Habitat maps of the main Hawaiian Islands were created by visual interpretation of aerial photos and hyperspectral imagery using the Habitat Digitizer extension. Aerial photographs are valuable tools for natural resource managers and researchers since they provide an excellent record of the _location and extent of habitats. However, spatial distortions in aerial photographs due to such factors as camera angle, lens characteristics, and relief displacement must be accounted for during analysis to prevent incorrect measurements of area, distance, and other spatial parameters. These distortions of scale within an image can be removed through orthorectification. During orthorectification, digital scans of aerial photos are subjected to algorithms that eliminate each source of spatial distortion. The result is a georeferenced digital mosaic of several photographs with uniform scale throughout the mosaic. Features near land are generally georeferenced with greater accuracy while the accuracy of features away from land is generally not as good. Where no land is in the original photographic frame only kinematic GPS locations and image tie points were used to georeference the images. After an orthorectified mosaic is created, photointerpreters can accurately and reliably delineate boundaries of features in the imagery as they appear on the computer monitor using a software interface such as the Habitat Digitizer.

Habitat maps of the main Hawaiian Islands were created by visual interpretation of aerial photos and hyperspectral imagery using the Habitat Digitizer extension. Aerial photographs are valuable tools for natural resource managers and researchers since they provide an excellent record of the location and extent of habitats. However, spatial distortions in aerial photographs due to such factors as camera angle, lens characteristics, and relief displacement must be accounted for during analysis to prevent incorrect measurements of area, distance, and other spatial parameters. These distortions of scale within an image can be removed through orthorectification. During orthorectification, digital scans of aerial photos are subjected to algorithms that eliminate each source of spatial distortion. The result is a georeferenced digital mosaic of several photographs with uniform scale throughout the mosaic. Features near land are generally georeferenced with greater accuracy while the accuracy of features away from land is generally not as good. Where no land is in the original photographic frame only kinematic GPS locations and image tie points were used to georeference the images. After an orthorectified mosaic is created, photointerpreters can accurately and reliably delineate boundaries of features in the imagery as they appear on the computer monitor using a software interface such as the Habitat Digitizer.

This project is a cooperative effort among the National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment; the University of Hawaii; and Analytical Laboratories of Hawaii, LLC. The goal of the work was to develop coral reef mapping methods and compare benthic habitat maps generated by photointerpreting georeferenced color aerial photography, hyperspectral and IKONOS satellite imagery. The enhanced spectral resolution of hyperspectral and control of bandwidths of multispectral data yield an advantage over color aerial photography particularly when coral health and time series analysis of coral reef community structure are of interest. Depending on the type of instrument, a spectral imaging system can be utilized to see multiple colors from ultraviolet through the far infrared range. The AURORA hyperspectral imaging system collected 72 ten nm bands in the visible and near infrared spectral range with a 3 meter pixel resolution. The data was processed to select band widths, which optimized feature detection in shallow and deep water. Photointerpreters can accurately and reliably delineate boundaries of features in the imagery as they appear on the computer monitor using a software interface such as the Habitat Digitizer.

Habitat maps of the main Hawaiian Islands were created by visual interpretation of aerial photos and hyperspectral imagery using the Habitat Digitizer extension. Aerial photographs are valuable tools for natural resource managers and researchers since they provide an excellent record of the location and extent of habitats. However, spatial distortions in aerial photographs due to such factors as camera angle, lens characteristics, and relief displacement must be accounted for during analysis to prevent incorrect measurements of area, distance, and other spatial parameters. These distortions of scale within an image can be removed through orthorectification. During orthorectification, digital scans of aerial photos are subjected to algorithms that eliminate each source of spatial distortion. The result is a georeferenced digital mosaic of several photographs with uniform scale throughout the mosaic. Features near land are generally georeferenced with greater accuracy while the accuracy of features away from land is generally not as good. Where no land is in the original photographic frame only kinematic GPS locations and image tie points were used to georeference the images. After an orthorectified mosaic is created, photointerpreters can accurately and reliably delineate boundaries of features in the imagery as they appear on the computer monitor using a software interface such as the Habitat Digitizer.

Habitat maps of the main Hawaiian Islands were created by visual interpretation of aerial photos and hyperspectral imagery using the Habitat Digitizer extension. Aerial photographs are valuable tools for natural resource managers and researchers since they provide an excellent record of the location and extent of habitats. However, spatial distortions in aerial photographs due to such factors as camera angle, lens characteristics, and relief displacement must be accounted for during analysis to prevent incorrect measurements of area, distance, and other spatial parameters. These distortions of scale within an image can be removed through orthorectification. During orthorectification, digital scans of aerial photos are subjected to algorithms that eliminate each source of spatial distortion. The result is a georeferenced digital mosaic of several photographs with uniform scale throughout the mosaic. Features near land are generally georeferenced with greater accuracy while the accuracy of features away from land is generally not as good. Where no land is in the original photographic frame only kinematic GPS locations and image tie points were used to georeference the images. After an orthorectified mosaic is created, photointerpreters can accurately and reliably delineate boundaries of features in the imagery as they appear on the computer monitor using a software interface such as the Habitat Digitizer.

Habitat maps of the main Hawaiian Islands were created by visual interpretation of aerial photos and hyperspectral imagery using the Habitat Digitizer extension. Aerial photographs are valuable tools for natural resource managers and researchers since they provide an excellent record of the location and extent of habitats. However, spatial distortions in aerial photographs due to such factors as camera angle, lens characteristics, and relief displacement must be accounted for during analysis to prevent incorrect measurements of area, distance, and other spatial parameters. These distortions of scale within an image can be removed through orthorectification. During orthorectification, digital scans of aerial photos are subjected to algorithms that eliminate each source of spatial distortion. The result is a georeferenced digital mosaic of several photographs with uniform scale throughout the mosaic. Features near land are generally georeferenced with greater accuracy while the accuracy of features away from land is generally not as good. Where no land is in the original photographic frame only kinematic GPS locations and image tie points were used to georeference the images. After an orthorectified mosaic is created, photointerpreters can accurately and reliably delineate boundaries of features in the imagery as they appear on the computer monitor using a software interface such as the Habitat Digitizer.

This WorldView-2 image of the east coast of Heard Island was collected on 23 Dec. 2010. (Satellite Image Catalogue id=2262 and 2263) The 0.5 m resolution panchromatic band and 2 m resolution multispectral bands were separately orthorectified and two separate image tiles were mosaiced.

The images are the result of a rigorous orthorectification of the panchromatic band and eight multispectral bands of the two WorldView-2 images. The images were orthorectified with the TerraSAR-X DEM acquired in Oct 2009. The digital elevation model used in the orthrectification is described by the metadata record 'A Digital Elevation Model of Heard Island derived from TerraSAR satellite imagery' - Entry ID: heard_dem_terrasar

The orthorectification of the two Worldview-2 image tiles was carried out in ENVI 4.8. No GCPs were used for the orthorectification process given the very high absolute accuracy of the RPC positioning of WorldView-2. Previously problems were encountered (significant geometric errors) with orthorectification of IKONOS 2004 imagery with DGPS GCPs collected by Dr Jenny Scott. The current orthorectification is considered more accurate given the high absolute spatial accuracy of WorldView-2 (CE90 = 3.5 m) and the more detailed TerraSAR-X DEM of Heard Island. The resulting image is considered a base image for subsequent geometric processing and co-registration of other images (e.g. IKONOS image acquired in 2004 for change detection).

The two tiles were mosaiced along a manually digitised cutline in ENVI. For a more detailed description of this process we refer to the report available for download from the provided URL.

Personnel involved with this dataset.
Dr Arko Lucieer (principal investigator)
Iain Clarke (research assistant: geometric corrections)
Desiree Treichler (research assistant: radiometric and atmospheric corrections)

description: Habitat maps of the main Hawaiian Islands were created by visual interpretation of aerial photos and hyperspectral imagery using the Habitat Digitizer extension. Aerial photographs are valuable tools for natural resource managers and researchers since they provide an excellent record of the location and extent of habitats. However, spatial distortions in aerial photographs due to such factors as camera angle, lens characteristics, and relief displacement must be accounted for during analysis to prevent incorrect measurements of area, distance, and other spatial parameters. These distortions of scale within an image can be removed through orthorectification. During orthorectification, digital scans of aerial photos are subjected to algorithms that eliminate each source of spatial distortion. The result is a georeferenced digital mosaic of several photographs with uniform scale throughout the mosaic. Features near land are generally georeferenced with greater accuracy while the accuracy of features away from land is generally not as good. Where no land is in the original photographic frame only kinematic GPS locations and image tie points were used to georeference the images. After an orthorectified mosaic is created, photointerpreters can accurately and reliably delineate boundaries of features in the imagery as they appear on the computer monitor using a software interface such as the Habitat Digitizer.; abstract: Habitat maps of the main Hawaiian Islands were created by visual interpretation of aerial photos and hyperspectral imagery using the Habitat Digitizer extension. Aerial photographs are valuable tools for natural resource managers and researchers since they provide an excellent record of the location and extent of habitats. However, spatial distortions in aerial photographs due to such factors as camera angle, lens characteristics, and relief displacement must be accounted for during analysis to prevent incorrect measurements of area, distance, and other spatial parameters. These distortions of scale within an image can be removed through orthorectification. During orthorectification, digital scans of aerial photos are subjected to algorithms that eliminate each source of spatial distortion. The result is a georeferenced digital mosaic of several photographs with uniform scale throughout the mosaic. Features near land are generally georeferenced with greater accuracy while the accuracy of features away from land is generally not as good. Where no land is in the original photographic frame only kinematic GPS locations and image tie points were used to georeference the images. After an orthorectified mosaic is created, photointerpreters can accurately and reliably delineate boundaries of features in the imagery as they appear on the computer monitor using a software interface such as the Habitat Digitizer.

The Australian Antarctic Data Centre (AADC) has GeoEye-1 satellite imagery of northern Macquarie Island, captured 10 October 2011. The satellite provides panchromatic imagery with 0.41 metre resolution and multispectral imagery with 1.65 metre resolution.

The panchromatic and multispectral bands were orthorectified using the RPC data files and the AADC's 5 metre resolution Digital Elevation Model of the island (see metadata record 'Macquarie Island AIRSAR DEM (Digital Elevation Model)', Entry ID: macca_dem_gis). The RPC orthorectification process works on a pixel-by-pixel basis to provide correct ground locations. The orthorectified image files are called GE_10Oct2011_pan_orc and GE_10Oct2011_ms_orc. These two images were then pansharpened using Gram-Schmidt spectral sharpening, the resulting image is called GE_10Oct2011_ps_orc.

The processing was done by Angela Bender of the AADC using IDL/ENVI version 4.8. The DEM was unprojected before the orthorectifications were done as ENVI version 4.8 requires a DEM, if used, to be unprojected.
Ground control points compiled by Angela Bender for the area covered by the image are provided (see a Related URL) but were not used in the orthorectification process. The ground control points were sourced from the AADC's survey control database and topographic data. The ground control points could be used for future orthorectifications.

The pansharpened image could be coregistered with an orthorectified Quickbird image captured 15 March 2005 (see metadata record 'Macquarie Island Quickbird Image (15 March 2005) orthorectification', Entry ID: Macquarie_Quickbird_15Mar2005) using 'image to image' transformation.
If this was done, the ground control points mentioned above could be used as a check of the coregistration. They could also be used to get an error estimate of the orthorectified Quickbird image.

These IKONOS images of the east coast of Heard Island were acquired on the 17th and 25th of January 2004. These images have been used in project AAS2939 as the baseline for analysis and change detection of very high resolution satellite imagery of Heard Island. These IKONOS images provide one of the first high-resolution satellite images of Heard Island and the acquisition dates coincides with the 2004 ANARE expedition. Several attempts have been made to accurately orthorectify these images. The current images are the most recent attempt based on: a) Co-registration to accurately orthorectified WorldView-2 imagery acquired on 23 Dec 2010 b) Use of a recent and detailed digital elevation model (DEM) acquired by TerraSAR-X for orthorectification. The digital elevation model used in the orthrectification is described by the metadata record 'A Digital Elevation Model of Heard Island derived from TerraSAR satellite imagery'. Entry ID: heard_dem_terrasar

A detailed processing report is provided in the attached document (available for download at the provided URL).

The two images (17 and 25 Jan 2004) were mosaicked and used as a single image. The third image of the spit was left out of the processing given the size increase of the image and the limited land area.

The content of the directories is as follows: IKONOS_JAN2004_multi: 4m resolution multispectral bands co-registered to the orthorectified WorldView-2 image (23 DEC 2010) using matching ground control points and a triangulation transformation. IKONOS_JAN2004_pan: 1m panchromatic image co-registered to the WorldView-2 image (23 DEC 2010) IKONOS_JAN2004_pan_sharpened: orthorectified and co-registered panchromatic and multispectral image mosaics in the above directories were used for pansharpening using the Gramm Schmidt fusion algorithm, resulting in a 1m resolution multispectral image.

This metadata record supersedes SIC_266_267_georectification, which describes an earlier orthorectification of the same imagery.

The Australian Antarctic Data Centre (AADC) has WorldView-2 satellite imagery, of the Cape Poinsett area, Budd Coast, Antarctica, captured 2 November 2013.

The panchromatic and multispectral bands were orthorectified using the RPC data files. The orthorectified image files are called WV_2Nov2013_pan_orc and WV_2Nov2013_ms_orc. These two images were then pansharpened using Gram-Schmidt spectral sharpening, the resulting image is called WV_2Nov2013_ps_orc.

The processing was done by Angela Bender of the AADC using IDL/ENVI version 4.8.

WorldView-2 geometric accuracy specification is 6.5 m CE90, with predicted performance in the range of 4.6 to 10.7 m (15 to 35 feet) CE90.

Given that there were no accurate ground control points or digital elevation models available within the image area it was decided that the orthorectification be carried out using the fast mode orthorectification process which derives a model from the RPC co-efficients.

Rational polynomial coefficients (RPCs) model the ground-to-image relationship as a third-order, rational, ground-to-image polynomial. The RPC orthorectification process works on a pixel-by-pixel basis to provide correct ground locations, so it can take a significant amount of processing time. An alternative method to the standard RPC orthorectification is a "fast mode" orthorectification. This method works by sacrificing accuracy for speed, since processing time is much faster but the results are slightly less accurate. Instead of solving the RPC equation for each pixel, the fast mode orthorectification solves for a grid of points spaced throughout the image and triangulates a warp between the points.

This approach assumes that the geometric accuracy of the WorldView-2 image based on its RPC and attitude information is more accurate than a polynomial correction based on inaccurate ground control points. In this orthorectification approach the image is assumed to be in the correct location (at sea level) and topographic relief distortions are not removed.

The ESA Orthorectified Map-oriented (Level 1) Products collection is composed of MOS-1/1B MESSR (Multi-spectral Electronic Self-Scanning Radiometer) data products generated as part of the MOS Bulk Processing Campaign using the MOS Processor v3.02. The products are available in GeoTIFF format and disseminated within EO-SIP packaging. Please refer to the MOS Product Format Specification for further details. The collection consists of data products of the following type: MES_GEC_1P: Geocoded Ellipsoid GCP Corrected Level 1 MOS-1/1B MESSR products which are the default products generated by the MOS MESSR processor in all cases (where possible), with usage of the latest set of Landsat improved GCP (Ground Control Points). These are orthorectified map-oriented products, corresponding to the old MOS-1/1B MES_ORT_1P products with geolocation improvements. MESSR Instrument Characteristics Band Wavelength Range (nm) Spatial Resolution (m) Swath Width (km) 1 (VIS) 510 – 690 50 100 2 (VIS) 610 – 690 50 100 3 (NIR) 720 – 800 50 100 4 (NIR) 800 – 1100 50 100

Habitat maps of the main Hawaiian Islands were created by visual interpretation of aerial photos and hyperspectral imagery using the Habitat Digitizer extension. Aerial photographs are valuable tools for natural resource managers and researchers since they provide an excellent record of the location and extent of habitats. However, spatial distortions in aerial photographs due to such factors as camera angle, lens characteristics, and relief displacement must be accounted for during analysis to prevent incorrect measurements of area, distance, and other spatial parameters. These distortions of scale within an image can be removed through orthorectification. During orthorectification, digital scans of aerial photos are subjected to algorithms that eliminate each source of spatial distortion. The result is a georeferenced digital mosaic of several photographs with uniform scale throughout the mosaic. Features near land are generally georeferenced with greater accuracy while the accuracy of features away from land is generally not as good. Where no land is in the original photographic frame only kinematic GPS locations and image tie points were used to georeference the images. After an orthorectified mosaic is created, photointerpreters can accurately and reliably delineate boundaries of features in the imagery as they appear on the computer monitor using a software interface such as the Habitat Digitizer.

The WorldView-1 image of Heard Island (23 March 2008) that was purchased by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD) and the University of Tasmania (UTAS) in June 2008 has to be geometrically corrected to match the Quickbird and IKONOS imagery in the Australian Antarctic Data Centre (AADC) satellite image catalogue. In addition, the WorldView-1 imagery contains two separate image strips that cover the whole island. These strips were acquired at slightly different times from different angles during the satellite overpass. The discrepancy in acquisition angle has resulted in a geometric offset between the two image strips. These two image strips were orthorectified with a 10 m RADARSAT DEM (2002). The orthorectified images were then merged into a single image mosaic for the whole island.

This work was completed as part of ASAC project 2939 (ASAC_2939).

The orthorectification of the QuickBird image (17 January 2003, SIC 253) was done as part of the Heard Island AAS2939 project (Lucieer et al. in Jan - June 2008). This QuickBird image was orthorectified and co-registered to the IKONOS Jan. 2004 image (metadata ID: SIC_266_267_georectification). All processing was done in ENVI 4.4 (https://esriaustralia.com.au/envi).

White balanced 8 bit RGB images orthorectified and output onto a fixed, uniform spatial grid using nearest neighbor resampling to a 10 cm spatial resolution.

The Terra Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Digital Elevation Model and Orthorectified Registered Radiance at the Sensor (AST14DMO) product form a multi-file product. The product contains both a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and up to 15 orthorectified images representing Visible and Near Infrared (VNIR), Shortwave Infrared (SWIR), and Thermal Infrared (TIR) data layers, if acquired.For more information, see the links below: AST14DEM AST14OTHThe ASTER Digital Elevation Model and Orthorectified Registered Radiance at the Sensor data product is only available through NASA's Earthdata Search. The ASTER Order Instructions provide step-by-step directions for ordering this product.Known Issues Users are advised that ASTER SWIR data acquired from April 2008 to the present exhibit anomalous saturation of values and anomalous striping. This effect is also present for some prior acquisition periods. Please refer to the ASTER SWIR User Advisory for more details. Data acquisition gaps: On November 28, 2024, one of Terra's power-transmitting shunt units failed. As a result, there was insufficient power to maintain functionality of the ASTER instrument. ASTER resumed acquisitions for the VNIR bands on January 18, 2025, and for the TIR bands on April 15, 2025. Users should note the data gap in ASTER acquisitions from November 28, 2024, through January 16, 2025, for VNIR observations, and a gap from November 28, 2024, through April 15, 2025, for TIR acquisitions.Improvements/Changes from Previous Version As of January 2021, the LP DAAC has implemented version 3.0 of the Sensor Information Laboratory Corporation ASTER DEM/Ortho (SILCAST) software, which is used to generate the Level 2 on-demand ASTER Orthorectified and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) products (AST14). The updated software provides digital elevation extraction and orthorectification from ASTER L1A input data without needing to enter ground control points or depending on external global DEMs at 30-arc-second resolution (GTOPO30). It utilizes the ephemeris and attitude data derived from both the ASTER instrument and the Terra spacecraft platform. The outputs are geoid height-corrected and waterbodies are automatically detected in this version. Users will notice differences between AST14DEM, AST14DMO, and AST14OTH products ordered before January 2021 (generated with SILCAST V1) and those generated with the updated version of the production software (version 3.0). Differences may include slight elevation changes over different surface types, including waterbodies. Differences have also been observed over cloudy portions of ASTER scenes. Additional information on SILCAST version 3.0 can be found on the SILCAST website. Starting June 23, 2021, radiometric calibration coefficient Version 5 (RCC V5) will be applied to newly observed ASTER data and archived ASTER data products. Details regarding RCC V5 are described in the following journal article. * Tsuchida, S., Yamamoto, H., Kouyama, T., Obata, K., Sakuma, F., Tachikawa, T., Kamei, A., Arai, K., Czapla-Myers, J.S., Biggar, S.F., and Thome, K.J., 2020, Radiometric Degradation Curves for the ASTER VNIR Processing Using Vicarious and Lunar Calibrations: Remote Sensing, v. 12, no. 3, at https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030427.

High resolution orthorectified images combine the image characteristics of an aerial photograph with the geometric qualities of a map. An orthoimage is a uniform-scale image where corrections have been made for feature displacement such as building tilt and for scale variations caused by terrain relief, sensor geometry, and camera tilt. A mathematical equation based on ground control points, sensor calibration information, and a digital elevation model is applied to each pixel to rectify the image to obtain the geometric qualities of a map.

A digital orthoimage may be created from several photographs mosaicked to form the final image. The source imagery may be black-and-white, natural color, or color infrared with a pixel resolution of 1-meter or finer. With orthoimagery, the resolution refers to the distance on the ground represented by each pixel.

The Terra Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Orthorectified Registered Radiance at the Sensor (AST14OTH) products contain imagery transformed from a perspective projection to an orthogonal one. An orthorectified image possesses the geometric characteristics of a map with near-vertical views for every location. These products are terrain corrected, provide radiometrically calibrated radiance, and are mapped to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system.

The inputs include the following: an ASTER Level 1A Reconstructed Unprocessed Instrument dataset; georeferencing information from the ASTER instrument's and Terra platform's ephemeris and attitude data; and an ASTER-derived digital elevation model (DEM). The output product includes fifteen orthorectified ASTER Level 1B calibrated radiance images, one per band, as listed below.

The ASTER Orthorectified Registered Radiance at the Sensor data product is only available through NASA's Earthdata Search. The ASTER Order Instructions provide step-by-step directions for ordering this product.

Known Issues * Users are advised that ASTER SWIR data acquired from April 2008 to the present exhibit anomalous saturation of values and anomalous striping. This effect is also present for some prior acquisition periods. Please refer to the ASTER SWIR User Advisory for more details. * Data acquisition gaps: On November 28, 2024, one of Terra's power-transmitting shunt units failed. As a result, there was insufficient power to maintain functionality of the ASTER instrument. ASTER resumed acquisitions for the VNIR bands on January 18, 2025, and for the TIR bands on April 15, 2025. Users should note the data gap in ASTER acquisitions from November 28, 2024, through January 16, 2025, for VNIR observations, and a gap from November 28, 2024, through April 15, 2025, for TIR acquisitions.

Improvements/Changes from Previous Version * As of January 2021, the LP DAAC has implemented version 3.0 of the Sensor Information Laboratory Corporation ASTER DEM/Ortho (SILCAST) software, which is used to generate the Level 2 on-demand ASTER Orthorectified and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) products (AST14). The updated software provides digital elevation extraction and orthorectification from ASTER L1A input data without needing to enter ground control points or depending on external global DEMs at 30-arc-second resolution (GTOPO30). It utilizes the ephemeris and attitude data derived from both the ASTER instrument and the Terra spacecraft platform. The outputs are geoid height-corrected and waterbodies are automatically detected in this version. Users will notice differences between AST14DEM, AST14DMO, and AST14OTH products ordered before January 2021 (generated with SILCAST V1) and those generated with the updated version of the production software (version 3.0). Differences may include slight elevation changes over different surface types, including waterbodies. Differences have also been observed over cloudy portions of ASTER scenes. Additional information on SILCAST version 3.0 can be found on the SILCAST website. * In addition to the recent SILCAST upgrade from Version 1.0 to 3.0, on March 18, 2021, the LP DAAC updated the Interactive Data Language (IDL) software used in the processing system from 8.7.0 to 8.8.0. As a result, users may notice minor and isolated differences in the output files produced for this product in bands 1 – 3(B/N) when comparing output files produced before and after the updates. * Starting June 23, 2021, radiometric calibration coefficient Version 5 (RCC V5) will be applied to newly observed ASTER data and archived ASTER data products. Details regarding RCC V5 are described in the following journal article. * Tsuchida, S., Yamamoto, H., Kouyama, T., Obata, K., Sakuma, F., Tachikawa, T., Kamei, A., Arai, K., Czapla-Myers, J.S., Biggar, S.F., and Thome, K.J., 2020, Radiometric Degradation Curves for the ASTER VNIR Processing Using Vicarious and Lunar Calibrations: Remote Sensing, v. 12, no. 3, at https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030427.

Pocatello, Idaho historical orthomosaic for 1963 was created by collecting, scanning, merging and georectifying historic photography of Pocatello. The total spatial error is less than 1 meter. These historical orthomosaic images were derived using SfM (Structure-from-motion photogrammetry). SfM uses a series of overlapping images aligned to form a 3D representation. Classification resulted in raster and vector data with discrete classes grouped into objects located in the urban corridor of Pocatello. High-resolution aerial photography of the Pocatello area was provided by Valley Air Photos and the Idaho State Historical Society for 1963. All images were transferred from a traditional 9x9 photograph and scanned at a 1210 dpi resolution. (Date: 09/04/1963, Scale: 1:12,000, Total GSD [GSD = photo scale x scanning resolution]: 52, Scanned resolution: 11432x11241 1210 dpi). The general workflow for processing was as follows: Image collection, image pre-processing combined with gps positioning and differential correction. Photo alignment, point cloud generation, point cloud meshing, orthomosaic and DSM (Digital Surface Models) output. Photos were aligned using Agisoft Photoscan. Focal lengths for data sets were 152mm. GPS points were collected for ground truthing. Photo alignment, dense cloud, and mesh generation using ground control points, resulted in orthomosaics and DSMs (Digital Surface Models) for time periods. Orthomosaics were produced at a fine scale spatial resolution: .25m resolution in all cases except the final year at .5m due to differences in scale of the original imagery. Each orthomosaic and DEM was outputted at .5 m and 1 m resolution respectively, in order to maintain continuity between data sets. See Brock Lipple Thesis, 2015 for more information about the scanning and merging process.Data are sourced from: https://data.nkn.uidaho.edu/dataset/pocatello-idaho-historic-orthoimagery-1963-1-meter-resolution Please cite as: Delparte, D., & Lipple, B. (2016). Pocatello, Idaho Historic Orthoimagery for 1963 (~1 meter resolution) [Data set]. University of Idaho. https://doi.org/10.7923/G4SF2T3PIndividual image tiles can be downloaded using the Idaho Aerial Imagery Explorer.These data can be bulk downloaded from a web accessible folder.Users should be aware that temporal changes may have occurred since these data were collected and that some parts of these data may no longer represent actual surface conditions. Users should not use these data for critical applications without a full awareness of the limitations of these data as described in the lineage or elsewhere.