Household characteristics by occupancy rating (bedrooms), for households with usual residents, England and Wales, Census 2021. Data are available at a national, country, region, local authority district level.

Unequal impact of COVID-19: BAME disproportionality This slide pack covers lived experience of Black, Asian and other or mixed ethnic (BAME) communities regarding the issues they have been facing around overcrowding as a result of covid-19 from Early Help services and VCS.

FOCUSONLONDON2011: HOUSING:AGROWINGCITY With the highest average incomes in the country but the least space to grow, demand for housing in London has long outstripped supply, resulting in higher housing costs and rising levels of overcrowding. The pressures of housing demand in London have grown in recent years, in part due to fewer people leaving London to buy homes in other regions. But while new supply during the recession held up better in London than in other regions, it needs to increase significantly in order to meet housing needs and reduce housing costs to more affordable levels. This edition of Focus on London authored by James Gleeson in the Housing Unit looks at housing trends in London, from the demand/supply imbalance to the consequences for affordability and housing need. PRESENTATION: How much pressure is London’s popularity putting on housing provision in the capital? This interactive presentation looks at the effect on housing pressure of demographic changes, and recent new housing supply, shown by trends in overcrowding and house prices. Click on the start button at the bottom of the slide to access. View Focus on London - Housing: A Growing City on Prezi FACTS: Some interesting facts from the data… ● Five boroughs with the highest proportion of households that have lived at their address for less than 12 months in 2009/10:

This is the first detailed report of findings relating to households from the English housing survey, and builds on results reported in the ‘English housing survey 2008 to 2009: headline report’ published in February 2010 (available on the National Archive).

The ‘English housing survey 2008: housing stock report’ was also published on 27 October 2010.

The report includes the following findings:

• the total number of households in England was 21.5 million in 2008 to 2009, up from 20.2 million in 1999; of these, 68% were owner occupiers, 18% were social renters, and 14% were private renters
• owner-occupation decreased from a peak of 70.9% of households in 2003 to 67.9% in 2008 to 2009; in contrast, the proportion of households renting privately rose from 10.8% to 14.2% over the same period
• 656,000 households (3.0%) were overcrowded, with about a third of these households living in London; overcrowding rates were higher in rented tenures than in owner-occupation: 6.7% of social renters and 5.4% of private renters compared to 1.6% of owner-occupiers
• under-occupancy was highest in the South West and East Midlands (both 40%)
• 61% of households in the private-rented sector worked full time compared with 24% of households in the social-rented sector; however, a much higher proportion of social renters than private renters were retired: 31% compared to 9%
• private renters tended to be younger than social renters: 60% of social renters were aged 45 or over compared with 29% of private renters
• the average weekly rent for households in the private-rented sector was £153, compared with £72 for social renters
• 1.9 million households had moved into their current accommodation in the 12-month period prior to 2008 to 2009, a reduction of 21% compared with the previous year
• of private-renter households, 36% had lived in their home for less than a year, compared with 4% of owner-occupiers and 8% of social renters; over half (54%) of owner-occupiers and 40% of social renters had not moved in the past 10 years; only 11% of private renters had lived in their home for over 10 years
• overall, 87% of households were very or fairly satisfied with their local area and 90% were satisfied with their accommodation, with older householders most likely to express satisfaction

Is one of 7 domains of the IMD, the indicators used in this domain are; - Household overcrowding - District level rate of acceptances under the homelessness provisions of the 1996 Housing Act, assigned to the constituent LSOAs - Difficulty of access to owner-occupation - Road distance to a GP surgery - Road distance to a general store or supermarket - Road distance to a primary school - Road distance to a Post Office or sub post office More information about this domain can be found in Chapter 2, Section 6 of the English Indices of Deprivation 2007 report http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120919132719/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/733520.pdf

The Greater London Authority's ‘Housing in London’ report sets out the evidence base for the Mayor's housing policies, summarising key patterns and trends across a wide range of topics relevant to housing in the capital. The report is the evidence base for the Mayor’s London Housing Strategy, the latest edition of which was published in May 2018. The 2024 edition of Housing in London can be viewed here. It includes monitoring indicators for the London Housing Strategy, and five thematic chapters: Demographic, economic and social context Housing stock and supply Housing costs and affordability Housing needs, including homelessness and overcrowding Mobility and decent homes

FOCUSON**LONDON**2011: HOUSING:A**GROWING**CITY

With the highest average incomes in the country but the least space to grow, demand for housing in London has long outstripped supply, resulting in higher housing costs and rising levels of overcrowding. The pressures of housing demand in London have grown in recent years, in part due to fewer people leaving London to buy homes in other regions. But while new supply during the recession held up better in London than in other regions, it needs to increase significantly in order to meet housing needs and reduce housing costs to more affordable levels.

This edition of Focus on London authored by James Gleeson in the Housing Unit looks at housing trends in London, from the demand/supply imbalance to the consequences for affordability and housing need.

REPORT:

Read the report in PDF format.

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PRESENTATION:

How much pressure is London’s popularity putting on housing provision in the capital? This interactive presentation looks at the effect on housing pressure of demographic changes, and recent new housing supply, shown by trends in overcrowding and house prices. Click on the start button at the bottom of the slide to access.

View Focus on London - Housing: A Growing City on Prezi

HISTOGRAM:

This histogram shows a selection of borough data and helps show areas that are similar to one another by each indicator.

Histogram

MOTION CHART:

This motion chart shows how the relationship, between key housing related indicators at borough level, changes over time.

Motion Chart

MAP:

These interactive borough maps help to geographically present a range of housing data within London, as well as presenting trend data where available.

MAP

DATA:

All the data contained within the Housing: A Growing City report as well as the data used to create the charts and maps can be accessed in this spreadsheet.

FACTS:

Some interesting facts from the data…

● Five boroughs with the highest proportion of households that have lived at their address for less than 12 months in 2009/10:

1. Westminster – 19 per cent
2. Wandsworth – 17 per cent
3. Camden – 16 per cent
4. Lambeth – 14 per cent
5. Southwark – 13 per cent

-31. Harrow – 6 per cent

-32. Havering – 5 per cent

● Five boroughs with the highest percentage point increase between 2004 and 2009 of households in the ‘private rented’ sector:

1. Newham – 17 per cent
2. Greenwich – 11 per cent
3. Enfield – 10 per cent
4. Camden – 9 per cent
5. Harrow – 8 per cent

-32. Islington – 1 per cent

-33. Bexley – 1 per cent

● Five boroughs with the highest percentage difference in median house prices between 2007 Q4 and 2010 Q4:

1. Kensington & Chelsea – 29 per cent
2. Westminster – 19 per cent
3. Camden – 15 per cent
4. Islington – 14 per cent
5. Southwark – 10 per cent

-31. Newham – down 9 per cent

-32. Barking & D’ham – down 9 per cent

This dataset provides Census 2021 estimates that classify households in England and Wales by number that are HMOs by occupancy rating (bedrooms). The estimates are as at Census Day, 21 March 2021.

Improvements to the Census address frame allowed us to accurately list multiple household spaces within the same building. This means the data are more often counted as distinct households within separate dwellings reflecting living arrangements. Read more about this quality notice.

Area type

Census 2021 statistics are published for a number of different geographies. These can be large, for example the whole of England, or small, for example an output area (OA), the lowest level of geography for which statistics are produced.

For higher levels of geography, more detailed statistics can be produced. When a lower level of geography is used, such as output areas (which have a minimum of 100 persons), the statistics produced have less detail. This is to protect the confidentiality of people and ensure that individuals or their characteristics cannot be identified.

Coverage

Census 2021 statistics are published for the whole of England and Wales. Data are also available in these geographic types:

• country - for example, Wales
• region - for example, London
• local authority - for example, Cornwall
• health area – for example, Clinical Commissioning Group
• statistical area - for example, MSOA or LSOA

Households of multiple occupancy (HMO)

A dwelling where unrelated tenants rent their home from a private landlord is a HMO, if both of the following apply:

• at least three unrelated individuals live there, forming more than one household
• toilet, bathroom or kitchen facilities are shared with other tenants

A small HMO is shared by 3 or 4 unrelated tenants. A large HMO is shared by 5 or more unrelated tenants.

Occupancy rating for bedrooms

Whether a household's accommodation is overcrowded, ideally occupied or under-occupied. This is calculated by comparing the number of bedrooms the household requires to the number of available bedrooms.

The number of bedrooms the household requires is calculated according to the Bedroom Standard, where the following should have their own bedroom:

1. adult couple
2. any remaining adult (aged 21 years or over)
3. two males (aged 10 to 20 years)
4. one male (aged 10 to 20 years) and one male (aged 9 years or under), if there are an odd number of males aged 10-20
5. one male aged 10-20 if there are no males aged 0-9 to pair with him.
6. repeat steps 3-5 for females
7. two children (aged 9 years or under) regardless of sex
8. any remaining child (aged 9 years or under)

An occupancy rating of:

• -1 or less implies that a household’s accommodation has fewer bedrooms than required (overcrowded)
• +1 or more implies that a household’s accommodation has more bedrooms than required (under-occupied)
• 0 suggests that a household’s accommodation has an ideal number of bedrooms

Legacy unique identifier: P01088

The Greater London Authority's ‘Housing in London’ report sets out the evidence base for the Mayor's housing policies, summarising key patterns and trends across a wide range of topics relevant to housing in the capital. The report is the evidence base for the Mayor’s London Housing Strategy, the latest edition of which was published in May 2018.

The 2024 edition of Housing in London can be viewed here. It includes monitoring indicators for the London Housing Strategy, and five thematic chapters:

• 1. Demographic, economic and social context
• 2. Housing stock and supply
• 3. Housing costs and affordability
• 4. Housing needs, including homelessness and overcrowding
• 5. Mobility and decent homes

Where possible, the data behind each year's report's charts and maps is made available below.

To provide feedback or request the document in an accessible format, please email housing.analysis@london.gov.uk

DCLG collects information on the number of households with or expecting dependent children, who are, at the end of each quarter, in any of the following types of temporary accommodation: • Bed and Breakfast (B&B) - typically involves the use of privately managed hotels where households share at least some facilities and meals are provided; • Annexe accommodation - is also generally paid on a nightly basis, privately managed but may not be part of a B&B hotel and may not involve shared facilities. A distinction is made on the basis of whether at least some facilities are shared or there is exclusive use of all facilities; • Hostel accommodation - hostels assumes shared accommodation, owned or leased and managed by either a local authority, housing association or non-profit making organisation; includes reception centres and emergency units; • Private sector accommodation - dwellings may be leased from the private sector, either directly, or by a local authority or a Registered Social Landlord; • Other - includes mobile homes, such as caravans, ‘demountables’, ‘portacabins’ and ‘transposables.’ The last 20 years have seen a rapid increase in homelessness, with the numbers of officially homeless families peaking in the early 1990s. In 1997 102,000 were statutory homeless, i.e. they met the definition of homelessness laid down in the 1977 Housing (Homeless Persons) Act. Other homeless people included rough sleepers - those without any accommodation at all - and hostel users. In 1997, fifty eight per cent of statutory homeless households had dependent children, and a further 10 per cent had a pregnant household member, compared to 51% and 10% respectively in 2003. Poor housing environments contribute to ill health through poor amenities, shared facilities and overcrowding, inadequate heating or energy inefficiency. The highest risks to health in housing are attached to cold, damp and mouldy conditions. In addition, those in very poor housing, such as homeless hostels and bedsits, are more likely to suffer from poor mental and physical health than those whose housing is of higher quality. People living in temporary accommodation of the bed and breakfast kind have high rates of some infections and skin conditions and children have high rates of accidents. Living in such conditions engenders stress in the parents and impairs normal child development through lack of space for safe play and exploration. Whilst cause and effect are hard to determine, at the very least homelessness prevents the resolution of associated health problems. Legacy unique identifier: P01088

This dataset provides detailed information on the 2019 Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) for Birmingham, UK. The data is available at the postcode level and includes the Lower Layer Super Output Area (LSOA) information.Data is provided at the LSOA 2011 Census geography.The decile score ranges from 1-10 with decile 1 representing the most deprived 10% of areas while decile 10 representing the least deprived 10% of areas.The IMD rank and decile score is allocated to the LSOA and all postcodes within it at the time of creation (2019).Note that some postcodes cross over LSOA boundaries. The Office for National Statistics sets boundaries for LSOAs and allocates every postcode to one LSOA only: this is the one which contains the majority of residents in that postcode area (as at 2011 Census).

The English Indices of Deprivation 2019 provide detailed measures of relative deprivation across small areas in England. The Barriers to Housing and Services dataset is a key component of this index, measuring the physical and financial accessibility of housing and local services. This dataset includes indicators such as household overcrowding, homelessness, housing affordability, and the distance to key services like primary schools, general stores, and GP surgeries. It helps identify areas where residents face significant barriers to accessing adequate housing and essential services, guiding policy interventions and resource allocation to improve living conditions and accessibility.

This dataset provides Census 2022 estimates for Occupancy rating in the unit of occupied households in Scotland.

Occupancy rating

This variable calculates the difference between the actual number of bedrooms and the required number of bedrooms for the household.

The number of bedrooms required in each household is calculated using the bedroom standard which was introduced in the Housing (Overcrowding) Bill 46 (2003)

The bedroom standard indicates that for each household, each of the following groups or individuals requires a separate bedroom:

• any couple
• any person aged 21 years or more
• two people of the same sex aged between 10 and 20
• two children (whether of the same sex or not) under 10 years
• two people of the same sex where one person is aged between 10 years and 20 years and the other is aged less than 10 years
• any further person who cannot be paired appropriately.

An occupancy rating of -1 implies that a household has one fewer bedroom than required, whereas +1 implies that they have one more bedroom than required.

Details of classification can be found here

The quality assurance report can be found here

This dataset provides Census 2021 estimates that classify households in England and Wales by four dimensions of deprivation: Employment, education, health and disability, and household overcrowding. The estimates are as at Census Day, 21 March 2021.

Area type

Census 2021 statistics are published for a number of different geographies. These can be large, for example the whole of England, or small, for example an output area (OA), the lowest level of geography for which statistics are produced.

For higher levels of geography, more detailed statistics can be produced. When a lower level of geography is used, such as output areas (which have a minimum of 100 persons), the statistics produced have less detail. This is to protect the confidentiality of people and ensure that individuals or their characteristics cannot be identified.

Coverage

Census 2021 statistics are published for the whole of England and Wales. Data are also available in these geographic types:

• country - for example, Wales
• region - for example, London
• local authority - for example, Cornwall
• health area – for example, Clinical Commissioning Group
• statistical area - for example, MSOA or LSOA

Household deprivation

The dimensions of deprivation used to classify households are indicators based on four selected household characteristics.

Education

A household is classified as deprived in the education dimension if no one has at least level 2 education and no one aged 16 to 18 years is a full-time student.

Employment

A household is classified as deprived in the employment dimension if any member, not a full-time student, is either unemployed or economically inactive due to long-term sickness or disability.

Health

A household is classified as deprived in the health dimension if any person in the household has general health that is bad or very bad or is identified as disabled

People who have assessed their day-to-day activities as limited by long-term physical or mental health conditions or illnesses are considered disabled. This definition of a disabled person meets the harmonised standard for measuring disability and is in line with the Equality Act (2010).

Housing

A household is classified as deprived in the housing dimension if the household's accommodation is either overcrowded, in a shared dwelling, or has no central heating.

This dataset provides information for the analysis of rural housing, rural-urban comparisons in housing and leadership within local government. The material provided covers services and actions associated with the provision and maintenance of housing, such as land-use planning, sewerage and water services, house building finance, dwelling improvement and modernisation, slum clearance, overcrowding, under-occupation, second homes, caravans, homes for employees, civilian accommodation in military huts and camps, labour and materials supply, dwelling costs and cost yardsticks, building consortia, building by direct labour forces, non-traditional building methods, new and expanding towns, prefabricated dwellings, flats and bungalows, temporary dwellings, waiting lists, tenant selection, council regulation of tenants, the regulation of private landlords, and issues of geographical distribution nationally, within regions and within localities. The dataset focuses on 17 rural districts, with seven explored over the time period 1900-1974 (primarily 1919-1974) and a further 10 for 1945-1974, for which period a large body of statistical data are available on many aspects of housing conditions and supply, along with local socioeconomic conditions, for all 1,165 local authorities in England (as existed in 1971, with the data covering 1945-1973). The period focused on is before the huge middle-class inflows into the countryside that have since occurred; where the primary issue in rural housing was poor quality and insufficient supply at acceptable standards. A central resource in the dataset is insight on the provision of social housing, for those unable to afford house purchases. Key insights are embedded on local leadership and central-local government relations. For 13 rural districts, the dataset has substantive information from county record offices on council decisions, decision rationale and indicators of decision outcomes. There are complementary insights from newspaper accounts of council actions, both for these 13 and for a further four rural councils, along with material from Medical Officer of Health reports. The rural districts in the detailed 13 council focus are: Ampthill and Biggleswade (both Bedfordshire), Braughing and Hatfield (Hertfordshire), Elham and West Ashford (Kent), Erpingham, Smallburgh and Walsingham (Norfolk), Richmond and Settle (North Yorkshire) and Dorking & Horley and Godstone (Surrey), with less detailed supplementary information on Sturminster and Wimborne & Cranborne (Dorset) and Droitwich and Evesham (Worcestershire). This material is supplemented with extensive coverage of national government decision-making as revealed in files in The National Archives, alongside coverage of national (and rural) debates on housing, with considerable statistical information accompanying this, from House of Commons Hansard reports.

This dataset provides Census 2022 estimates for occupancy rating by accomodation type - households by household size in Scotland.

Occupancy rating

This variable calculates the difference between the actual number of bedrooms and the required number of bedrooms for the household.

The number of bedrooms required in each household is calculated using the bedroom standard which was introduced in the Housing (Overcrowding) Bill 46 (2003)

The bedroom standard indicates that for each household, each of the following groups or individuals requires a separate bedroom:

• any couple
• any person aged 21 years or more
• two people of the same sex aged between 10 and 20
• two children (whether of the same sex or not) under 10 years
• two people of the same sex where one person is aged between 10 years and 20 years and the other is aged less than 10 years
• any further person who cannot be paired appropriately.

An occupancy rating of -1 implies that a household has one fewer bedroom than required, whereas +1 implies that they have one more bedroom than required.

Accommodation type

The type of accommodation used or available for use by an individual household. Examples include:

• the whole of a terraced house
• a flat in a purpose-built block of flats
• a temporary or mobile structure

This variable is derived from question on the household form:

Household question 7: What type of accommodation is this?

• A whole house or bungalow that is:
  • detached
  • semi-detached
  • terraced (including end-terrace)
• A flat, maisonette, or apartment that is:
  • in a tenement or purpose-built block of flats (including '4-in-a-block')
  • part of a converted or shared house (including bed-sits)
  • in a commercial building (for example, in an office building, hotel or over a shop)
• A mobile or temporary structure:
  • a caravan or other mobile or temporary structure

Details of classification can be found here

The quality assurance report can be found here

Household

A household is defined as:

one person living alone, or a group of people (not necessarily related) living at the same address who share cooking facilities and share a living room or sitting room, or dining area This includes:

all sheltered accommodation units in an establishment (irrespective of whether there are other communal facilities), and all people living in caravans on any type of site that is their usual residence; this will include anyone who has no other usual residence elsewhere in the UK A household must contain at least one person whose place of usual residence is at the address. A group of short-term residents living together is not classified as a household, and neither is a group of people at an address where only visitors are staying.

The quality assurance report can be found here