization of the data

The data in 10k_text_london_OS_1890s.geojson is organized as a regular geojson file.

Example structure

{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
"coordinates": [[[ [x1, y1], [x2, y2], ...]]]
},
"properties": {
"label": "Oxford Circus",
}
},

... # Further text sequences


]
}

Image documents

The original map document consists of 729 separate sheets, digitized, georeferenced, and served as geographic tiles by the National Library of Scotland [2].

Descriptive statistics

Total Number of text sequences: 285,846
Sample size: 10,000
Total Area covered: 450 square km

Use and Citation

For any mention of this dataset, please cite :

@misc{text_london_OS_1890s,
author = {Zou, Mengjie and Petitpierre, R{\'{e}}mi and di Lenardo, Isabella},
title = {{London 1890s Ordnance Survey Text Layer}},
year = {2025},
publisher = {Zenodo},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14982946}}

@article{recognizing_sequencing_2025,
author = {Zou, Mengjie and Dai, Tianhao and Petitpierre, R{\'{e}}mi and Vaienti, Beatrice and di Lenardo, Isabella},
title = {{Recognizing and Sequencing Multi-word Texts in Maps Using an Attentive Pointer}},
year = {2025}}

Corresponding author

Rémi PETITPIERRE - remi.petitpierre@epfl.ch - ORCID - Github - Scholar - ResearchGate

License

This project is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 License.

Liability

We do not assume any liability for the use of this dataset.

References

1. Oliver R. (2013). Ordnance Survey maps: A concise guide for historians. The Charles Close Society. London, UK. 3rd Ed. 320 pages
2. Ordnance Survey, London, five feet to the mile, 1893-1896 (1896), https://maps.nls.uk/os/townplans-england/london-1056-1890s.html, digitized by the National Library of Scotland (NLS)

These polygonal and polyline datasets depict the various historical administrative boundaries that are present on the 1st Edition 25" (1:2500) Ordnance Survey County Series mapping which was surveyed between 1869-1874. The polygons has been generated from Modern Ordnance Survey Topographic Layer and have been altered to reflect the historical mapping source. This data was created as part of the AHRC's Deep Mapping Estate Archives project in January 2022 using ESRI ArcPro 2.9.1. The data has been imported into the ArcGIS online system as a shapefile and is available for public use under the Non-Commercial Open Government Licence.

🇬🇧 영국 English The primary objective from this project was to acquire historical shoreline information for all of the Northern Ireland coastline. Having this detailed understanding of the coast’s shoreline position and geometry over annual to decadal time periods is essential in any management of the coast.The historical shoreline analysis was based on all available Ordnance Survey maps and aerial imagery information. Analysis looked at position and geometry over annual to decadal time periods, providing a dynamic picture of how the coastline has changed since the start of the early 1800s.Once all datasets were collated, data was interrogated using the ArcGIS package – Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). DSAS is a software package which enables a user to calculate rate-of-change statistics from multiple historical shoreline positions. Rate-of-change was collected at 25m intervals and displayed both statistically and spatially allowing for areas of retreat/accretion to be identified at any given stretch of coastline.The DSAS software will produce the following rate-of-change statistics:Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) – the distance between the oldest and the youngest shorelines.Shoreline Change Envelope (SCE) – a measure of the total change in shoreline movement considering all available shoreline positions and reporting their distances, without reference to their specific dates.End Point Rate (EPR) – derived by dividing the distance of shoreline movement by the time elapsed between the oldest and the youngest shoreline positions.Linear Regression Rate (LRR) – determines a rate of change statistic by fitting a least square regression to all shorelines at specific transects.Weighted Linear Regression Rate (WLR) - calculates a weighted linear regression of shoreline change on each transect. It considers the shoreline uncertainty giving more emphasis on shorelines with a smaller error.The end product provided by Ulster University is an invaluable tool and digital asset that has helped to visualise shoreline change and assess approximate rates of historical change at any given coastal stretch on the Northern Ireland coast.

This polyline dataset has been derived from the 1st Edition 25" (1:2500) Ordnance Survey County Series mapping which was surveyed between 1869-1874. The data consists primarily of streams and drainage channels. The polylines has been traced to reflect the historical mapping source. This data was created as part of the AHRC's Deep Mapping Estate Archives project in January 2022 using ESRI ArcPro 2.9.1. The data has been imported into the ArcGIS online system as a shapefile and is available for public use under the Non-Commercial Open Government Licence.

Archaeologically Significant Built Heritage in Ireland. Published by Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media. Available under the license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY-4.0).This contains records taken from the Archaeological Survey of Ireland (ASI) dataset, updated in 2018 and published from the National Monuments Service Sites and Monuments Record. The ASI has focused on recording monuments dating from before AD 1700, along with more recent sites selected according to their interest or merit. Locations of monuments within 2km of the coastline were extracted from the ASI dataset by Land Use Consultants (LUC).

The records were downloaded from the data source URL in CSV format. The table included latitude/longitude locations for each record. The table was converted into ESRI shapefile and the records within the 2km coastal zone were extracted.

Since its inception in 1963, the Archaeological Survey of Ireland (ASI) has focused on recording monuments dating from before AD 1700, along with more recent sites selected according to their interest or merit. A Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) was issued for all counties in the State between 1984 and 1992. The SMR is a manual containing a numbered list of all certain and possible monuments accompanied by 6-inch Ordnance Survey maps (at a reduced scale). An Urban Archaeology Survey was completed in 1995 and contained reports on historic towns dating to before AD 1700 with a view to delineating zones of archaeological potential. Both the SMR and the Urban Archaeological Survey reports were issued to all planning authorities. The SMR formed the basis for issuing the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) - the statutory list of recorded monuments established under Section 12 of the National Monuments (Amendment) Act 1994. The RMP was issued for each county between 1995 and 1998 in a similar format to the existing SMR. However, the RMP differs from the earlier lists in that, as defined in the Act, only monuments with known locations or places where there are believed to be monuments are included. The large archive and supporting database are managed by the National Monuments Service and the records are continually updated and supplemented as additional monuments are discovered.

Please note that the centre point of each record is not indicative of the geographic extent of the monument. The existing point centroids were digitised relative to the OSI 6-inch mapping and the move from this older IG-referenced series to the larger-scale ITM mapping will necessitate revisions. The accuracy of the derived ITM co-ordinates is limited to the OS 6-inch scale and errors may ensue should the user apply the co-ordinates to larger scale maps. Records that do not refer to 'monuments' are designated 'Redundant record' and are retained in the archive as they may relate to features that were once considered to be monuments but which on investigation proved otherwise. Redundant records may also refer to duplicate records or errors in the data structure of the Archaeological Survey of Ireland....

Townships (Welsh: 'tref', Latin: 'villa') are the smallest civil administrative unit that was used across Wales. Like many old forms of administrative unit, the formation of the townships is unknown. As the townships form the basis for the commotes, which themselves are sub-divisions of cantrefs it is certain that that are contemporary with these territorial entities are early medieval in origin. Townships usually contain some form of settlement (such as village or small town) and usually a church. Townships played a key role in the administration of the local community in matters such as taxation and legal proceedings. Townships are often the main unit referred to in medieval extents and surveys and there are even records of some townships being further divided, such as in the township of Maenan on the River Conwy, but these are rare. Townships remained in use until the mid-nineteenth century, and where used for all manner of legal and secular administration. They where even widely used in the 1851 census. The earliest large-scale Ordnance Survey (OS) mapping for Wales recorded some of their boundaries (Flintshire, eastern parts of Denbighshire and some of Glamorgan), but OS stopped recording them c.1872. Soon after they dropped out of everyday use, but they remain the single most important unit for understanding the geography of Wales. There is currently no dataset accurately depicting all township boundaries in Wales, and this is the first attempt to accurately map these areas in a digitally accessible format. This dataset was created in Esri ArcPro 3.2.1 and reflects the historical hundred boundaries as recorded on the Ordnance Survey 6" to the Mile County Series Mapping surveyed for Wales between 1867 and 1888.

Coordinates in British National Grid of typicality features used to define the centre of Southampton, UK for 12 years from 1560 to the 2015. The map sources were:

Southampton Atlas, 1560 (Sheet II) Southampton Atlas, 1611 (Sheet III) Southampton Atlas, 1791 (Sheet IX) Southampton Atlas, 1862 (Sheet XII) Elizabethan Times catalogue, 1835 (Map 19) Elizabethan Times catalogue, 1866 (Map 21) Historic Ordnance Survey map data, 1890, Epoch 2 (County Series 1st Revision) Historic Ordnance Survey map data, 1910, Epoch 3 (County Series 2nd Revision) Historic Ordnance Survey map data, 1930, Epoch 4 (County Series 3rd Revision) Historic Ordnance Survey map data, 1960, Epoch i5 (National Grid Imperial, 6 inches to the mile, First Editions) Historic Ordnance Survey map data, 1990, Epoch m7 (National Grid 1:10,000 metric and 10,560 Imperial - Latest editions) Ordnance Survey, 2015, MasterMap Topography

This polygonal dataset has been derived from the 1st Edition 25" (1:2500) Ordnance Survey County Series mapping which was surveyed between 1869-1874. The data consists of polygons which represent topographical features such as field parcels, buildings, roads etc., all of which reflect the historic landscape of the late 19th century. The polygons has been generated from Modern Ordnance Survey Topographic Layer and have been altered to reflect the historical mapping source. This data was created as part of the AHRC's Deep Mapping Estate Archives project in January 2022 using ESRI ArcPro 2.9.1. The data has been imported into the ArcGIS online system as a shapefile and is available for public use under the Non-Commercial Open Government Licence.

Based on the First Revised Series of the Ordnance Survey London Town Plans. You can find a different version of the Georeferenced maps on the National Library of Scotland website:

https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=11&lat=51.4907&lon=-0.1331&layers=163&b=1

Each factory is coded to indicate whether it is on both or just one of the two 19th century series of Ordnance Survey London Town Plans. I have also tried to catagorize the factories. There are some other incomplete fields or fields used in earlier versions of this database.

Data used in Jim Clifford, West Ham and the River Lea A Social and Environmental History of London’s Industrialized Marshland, 1839–1914, UBC Press, 2017, https://www.ubcpress.ca/west-ham-and-the-river-lea

National Monuments Service - Archaeological Survey of Ireland. Published by Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage. Available under the license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY-4.0).This Archaeological Survey of Ireland dataset is published from the database of the National Monuments Service Sites and Monuments Record (SMR). This dataset also can be viewed and interrogated through the online Historic Environment Viewer: https://heritagedata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=0c9eb9575b544081b0d296436d8f60f8

A Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) was issued for all counties in the State between 1984 and 1992. The SMR is a manual containing a numbered list of certain and possible monuments accompanied by 6-inch Ordnance Survey maps (at a reduced scale). The SMR formed the basis for issuing the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) - the statutory list of recorded monuments established under Section 12 of the National Monuments (Amendment) Act 1994. The RMP was issued for each county between 1995 and 1998 in a similar format to the existing SMR. The RMP differs from the earlier lists in that, as defined in the Act, only monuments with known locations or places where there are believed to be monuments are included.

The large Archaeological Survey of Ireland archive and supporting database are managed by the National Monuments Service and the records are continually updated and supplemented as additional monuments are discovered. On the Historic Environment viewer an area around each monument has been shaded, the scale of which varies with the class of monument. This area does not define the extent of the monument, nor does it define a buffer area beyond which ground disturbance should not take place – it merely identifies an area of land within which it is expected that the monument will be located. It is not a constraint area for screening – such must be set by the relevant authority who requires screening for their own purposes. This data has been released for download as Open Data under the DPER Open Data Strategy and is licensed for re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Please note that the centre point of each record is not indicative of the geographic extent of the monument. The existing point centroids were digitised relative to the OSI 6-inch mapping and the move from this older IG-referenced series to the larger-scale ITM mapping will necessitate revisions. The accuracy of the derived ITM co-ordinates is limited to the OS 6-inch scale and errors may ensue should the user apply the co-ordinates to larger scale maps. Records that do not refer to 'monuments' are designated 'Redundant record' and are retained in the archive as they may relate to features that were once considered to be monuments but which on investigation proved otherwise. Redundant records may also refer to duplicate records or errors in the data structure of the Archaeological Survey of Ireland.

This dataset is provided for re-use in a number of ways and the technical options are outlined below. For a live and current view of the data, please use the web services or the data extract tool in the Historic Environment Viewer. The National Monuments Service also provide an Open Data snapshot of its national dataset in CSV as a bulk data download. Users should consult the National Monument Service website https://www.archaeology.ie/ for further information and guidance on the National Monument Act(s) and the legal significance of this dataset.

Open Data Bulk Data Downloads (version date: 23/08/2023)

The Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) is provided as a national download in Comma Separated Value (CSV) format. This format can be easily integrated into a number of software clients for re-use and analysis. The Longitude and Latitude coordinates are also provided to aid its re-use in web mapping systems, however, the ITM easting/northings coordinates should be quoted for official purposes. ERSI Shapefiles of the SMR points and SMRZone polygons are also available The SMRZones represent an area around each monument, the scale of which varies with the class of monument. This area does not define the extent of the monument, nor does it define a buffer area beyond which ground disturbance should not take place – it merely identifies an area of land within which it is expected that the monument will be located. It is not a constraint area for screening – such must be set by the relevant authority who requires screening for their own purposes.

GIS Web Service APIs (live views):

For users with access to GIS software please note that the Archaeological Survey of Ireland data is also available spatial data web services. By accessing and consuming the web service users are deemed to have accepted the Terms and Conditions. The web services are available at the URL endpoints advertised below:

SMR; https://services-eu1.arcgis.com/HyjXgkV6KGMSF3jt/arcgis/rest/services/SMROpenData/FeatureServer

SMRZone; https://services-eu1.arcgis.com/HyjXgkV6KGMSF3jt/arcgis/rest/services/SMRZoneOpenData/FeatureServer

Historic Environment Viewer - Query Tool

The "Query" tool can alternatively be used to selectively filter and download the data represented in the Historic Environment Viewer. The instructions for using this tool in the Historic Environment Viewer are detailed in the associated Help file: https://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/HEV_UserGuide_v01.pdf...

🇬🇧 영국 English The primary objective from this project was to acquire historical shoreline information for all of the Northern Ireland coastline. Having this detailed understanding of the coast’s shoreline position and geometry over annual to decadal time periods is essential in any management of the coast.The historical shoreline analysis was based on all available Ordnance Survey maps and aerial imagery information. Analysis looked at position and geometry over annual to decadal time periods, providing a dynamic picture of how the coastline has changed since the start of the early 1800s.Once all datasets were collated, data was interrogated using the ArcGIS package – Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). DSAS is a software package which enables a user to calculate rate-of-change statistics from multiple historical shoreline positions. Rate-of-change was collected at 25m intervals and displayed both statistically and spatially allowing for areas of retreat/accretion to be identified at any given stretch of coastline.The DSAS software will produce the following rate-of-change statistics:Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) – the distance between the oldest and the youngest shorelines.Shoreline Change Envelope (SCE) – a measure of the total change in shoreline movement considering all available shoreline positions and reporting their distances, without reference to their specific dates.End Point Rate (EPR) – derived by dividing the distance of shoreline movement by the time elapsed between the oldest and the youngest shoreline positions.Linear Regression Rate (LRR) – determines a rate of change statistic by fitting a least square regression to all shorelines at specific transects.Weighted Linear Regression Rate (WLR) - calculates a weighted linear regression of shoreline change on each transect. It considers the shoreline uncertainty giving more emphasis on shorelines with a smaller error.The end product provided by Ulster University is an invaluable tool and digital asset that has helped to visualise shoreline change and assess approximate rates of historical change at any given coastal stretch on the Northern Ireland coast.

Place-names represent a fundamental geographical identifier, which also have considerable cultural, historical and linguistic importance. Scotland had a great tradition of publishing descriptive (long-form) gazetteers in the 19th century. This dataset is the GIS point format output from a project funded by the Scottish Government in the early 2010s, to create a Definitive Place-Name Gazetteer for Scotland, which helped meet the INSPIRE requirements for a place-name layer. The data also forms the underlying content for the Gazetteer for Scotland web pages: https://www.scottish-places.info/ In 2009 a workshop was run in conjunction with the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historic Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS) to examine the range of gazetteers in use in Scotland, together with a broad set of requirements. This identified a number of organisations which hold or maintain at least 15 different gazetteers that include geographical names for Scotland. The two most significant gazetteers were the Gazetteer for Scotland and the Ordnance Survey 1:50000 (OS 1:50K) product - which together form the basis for this dataset. The Gazetteer for Scotland is a descriptive gazetteer, with a modest number (22,000) of rich entries, including a textual description and rich feature-typing. At the time of creation, the OS 1:50K gazetteer had long been Ordnance Survey's only place-name gazetteer, used as part of numerous applications. It was decided that, for this new 'definitive' place name gazetteer, any named feature could/ should potentially be included, but it was accepted that the list will always be incomplete. This dataset could be used (and potentially linked with) other datasets like the Ordnance Survey Open Names, the One Scotland Gazetteer and the Historical Names gazetteer. The methodology for this data was a combination of automated and manual editing. Automated methods were used in feature classification and duplicate detection. Manual editing was required both to confirm or provide a feature classification, but also to improve the spatial referencing. Standards had to be adopted; for example water bodies were spatially located by a point which approximated its centre, while rivers were spatially located at their termination and other liner features by a random point along their length. The former gives a useful spatial reference, the latter in many cases does not. Quality checking suggests that 95% of points were located to 100m or better, and 5% located to 20m or better. More than 90% of features are classified correctly, on the basis of the evidence available. Copyrights and acknowledgments. The dataset is (c) Bruce M. Gittings (University of Edinburgh) and the Scottish Government. This dataset contains Ordnance Survey data (c) Crown copyright and database right 2010, released by The Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, April 2010.