This compilation of outgassing data of materials intended for spacecraft use were obtained at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), utilizing equipment developed at Stanford Research Institue (SRI) under contract to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). SRI personnel developed an apparatus for determining the mass loss in vacuum and for collecting the outgassed products. Their report (Reference 1), which contained data from June 1964 to August 1967, served well as a foundation for selecting spacecraft materials with low outgassing properties. The apparatus was also constructed at GSFC and, based on the SRI data and GSFC data, a GSFC report (Reference 2) was published. That report included data for those materials meeting two criteria: a maximum total mass loss (TML) of 1.0 percent and maximum collected volatile condensable material (CVCM) of 0.10 percent. After a series of tests and verification of procedures, an American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method was developed, based upon this apparatus. The method, 'Total Mass Loss (TML) and Collected Volatile Condensable Materials (CVCM) from Outgassing in a Vacuum Environment,' is identified as E 595-77/84/90. The data developed through the years have been reported in References 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 as a means of assisting in selecting materials for space flight use.

This tenth compilation of outgassing data of materials intended for spacecraft use supersedes Reference Publication 1124, Revision 3, September 1993. The data were obtained at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), utilizing equipment developed at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) under contract to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).

This tenth compilation of outgassing data of materials intended for spacecraft use supersedes Reference Publication 1124, Revision 3, September 1993. The data were obtained at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), utilizing equipment developed at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) under contract to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).

Analysis of ‘Outgassing Db’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/2410a8c5-b20f-4c55-b69c-b510c5935902 on 28 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

This tenth compilation of outgassing data of materials intended for spacecraft use supersedes Reference Publication 1124, Revision 3, September 1993. The data were obtained at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), utilizing equipment developed at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) under contract to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

Simulation data on the influence of gas molecules generated by spacecraft surface outgassing and attitude control operations on in situ atmospheric mass spectrometry

It is commonly thought that volcanic glass only records volatile loss during the eruptions in the Moon. However, our recent work shows that Na, K and Cu (moderately volatile elements) in lunar 74220 orange glass beads are enriched near the bead surfaces and depleted in the bead interiors, forming an overall “U-shaped” profile. The “U-shaped” profile means that rather than being “lost” into space, Na, K and Cu were “gained” into the volcanic glass during the eruption, which is contrary to the “volatile loss” story. Three different instruments (EMP, SIMS and LA-ICP-MS) were used to verify the discovery. We propose that such U-shaped Na, K and Cu profiles were formed by initial outgassing and subsequent in-gassing of Na, K and Cu when the beads were flying from the vent onto the surface through the cooling volcanic gas plume. Hence, in-gassing and the formation of surface coatings are two processes that are genetically linked during the pyroclastic eruption and evolution of the gas cloud. To quantify the processes that formed the U-shaped profiles, we developed a diffusion and surface-equilibrium model using available literature data on Na and Cu diffusivity in basaltic melts. The model reproduced U-shaped Na and Cu concentration profiles with outgassing at high temperature and subsequent in-gassing as beads cooled. By fitting the measured Na and Cu profiles, we found that the cooling time scales of individual orange glass beads range from 48 to 179 s. This is the first time that both outgassing and in-gassing were modeled and the cooling time scales of individual 74220 volcanic orange glass beads were estimated. The discovery of the U-shaped profiles of moderately volatile elements inside volcanic beads provides significant constraints on partial pressures of relevant volcanic gas species in the eruption plume.

Two methods are used on the Eastern Gas Shales Project to measure the gas volume of encapsulated shale samples. The direct method measures pressure and volume and is initiated almost immediately upon encapsulation of the sample. A second method measures pressure, volume, and composition, and is initiated after pressure is allowed to build up over several weeks. A combination of the two methods has been used on selected samples, and yields more data as it allows extrapolation to account for gas lost prior to encapsulation. The stratigraphic horizons, characterized by dark shales with high organic and high carbon content and a relatively high gamma ray intensity of 200+ API units also have high gas contents (relative to other units within the same well). The Lower Huron, Rhinestreet, and Marcellus Shales are high in gas content relative to other stratigraphic units at the same sites. The difference in gas content of the same stratigraphic horizon between well sites appears to be controlled by the thermal maturity. Kinetic studies have shown that, in some samples, significant amounts of gas are released after the time when the gas volume would be initially measured. Additional work needs to be performed to determine why the rates and volume of gas released vary between samples.

Our recent investigations have discovered inward diffusion (in-gassing) of moderately volatile elements (MVEs; e.g., Na, K and Cu) from volcanic gas into volcanic beads/droplets. In this work, we examine the distribution of sulfur in lunar orange glass beads. Our analyses reveal that sulfur exhibits a non-uniform distribution across the beads, forming "U" or "W" shaped profiles typical of in-gassing. A model developed to assess sulfur contributions from different sources (original magmatic sulfur versus atmospheric in-gassed sulfur) in the orange beads indicates that atmospheric sulfur in-gassed during eruption contributes approximately 9–24% to the total sulfur content of an orange bead, averaging around 16%. This in-gassed sulfur is derived from the eruption plume, where atmospheric sulfur could undergo photochemical reactions induced by UV light, leading to mass independent fractionation and a distinct sulfur isotope signature. Interestingly, a recent study discovered a small mass independent isotope fractionation of sulfur in lunar orange glass beads in drive tube 74002/1 and a lack of such mass independent isotope fractionation in black glass beads in the same lunar sample. This finding contrasts with sulfur in lunar basalts, which typically exhibit mass dependent fractionation. With our work, the observed mass independent fractionation signal in sulfur isotopes of orange beads can be attributed to the in-gassing of photolytic sulfur in the optically thin part of the eruption plume where UV light can penetrate. Using the sulfur isotope data of lunar orange beads, we estimate that the Δ33S value of atmospheric sulfur is approximately −0.18‰. Our study provides new insights into the complex dynamics of volatile elements in lunar volcanic processes, highlighting the role of in-gassing in shaping sulfur isotope signatures in volcanic glass beads.

This repository contains the data necessary to reproduce the results of the manuscript: "Timing of a future glaciation in view of anthropogenic climate change" Preprint on EarthArXiv: https://doi.org/10.31223/X5P72S

Data organization:

The Zenodo upload is organized as the following inside of results.zip:

Data analysis and figure generation are given by the "*.pynb" and "*.m" files

Data files as NetCDF output are organized with the following structure inside of data:

Data on the equilibrium experiments used to calibrate the weathering rates at the pre-industrial and the last glacial maximum are included in equilibrium_weathering

The emissions functions are located in emission_functions

Experiment: PIeq, PIeq_fix, LGCeq, LGCeq_ice, LGCeq_m05, LGCeq_m10, LGCeq_p05, and LGCeq_p10

Emissions scenario: 0gtc, 500gtc, 1000gtc, 2000gtc, 3000gtc, 4000gtc, and 5000gtc

Component: atmosphere (atm), land surface (lnd_surf), sea ice (sic), biogeochemistry (bgc), ocean (ocn), and ice sheets (e.g., geo_ts.nc/geo_hires_cut*.nc/ice_NH-32KM_ts.nc/smb_NH-32KM.nc)

File type: for each component, files can be divided into timeseries (_ts.nc) or 2D data with a 1 kyr output frequency (.nc)

Note: due to size constraints of the Zenodo repository, only 2D spatial data used to create figures in the main text or extended data are available. For example, only 2D spatial data of the ice sheets between the years 40-60 kyr AP are available. However, this is not an exhaustive dataset. For inquiries regarding additional data, please contact the corresponding author to explore potential availability.

Supplementary datasets 1-4 and code for the numerical conduit model. Also provided is the code used to calculate tortuosity and throat-pore size ratio for datasets obtained using X-ray computed microtomography. The magma ascent model used in this study has been adapted from the MAMMA model available on GitHub: https://github.com/demichie/MAMMA. The main author of the code is Mattia de’ Michieli Vitturi. This version of the code has been developed by Giuseppe La Spina and Emily Bamber.

Description:

The data included in this repository were used to generate the analysis and resulting figures for the paper "Storms drive outgassing of CO₂ in the subpolar Southern Ocean" in Nature Communications.

Abstract:

"The subpolar Southern Ocean is a critical region where CO₂ outgassing influences the global mean air-sea CO₂ flux (F_CO2). However, the processes controlling the outgassing remain elusive. We show, using an unprecedented multi-glider dataset combining F_CO2 and ocean turbulence, that the air-sea gradient of CO2 (∆pCO₂) is modulated by synoptic storm-driven ocean variability (20 µatm, 1-10 days) through two processes. Ekman transport explains 60% of the variability, and entrainment drives strong episodic CO₂ outgassing events of 2-4 mol m^-2 yr^-1. Extrapolation across the subpolar Southern Ocean using a process model shows how ocean fronts spatially modulate synoptic variability in ∆pCO₂ (6 µatm² average) and how spatial variations in stratification influence synoptic entrainment of deeper carbon into the mixed layer (3.5 mol m^-2 yr^-1 average). These results not only constrain aliased-driven uncertainties in F_CO2 but also the effects of synoptic variability on slower seasonal or longer ocean physics-carbon dynamics."

In this study, we first use a two-month dataset from the Southern Ocean Seasonal Cycle Experiment (SOSCEx) which utilised multiple autonomous platforms to simultaneously observe the coupled atmosphere - ocean system, in high-resolution, in the Atlantic sector of the subpolar Southern Ocean. Corresponding processed data for this experiment used by this study is provided in the folder /Data/SOSCEx_STORM2_Glider_Data.

Using these data we explain how storms influence, through ocean mixed layer physics (advection and mixing), the direction and magnitude of the air-sea CO₂ gradient (∆pCO₂) and flux (F_CO2) over the duration of the experiment. We construct a conceptual ocean mixed layer model that captures the observed synoptic variability of ∆pCO₂ in the observations, we estimate the synoptic variability around the entire subpolar Southern Ocean. The relating data for this second step can be found under /Data/Generalisation

Related code:

The data files provided are those that are required to create the figures for this study and/or perform key analyses. Each figure or analysis has an associated python script. Auxiliary data that are not provided in this repository are available in other public repositories and have been referred to in the main study manuscript and in each of the python scripts where they are used. The python scripts for this study are found at the corresponding authors GitHub at https://github.com/sarahnicholson/SouthernOceanStormsCO2.

Timeseries of volcanic gas concentrations obtained by a drone-mounted multi-GAS sensor payload at Villarrica Volcano, Chile (20 March 2018). All concentrations are expressed in ppmv. Data have been corrected for differences in sensor response time using Ratiocalc software.

This Phase I program proposes to synthesize novel nanoengineered ultra low out gassing elastomers and formulate high temperature capable flexible thermal control coatings as well as adhesives based on the proposed chemistries that are stable in various space environments. We have envisioned nano-engineered clusters and the innovative synthesis of the poly carborane-polysiloxanes, to surpass the performance of the current state of the art and provide the formulations that are space environment stable and can provide radiation hardening and enhanced life long survivability for science mission hardware in space environments. We propose to investigate: (1) Synthesis of high molecular weight ultra low outgassing poly-carborane-siloxanes that are stable and demonstrate for temperatures ≥ 500C. (2) Use of nano-engineered clusters with appropriate cross linker chemistries for tailoring secondary emission properties while providing protection from the irradiation using electron donor compounds. This can help us to employ electron on demand strategy to mitigate the secondary and sustained arcs. (3) Investigations in to: thermal stability thermally induced out-gassing studies, ESD behavior, and space environment simulation of elastomers for the typical GEO and LEO scenarios. These results from this study will guide us to select the promising formulations for the scale up and validation studies in Phase II. Lastly, we have proposed investigations in Boron Nitride Self Assembled Nano Cluster Mesh (BN-SANCs^TM), which may totally change the way we formulate the space stable thermal control material systems for all earth orbits and planetary environment, along with its use in radiation shielding with use of 10BN-SANCs^TM.

This repository contains the data files, analysis Jupyter notebooks and figures from Thompson et al. 2023 "Outgassing Composition of the Murchison Meteorite: Implications for Volatile Depletion of Planetesimals and Interior-Atmosphere Connections for Terrestrial Exoplanets"

The Outgassing Testing Services market plays a crucial role in various industries, including aerospace, automotive, pharmaceuticals, and materials science. Outgassing refers to the release of gas that was trapped, dissolved, or absorbed in a material, and in many applications, it is critical to assess the emission l

Research Data associated with a manuscript entitled "Deciphering a mantle degassing transect related with India-Asia continental convergence from the perspective of volatile origin and outgassing" by Zhang et al.