Habitat maps of the main Hawaiian Islands were created by visual interpretation of aerial photos and hyperspectral imagery using the Habitat Digitizer extension. Aerial photographs are valuable tools for natural resource managers and researchers since they provide an excellent record of the location and extent of habitats. However, spatial distortions in aerial photographs due to such factors as camera angle, lens characteristics, and relief displacement must be accounted for during analysis to prevent incorrect measurements of area, distance, and other spatial parameters. These distortions of scale within an image can be removed through orthorectification. During orthorectification, digital scans of aerial photos are subjected to algorithms that eliminate each source of spatial distortion. The result is a georeferenced digital mosaic of several photographs with uniform scale throughout the mosaic. Features near land are generally georeferenced with greater accuracy while the accuracy of features away from land is generally not as good. Where no land is in the original photographic frame only kinematic GPS locations and image tie points were used to georeference the images. After an orthorectified mosaic is created, photointerpreters can accurately and reliably delineate boundaries of features in the imagery as they appear on the computer monitor using a software interface such as the Habitat Digitizer.

Habitat maps of the main Hawaiian Islands were created by visual interpretation of aerial photos and hyperspectral imagery using the Habitat Digitizer extension. Aerial photographs are valuable tools for natural resource managers and researchers since they provide an excellent record of the _location and extent of habitats. However, spatial distortions in aerial photographs due to such factors as camera angle, lens characteristics, and relief displacement must be accounted for during analysis to prevent incorrect measurements of area, distance, and other spatial parameters. These distortions of scale within an image can be removed through orthorectification. During orthorectification, digital scans of aerial photos are subjected to algorithms that eliminate each source of spatial distortion. The result is a georeferenced digital mosaic of several photographs with uniform scale throughout the mosaic. Features near land are generally georeferenced with greater accuracy while the accuracy of features away from land is generally not as good. Where no land is in the original photographic frame only kinematic GPS locations and image tie points were used to georeference the images. After an orthorectified mosaic is created, photointerpreters can accurately and reliably delineate boundaries of features in the imagery as they appear on the computer monitor using a software interface such as the Habitat Digitizer.

Habitat maps of the main Hawaiian Islands were created by visual interpretation of aerial photos and hyperspectral imagery using the Habitat Digitizer extension. Aerial photographs are valuable tools for natural resource managers and researchers since they provide an excellent record of the location and extent of habitats. However, spatial distortions in aerial photographs due to such factors as camera angle, lens characteristics, and relief displacement must be accounted for during analysis to prevent incorrect measurements of area, distance, and other spatial parameters. These distortions of scale within an image can be removed through orthorectification. During orthorectification, digital scans of aerial photos are subjected to algorithms that eliminate each source of spatial distortion. The result is a georeferenced digital mosaic of several photographs with uniform scale throughout the mosaic. Features near land are generally georeferenced with greater accuracy while the accuracy of features away from land is generally not as good. Where no land is in the original photographic frame only kinematic GPS locations and image tie points were used to georeference the images. After an orthorectified mosaic is created, photointerpreters can accurately and reliably delineate boundaries of features in the imagery as they appear on the computer monitor using a software interface such as the Habitat Digitizer.

Habitat maps of the main Hawaiian Islands were created by visual interpretation of aerial photos and hyperspectral imagery using the Habitat Digitizer extension. Aerial photographs are valuable tools for natural resource managers and researchers since they provide an excellent record of the _location and extent of habitats. However, spatial distortions in aerial photographs due to such factors as camera angle, lens characteristics, and relief displacement must be accounted for during analysis to prevent incorrect measurements of area, distance, and other spatial parameters. These distortions of scale within an image can be removed through orthorectification. During orthorectification, digital scans of aerial photos are subjected to algorithms that eliminate each source of spatial distortion. The result is a georeferenced digital mosaic of several photographs with uniform scale throughout the mosaic. Features near land are generally georeferenced with greater accuracy while the accuracy of features away from land is generally not as good. Where no land is in the original photographic frame only kinematic GPS locations and image tie points were used to georeference the images. After an orthorectified mosaic is created, photointerpreters can accurately and reliably delineate boundaries of features in the imagery as they appear on the computer monitor using a software interface such as the Habitat Digitizer.

This WorldView-2 image of the east coast of Heard Island was collected on 23 Dec. 2010. (Satellite Image Catalogue id=2262 and 2263) The 0.5 m resolution panchromatic band and 2 m resolution multispectral bands were separately orthorectified and two separate image tiles were mosaiced.

The images are the result of a rigorous orthorectification of the panchromatic band and eight multispectral bands of the two WorldView-2 images. The images were orthorectified with the TerraSAR-X DEM acquired in Oct 2009. The digital elevation model used in the orthrectification is described by the metadata record 'A Digital Elevation Model of Heard Island derived from TerraSAR satellite imagery' - Entry ID: heard_dem_terrasar

The orthorectification of the two Worldview-2 image tiles was carried out in ENVI 4.8. No GCPs were used for the orthorectification process given the very high absolute accuracy of the RPC positioning of WorldView-2. Previously problems were encountered (significant geometric errors) with orthorectification of IKONOS 2004 imagery with DGPS GCPs collected by Dr Jenny Scott. The current orthorectification is considered more accurate given the high absolute spatial accuracy of WorldView-2 (CE90 = 3.5 m) and the more detailed TerraSAR-X DEM of Heard Island. The resulting image is considered a base image for subsequent geometric processing and co-registration of other images (e.g. IKONOS image acquired in 2004 for change detection).

The two tiles were mosaiced along a manually digitised cutline in ENVI. For a more detailed description of this process we refer to the report available for download from the provided URL.

Personnel involved with this dataset. Dr Arko Lucieer (principal investigator) Iain Clarke (research assistant: geometric corrections) Desiree Treichler (research assistant: radiometric and atmospheric corrections)

The Australian Antarctic Data Centre (AADC) has GeoEye-1 satellite imagery of northern Macquarie Island, captured 10 October 2011. The satellite provides panchromatic imagery with 0.41 metre …Show full descriptionThe Australian Antarctic Data Centre (AADC) has GeoEye-1 satellite imagery of northern Macquarie Island, captured 10 October 2011. The satellite provides panchromatic imagery with 0.41 metre resolution and multispectral imagery with 1.65 metre resolution. The panchromatic and multispectral bands were orthorectified using the RPC data files and the AADC's 5 metre resolution Digital Elevation Model of the island (see metadata record 'Macquarie Island AIRSAR DEM (Digital Elevation Model)', Entry ID: macca_dem_gis). The RPC orthorectification process works on a pixel-by-pixel basis to provide correct ground locations. The orthorectified image files are called GE_10Oct2011_pan_orc and GE_10Oct2011_ms_orc. These two images were then pansharpened using Gram-Schmidt spectral sharpening, the resulting image is called GE_10Oct2011_ps_orc. The processing was done by Angela Bender of the AADC using IDL/ENVI version 4.8. The DEM was unprojected before the orthorectifications were done as ENVI version 4.8 requires a DEM, if used, to be unprojected. Ground control points compiled by Angela Bender for the area covered by the image are provided (see a Related URL) but were not used in the orthorectification process. The ground control points were sourced from the AADC's survey control database and topographic data. The ground control points could be used for future orthorectifications. The pansharpened image could be coregistered with an orthorectified Quickbird image captured 15 March 2005 (see metadata record 'Macquarie Island Quickbird Image (15 March 2005) orthorectification', Entry ID: Macquarie_Quickbird_15Mar2005) using 'image to image' transformation. If this was done, the ground control points mentioned above could be used as a check of the coregistration. They could also be used to get an error estimate of the orthorectified Quickbird image.

The ESA Orthorectified Map-oriented (Level 1) Products collection is composed of MOS-1/1B MESSR (Multi-spectral Electronic Self-Scanning Radiometer) data products generated as part of the MOS Bulk Processing Campaign using the MOS Processor v3.02. The products are available in GeoTIFF format and disseminated within EO-SIP packaging. Please refer to the MOS Product Format Specification for further details. The collection consists of data products of the following type: MES_GEC_1P: Geocoded Ellipsoid GCP Corrected Level 1 MOS-1/1B MESSR products which are the default products generated by the MOS MESSR processor in all cases (where possible), with usage of the latest set of Landsat improved GCP (Ground Control Points). These are orthorectified map-oriented products, corresponding to the old MOS-1/1B MES_ORT_1P products with geolocation improvements. MESSR Instrument Characteristics Band Wavelength Range (nm) Spatial Resolution (m) Swath Width (km) 1 (VIS) 510 – 690 50 100 2 (VIS) 610 – 690 50 100 3 (NIR) 720 – 800 50 100 4 (NIR) 800 – 1100 50 100

This image is a mosaic of orthorectified aerial photography from 1988 and 1990 for the Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project area at 0.6 m resolution. The image also covers the Green Lakes Valley portion of the Boulder Creek Critical Zone Observatory (CZO). The mosaic has the qualities of a photograph and the functionality of a map layer for use in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) or remote sensing software. The mosaic is derived from approx. 1:40,000 scale, color infrared (CIR) photographs acquired by the United States Geological Survery (USGS) National Aerial Photography Program (NAPP). The aerial photos were obtained as 1800 dpi digital scans from the USGS EROS Data Center (EDC) and then fully orthorectified in a Leica Photogrammetry Suite (LPS) bundle blockfile using an air-photo camera model, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and known focal length and fiducial coordinates from a calibration report. Individual photo frames were mosaiced with cutlines and clipped to the Niwot project extent area. The photography was registered to 2008 orthocorrected Denver Region Council of Governments (DRCOG) aerial photography. Horizontal accuracy is 0.9 m (RMSE, relative to the 2008 reference imagery, based on 9 independent check points). The mosaic covers an area of 98 km2 and is available in GeoTIFF format, in a UTM zone 13 projection and NAD83 horizontal datum, with FGDC-compliant metadata. The mosaic is available through an unrestricted public license, and can be obtained by request (see Distributor contact information below). Other datasets available in this series includes orthorectified aerial photograph mosaics (for 1953, 1972, 1985, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2008), digital elevation models (DEM's), and accessory map layers. Together, the DEM's and imagery will be of interest to students, research scientists, and others for observation and analysis of natural features and ecosystems. NOTE: This EML metadata file does not contain important geospatial data processing information. Before using any NWT LTER geospatial data read the arcgis metadata XML file in either ISO or FGDC compliant format, using ArcGIS software (ArcCatalog > description), or by viewing the .xml file provided with the geospatial dataset.

White balanced 8 bit RGB images orthorectified and output onto a fixed, uniform spatial grid using nearest neighbor resampling to a 10 cm spatial resolution.

Orthorectified surface bidirectional reflectance (0-1 unitless, scaled by 10,000) computed from the NEON Imaging Spectrometer (NIS). Major corrections include: calibration, atmospheric correction, topographic correction, Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) correction, and orthorectification. Data are mosaicked into 1 km by 1 km tiles.

Directional reflectance data (without the BRDF and topographic corrections applied) are available under the "Spectrometer orthorectified surface directional reflectance - mosaic" data product (DP3.30006.001).

Habitat maps of the main Hawaiian Islands were created by visual interpretation of aerial photos and hyperspectral imagery using the Habitat Digitizer extension. Aerial photographs are valuable tools for natural resource managers and researchers since they provide an excellent record of the location and extent of habitats. However, spatial distortions in aerial photographs due to such factors as camera angle, lens characteristics, and relief displacement must be accounted for during analysis to prevent incorrect measurements of area, distance, and other spatial parameters. These distortions of scale within an image can be removed through orthorectification. During orthorectification, digital scans of aerial photos are subjected to algorithms that eliminate each source of spatial distortion. The result is a georeferenced digital mosaic of several photographs with uniform scale throughout the mosaic. Features near land are generally georeferenced with greater accuracy while the accuracy of features away from land is generally not as good. Where no land is in the original photographic frame only kinematic GPS locations and image tie points were used to georeference the images. After an orthorectified mosaic is created, photointerpreters can accurately and reliably delineate boundaries of features in the imagery as they appear on the computer monitor using a software interface such as the Habitat Digitizer.

Project Name: Gast Farm
Project Location: Iowa, United States
Project Date: 2016

Gast Farm is a 13-hectare archaeological site located in the Mississippi River valley in southeast Iowa. Gast Farm is one of the largest and best-preserved Woodland sites in the region, with both Middle Woodland (Havana Hopewell, ca. 50 B.C.–A.D. 250) and initial Late Woodland (Weaver, ca. A.D. 350–500) deposits. Additionally, a large mound was once present, and remnants of geometric earthworks also suspected. The PIs research seeks to is to understand the interanal structure and layout of the Woodland communities at Gast Farm, which can contribute to knowledge of Middle and Late Woodland domestic and corporate-ceremonial spheres, i.e., residential as well as sustainable and symbolic communities. PI William Green collaborated with SPARC researcher Adam Barnes to produce orthorectified images and a digital elevation model (DEM) of the Gast Farm site from aerial imagery collected in 1990, using AgiSoft Photoscan. The orthophotos reveal distinct soil discolorations because the original photos were taken after the field had been disked, planted, and rained on, and only a few days after row crops (corn) had emerged. Soil discolorations indicate large-scale cultural features such as middens (dark colors) and a mound and possible geometric earthworks (light colors). The orthophotos also show a series of narrow linear discolorations exactly 10 m apart that represent the paths created during the controlled surface collection that was underway at the time the photos were taken. The DEM produced by orthophoto rectification has a 50-cm resolution, which is unfortunately is not sufficiently sensitive to detect possible mound or earthwork features after they have been leveled and plowed.

This work is part of a larger 2016-2018 project at Gast Farm, which combined GIS development, aerial imagery analysis, and geophysical survey. Defining community organization, locating any subsurface traces of the mound, and determining the reality of the suspected earthwork constituted key research objectives. Over the course of the project, the Gast Farm team (1) identified the Middle Woodland (Havana-Hopewell) community plan, (2) determined no geometric earthworks were present but discovered six additional mounds, and (3) confirmed and expanded the Late Woodland (Weaver) community plan. In the process of obtaining these results, the project also accomplished several methodological advances: it (1) demonstrated the viability of magnetic gradiometry for identifying Woodland residential and mortuary features in Mississippi Valley alluvial fans, (2) showed how to incorporate legacy oblique aerial photography in a georeferenced GIS, (3) indicated the promise of drone-based photogrammetry in identifying cultural features beneath crop cover, and (4) modeled the virtual reconstruction of leveled mounds.

Fieldwork and analyses were conducted in 2016-2018 through a grant from a National Geographic Society Committee for Research and Exploration (project 9938-16). This research was also supported by a SPARC Data & Analytics Award. The SPARC Program is based at CAST at the University of Arkansas, and is funded by a generous grant from the National Science Foundation (BCS #1519660). Additional support for project archiving was funded by the SPARC Program in 2020 (BCS #1822110). A Beloit College Keefer Senior Faculty Grant and a developmental leave from Beloit College supplemented the NGS and SPARC support. Research was also aided by effort provided by Beloit College students and individuals at several partner institutions, notably the Midwest Archeological Center of the National Park Service (Lincoln, NE; MWAC), the Office of the State Archaeologist of the University of Iowa (OSA), and Arizona State University. The DigitalGlobe Foundation also provided access to satellite imagery (not included in this archive).

Citation:

   Manley, W.F.,
          Parrish, E.G., and Lestak, L.R., 2009, High-Resolution Orthorectified
          Imagery and Digital Elevation Models for Study of Environmental Change at
          Niwot Ridge and Green Lakes Valley, Colorado: Niwot Ridge LTER, INSTAAR,
          University of Colorado at Boulder, digital media.


 This image is a mosaic of orthorectified aerial photography from 1946 for the
      Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project area at 0.3 m resolution.
      The image also covers the Green Lakes Valley portion of the Boulder Creek Critical
      Zone Observatory (CZO). The 1938 companion mosaic covers the eastern portion of the
      Niwot LTER project area and was produced with maximum overlap of the 1946 mosaic.
      The mosaic has the qualities of a photograph and the functionality of a map layer
      for use in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) or remote sensing software. The
      mosaic is derived from approx. 1:20,000 scale, black and white (grayscale)
      photographs acquired by the United States Forest Service (USFS). The aerial photos
      were obtained as 1800 dpi digital scans from the Colorado Aerial Photo Service and
      then fully orthorectified in a Leica Photogrammetry Suite (LPS) bundle blockfile
      using an air-photo camera model, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), known focal
      length, and hand-measured fiducial coordinates. Individual photo frames were
      mosaiced with cutlines, then adjusted with additional geocorrection in ArcMap using
      a 2nd order polynomial warp, and clipped to the Niwot project extent area. The
      photography was registered to 2008 orthocorrected Denver Region Council of
      Governments (DRCOG) aerial photography. Horizontal accuracy is 1.8 m (RMSE, relative
      to the 2008 reference imagery, based on 6 independent check points). The mosaic
      covers an area of 63 km2 and is available in GeoTIFF format, in a UTM zone 13
      projection and NAD83 horizontal datum, with FGDC-compliant metadata. The mosaic is
      available through an unrestricted public license, and can be obtained by request
      (see Distributor contact information below). Other datasets available in this series
      includes orthorectified aerial photograph mosaics (for 1938, 1953, 1972, 1985, 1990,
      1999, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2008), digital elevation models (DEM's), and
      accessory map layers. Together, the DEM's and imagery will be of interest to
      students, research scientists, and others for observation and analysis of natural
      features and ecosystems. 
 NOTE: This EML metadata file does not contain important geospatial data processing
      information. Before using any NWT LTER geospatial data read the arcgis metadata XML
      file in either ISO or FGDC compliant format, using ArcGIS software (ArcCatalog >
      description), or by viewing the .xml file provided with the geospatial
      dataset.

This collection is a legacy product that is no longer supported. It may not meet current government standards. This inventory presents chronologically the satellite images acquired, orthorectified and published over time by Natural Resources Canada. It is composed of imagery from the Landsat7 (1999-2003) and RADARSAT-1 (2001-2002) satellites, as well as the CanImage by-product and the control points used to process the images. Landsat7 Orthorectified Imagery: The orthoimage dataset is a complete set of cloud-free (less than 10%) orthoimages covering the Canadian landmass and created with the most accurate control data available at the time of creation. RADARSAT-1 Orthorectified Imagery: The 5 RADARSAT-1 images (processed and distributed by RADARSAT International (RSI) complete the landsat 7 orthoimagery coverage. They are stored as raster data produced from SAR Standard 7 (S7) beam mode with a pixel size of 15 m. They have been produced in accordance with NAD83 (North American Datum of 1983) using the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection. RADARSAT-1 orthoimagery were produced with the 1:250 000 Canadian Digital Elevation Data (CDED) and photogrammetric control points generated from the Aerial Survey Data Base (ASDB). CanImage -Landsat7 Orthoimages of Canada,1:50 000: CanImage is a raster image containing information from Landsat7 orthoimages that have been resampled and based on the National Topographic System (NTS) at the 1:50 000 scale in the UTM projection. The product is distributed in datasets in GeoTIFF format. The resolution of this product is 15 metres. Landsat7 Imagery Control Points: the control points were used for the geometric correction of Landsat7 satellite imagery. They can also be used to correct vector data and for simultaneously displaying data from several sources prepared at different scales or resolutions.

High resolution orthorectified images combine the image characteristics of an aerial photograph with the geometric qualities of a map. An orthoimage is a uniform-scale image where corrections have been made for feature displacement such as building tilt and for scale variations caused by terrain relief, sensor geometry, and camera tilt. A mathematical equation based on ground control points, sensor calibration information, and a digital elevation model is applied to each pixel to rectify the image to obtain the geometric qualities of a map.

A digital orthoimage may be created from several photographs mosaicked to form the final image. The source imagery may be black-and-white, natural color, or color infrared with a pixel resolution of 1-meter or finer. With orthoimagery, the resolution refers to the distance on the ground represented by each pixel.

This data set includes orthorectified Landsat ETM+ scenes across the Legal Amazon region. At least one scene is provided for each spatial tile, representing the most cloud-free retrievals from mid-1999 through late 2001 (Fig. 1). Dates are therefore not continuous but include scenes from July 8, 1999 to November 13, 2001. Data have been atmospherically corrected and orthorectified. The individual images should be highly useful as they include very little cloud cover, but they should not be mosaicked together since retrieval dates vary.Data files (and format) included for each scene are: six multispectral bands (tif), two thermal bands (tif), one panchromatic band (tif), two preview files (jpg), and one metadata file (txt). The individual Geotiff files have been g-zipped and subsequently all of the files for a scene have been g-zipped together for ordering convenience.

In support of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Southwest Biological Science Center researchers, and in coordination with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), the USGS National Uncrewed Systems Office (NUSO) conducted uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) remote sensing flights over two BLM Assessment, Inventory, and Monitoring (AIM) plots at the NEON Moab site in Utah for multi-scale carbon sequestration research on public lands. The UAS data collected include natural color, multispectral, and hyperspectral imagery, and lidar to capture diverse information about vegetation and soils on drylands. The first site (“site 1”) features intact sagebrush and was mapped on May 3, 2023. The second site (“site 7”) is located on a grazed rangeland environment and was mapped on May 5, 2023. These UAS surveys were conducted in early May 2023 to coincide spatially and temporally with ground-based BLM AIM sampling and airplane-based remote sensing surveys by NEON. This portion of the data release presents hyperspectral data products from low-altitude UAS flights at two dryland sites approximately 40 km south of Moab, Utah. A Headwall Nano-Hyperspec line scanning sensor was flown at an altitude of 31 meters above ground level on a DJI Matrice 600 Pro UAS with approved government edition firmware. The hyperspectral images were post-processed using the sensor manufacturer's proprietary software and following their recommended workflow. The orthorectified hyperspectral reflectance images are stored as 32-bit single precision floating point numbers in flat binary files with a band sequential (BSQ) interleave. Each image is accompanied by an ASCII text header file (.hdr) containing band center wavelengths and other parameters relevant to the images. Each image has 274 spectral bands spanning the visible and near infrared wavelengths, 398 to 1002 nm. The images were georeferenced to a geographic coordinate system (latitude and longitude) and WGS84 datum with spatial resolution 1.7 cm (site 1) and 1.5 cm (site 7). There are 30 hyperspectral images with accompanying header files captured at site 1, provided in 5 zip folders to facilitate bulk download. There are 33 hyperspectral images with accompanying header files captured at site 7, provided in 5 zip folders.

This project is a cooperative effort among the National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment; the University of Hawaii; and Analytical Laboratories of Hawaii, LLC. The goal of the work was to develop coral reef mapping methods and compare benthic habitat maps generated by photointerpreting georeferenced color aerial photography, hyperspectral and IKONOS satellite imagery. The enhanced spectral resolution of hyperspectral and control of bandwidths of multispectral data yield an advantage over color aerial photography particularly when coral health and time series analysis of coral reef community structure are of interest. Depending on the type of instrument, a spectral imaging system can be utilized to see multiple colors from ultraviolet through the far infrared range. The AURORA hyperspectral imaging system collected 72 ten nm bands in the visible and near infrared spectral range with a 3 meter pixel resolution. The data was processed to select band widths, which optimized feature detection in shallow and deep water. Photointerpreters can accurately and reliably delineate boundaries of features in the imagery as they appear on the computer monitor using a software interface such as the Habitat Digitizer.

These data are orthorectified radar intensity images (ORI) derived from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (ifsar) data. An ORI is a high-resolution image derived from ifsar which has geometric distortions removed. Unlike optical imagery, ifsar can be collected in cloudy conditions. The USGS performs minimal quality assurance and no reprocessing of the ORI data. USGS distributes the ORI data as received from the contractors, partners or contributing entities.

This data set contains reprocessed, orthorectified images depicting labels that indicate the sea ice surface category, created by processing IceBridge DMS L0 Raw Imagery with the Open Source Sea-ice Processing Algorithm. Orthorectification was done using digital elevation models from the IceBridge DMS L3 Ames Stereo Pipeline Photogrammetric DEM collection. The standard (non-orthorectified) images are available as IceBridge-Related DMS-Derived L4 Sea Ice Surface Cover Classification Images.