Among countries with the highest number of overseas Chinese on each continent, the largest Chinese diaspora community is living in Indonesia, numbering more than ten million people. Most of these people are descendants from migrants born in China, who have moved to Indonesia a long time ago. On the contrary, a large part of overseas Chinese living in Canada and Australia have arrived in these countries only during the last two decades. China as an emigration country Many Chinese people have emigrated from their home country in search of better living conditions and educational chances. The increasing number of Chinese emigrants has benefited from loosened migration policies. On the one hand, the attitude of the Chinese government towards emigration has changed significantly. Overseas Chinese are considered to be strong supporters for the overall strength of Chinese culture and international influence. On the other hand, migration policies in the United States and Canada are changing with time, expanding migration opportunities for non-European immigrants. As a result, China has become one of the world’s largest emigration countries as well as the country with the highest outflows of high net worth individuals. However, the mass emigration is causing a severe loss of homegrown talents and assets. The problem of talent and wealth outflow has raised pressing questions to the Chinese government, and a solution to this issue is yet to be determined. Popular destinations among Chinese emigrants Over the last decades, English speaking developed countries have been popular destinations for Chinese emigrants. In 2022 alone, the number of people from China naturalized as U.S. citizens had amounted to over 27,000 people, while nearly 68,000 had obtained legal permanent resident status as “green card” recipients. Among other popular immigration destinations for Chinese riches are Canada, Australia, Europe, and Singapore.

This graph shows the population distribution of Chinese people living abroad in 2013 and 2023, by continent, according to official Taiwanese sources. By the end of 2023, around 2.44 million people of Chinese birth or descent who were living overseas were living in Europe. The figures of the source are in most cases higher - in some cases considerably higher - than figures published by the UN, as not only first generation migrants are included, but also their descendants.

This graph shows the population distribution of overseas Chinese people as of December 2013 and 2023, by continent, according to official Taiwanese sources. In 2023, almost 70 percent of people of Chinese birth or descent living overseas were living in other Asian countries. As the figures include not only first generation migrants, but also their descendants, the distribution varies considerably from figures published by the UN, which only include first generation migrants.

This graph shows the global distribution of overseas Chinese communities by the end of 2023, by continent. That year, there were ***** Chinese communities on the American continent.

In the academic year of 2020/2021, about 16.6 percent of Chinese students studying in the United States were enrolled in business and management programs. A further 22.2 percent of Chinese students were enrolled in math/computer science programs, making it the most popular field of study for those studying in the United States.

The statistic shows the main travel motivation channels of young Chinese luxury travelers as of 2016. During the survey, 16 percent of young luxury travelers in China had stated that recommendations of friends were their major motivation for travel.

The statistic shows the most popular travel shopping items among Chinese luxury travelers in 2016. During the survey, 45 percent the majority of the respondents had stated that cosmetics had been their favorite item to purchase when traveling, followed by local specialties with 43 percent.

As of 2022, the European country with the most citizens of the People's Republic of China was Italy, with around 300,000 people. Spain also hosted a substantial number of Chinese nationals at roughly 193,000 people. These figures are likely to underestimate the number of people who were born in China or are of Chinese ancestry, as many of these immigrants receive the citizenship of the European country which they migrated to after living there for a period of time, and the People's Republic of China does not allow its citizens to hold dual citizenship.

The statistics on the population aged 15 and over in the indigenous areas, the educational attainment of the population in the ten-year age group, and the population statistics are published in the second-tier administrative regions and the first-tier administrative regions of the indigenous areas.

In financial year 2023, it was estimated that 64.32 thousand more Chinese migrated to Australia than emigrated. This marked a significant increase in Chinese net migration compared to 14.72 thousand people in the previous financial year.

The Chinese community in Australia

Chinese migration to Australia dates back to the Australian gold rush of the 1850s and 60s, however, exclusionary migration policies up until the 1970’s restricted migration from China for some time. Since then, immigration from China has increased steadily and Chinese migrants now represent Australia’s third largest migrant group after the UK and India. The 2016 Australian census showed that Mandarin was the second most common language spoken at home in Australia, and Cantonese came in fourth. The Australian Chinese community also includes a significant proportion of the international students from China choosing to study in Australia.

Chinese investment in Australia

Although foreign investment in Australia still comes primarily from its traditional trade partners, the United States and the United Kingdom, Chinese investment has been increasing in recent years. The bulk of Chinese investment in Australia goes toward commercial real estate and agribusiness. In New South Wales alone, real estate investment from China totaled almost 1.25 billion Australian dollars, which accounted for around a half of all Chinese real estate investment in the country. By comparison, in 2019 the import value of Australian food products to China displayed yet another year on year increase, totaling more than two billion U.S. dollars.

BackgroundThe export of traditional Chinese medicinal products is a pivotal force in enhancing the international recognition of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). From 2013 to 2022, the export trend of traditional Chinese medicinal products demonstrated stable and rapid growth. However, the export structure remained suboptimal, with raw material-based products accounting for a significantly larger proportion than high value-added products. This imbalance has hindered the enhancement of traditional Chinese medicinal value and the potential for branding in the global market. Therefore, an in-depth study of the current status and associated factors of the export is essential to optimize the export structure, adjust export policies, and promote the international trade.MethodsWe employed joinpoint regression analysis to examine the export value trend of traditional Chinese medicinal products from 2013 to 2022. Subsequently, we utilized stochastic frontier analysis and trade inefficiency analysis to investigate the factors associated with the export value across 182 countries and regions from 2020 to 2022. The export value data was sourced from the China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Medicines and Health Products. The associated factors were sourced from publicly available databases.ResultsJoinpoint regression analysis showed the Annual Average Percent Change (AAPC) of the export value of traditional Chinese medicinal products from 2013 to 2022 was 6.9211 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 5.9176 to 7.9341). Among them, raw material-based products included Chinese medicinal materials and herbal decoction pieces, as well as plant extracts, with AAPC being 1.7822 (95%CI −3.4203 to 7.2649), and 10.0290 (95%CI 3.5599 to 16.9023), respectively. They comprised over 80% of total exports. High value-added products included Chinese patent medicines and TCM health products, with AAPC being 3.6420 (95%CI −0.7595 to 8.2387) and 17.0895 (95%CI 4.7468 to 30.8865), respectively. They constituted a relatively minor share of total exports. Stochastic frontier analysis showed the coefficient (t-ratio) of factors associated with the export, including China’s GDP at 0.0772 (9.3276), the GDP of the export country or region at 0.1240 (3.9521), the capital distance between the export country or region and China at −0.3059 (−8.2793), the population of the export country or region at 0.0329 (3.4657), having a common border with China at −0.3179 (−4.3428), having a common language with China at 1.3316 (13.3217), being a landlocked country or region at −0.3531 (−9.3519). Trade inefficiency analysis showed the coefficient (t-ratio) of associated factors, including having a trade agreement with China at −7.1587 (−38.7960), pharmaceutical products tariffs at 0.2930 (7.7920), cultural distance from China at 0.5995 (7.1274), the overseas registration status of Chinese patent medicines at 2.3608 (13.6945), and the presence of TCM institutions at 6.1643 (16.1009).ConclusionsThe export value of traditional Chinese medicinal products from 2013 to 2022 showed an overall upward trend. However, the export structure remained suboptimal. Stochastic frontier analysis and trade inefficiency analysis revealed the relevance of associated factors to the export value. Based on the above results, we recommend six measures to optimize the export structure and enhance the international recognition of traditional Chinese medicinal products.

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Decoction Pieces Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Decoction Pieces market size reached USD 18.7 billion in 2024, driven by a robust resurgence in traditional healthcare practices and increasing consumer preference for natural remedies. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 7.1% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a forecasted value of USD 34.6 billion by 2033. This growth is primarily fueled by the integration of TCM into mainstream healthcare systems, rising global awareness about holistic wellness, and supportive government policies in major markets. As per our latest research, the TCM decoction pieces market is experiencing a dynamic transformation, with innovation in product processing and distribution channels further accelerating its expansion.

One of the most significant growth factors for the TCM decoction pieces market is the increasing global acceptance of traditional medicine as a complementary or alternative therapy. The rising prevalence of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular ailments, and cancer, has prompted patients and healthcare providers to seek holistic and natural treatment options. TCM decoction pieces, known for their multi-faceted therapeutic effects and minimal side effects, are gaining traction among consumers who are wary of the adverse consequences of synthetic pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, the World Health Organization's recognition of TCM as a viable healthcare system has legitimized its use and encouraged integration into national healthcare frameworks, particularly in Asia Pacific and parts of Europe. The growing body of clinical evidence supporting the efficacy of TCM decoction pieces for various health conditions is also contributing to the market's expansion, as more healthcare professionals recommend these products alongside conventional treatments.

Another key driver is the modernization of TCM production and distribution processes. Advances in processing technology have enabled manufacturers to produce decoction pieces with higher purity, better consistency, and longer shelf life, which is critical for both domestic and international markets. The adoption of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and stringent quality control standards has improved consumer confidence in the safety and reliability of these products. Simultaneously, the proliferation of online retail platforms and e-pharmacies has made TCM decoction pieces more accessible to a broader demographic, including overseas consumers. Governments in China and other Asian countries are also investing heavily in the standardization and internationalization of TCM, further boosting exports and facilitating global market penetration. These developments are expected to sustain the market's momentum over the forecast period.

Demographic trends are also playing a pivotal role in shaping the TCM decoction pieces market. With the global population aging at an unprecedented rate, there is a heightened demand for preventative and restorative health solutions that can address age-related ailments and promote overall well-being. TCM decoction pieces, which are often tailored to individual health profiles and used for long-term wellness management, are particularly well-suited to meet the needs of geriatric populations. Moreover, the increasing popularity of personalized medicine and preventive healthcare is encouraging younger consumers to explore TCM as part of their daily wellness routines. This shift in consumer behavior, coupled with rising disposable incomes and greater health awareness, is expected to create new growth opportunities for market participants across all major regions.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific continues to dominate the TCM decoction pieces market, accounting for more than 72% of global revenue in 2024. China, as the birthplace and epicenter of TCM, leads both in terms of production and consumption, supported by a vast network of hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies specializing in traditional medicine. However, North America and Europe are emerging as lucrative markets, driven by growing immigrant populations, increasing interest in alternative therapies, and favorable regulatory developments. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also experiencing steady growth, albeit from a smaller base, as awareness of TCM spreads through educational initiatives and cross-border collab

BackgroundThe export of traditional Chinese medicinal products is a pivotal force in enhancing the international recognition of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). From 2013 to 2022, the export trend of traditional Chinese medicinal products demonstrated stable and rapid growth. However, the export structure remained suboptimal, with raw material-based products accounting for a significantly larger proportion than high value-added products. This imbalance has hindered the enhancement of traditional Chinese medicinal value and the potential for branding in the global market. Therefore, an in-depth study of the current status and associated factors of the export is essential to optimize the export structure, adjust export policies, and promote the international trade.MethodsWe employed joinpoint regression analysis to examine the export value trend of traditional Chinese medicinal products from 2013 to 2022. Subsequently, we utilized stochastic frontier analysis and trade inefficiency analysis to investigate the factors associated with the export value across 182 countries and regions from 2020 to 2022. The export value data was sourced from the China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Medicines and Health Products. The associated factors were sourced from publicly available databases.ResultsJoinpoint regression analysis showed the Annual Average Percent Change (AAPC) of the export value of traditional Chinese medicinal products from 2013 to 2022 was 6.9211 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 5.9176 to 7.9341). Among them, raw material-based products included Chinese medicinal materials and herbal decoction pieces, as well as plant extracts, with AAPC being 1.7822 (95%CI −3.4203 to 7.2649), and 10.0290 (95%CI 3.5599 to 16.9023), respectively. They comprised over 80% of total exports. High value-added products included Chinese patent medicines and TCM health products, with AAPC being 3.6420 (95%CI −0.7595 to 8.2387) and 17.0895 (95%CI 4.7468 to 30.8865), respectively. They constituted a relatively minor share of total exports. Stochastic frontier analysis showed the coefficient (t-ratio) of factors associated with the export, including China’s GDP at 0.0772 (9.3276), the GDP of the export country or region at 0.1240 (3.9521), the capital distance between the export country or region and China at −0.3059 (−8.2793), the population of the export country or region at 0.0329 (3.4657), having a common border with China at −0.3179 (−4.3428), having a common language with China at 1.3316 (13.3217), being a landlocked country or region at −0.3531 (−9.3519). Trade inefficiency analysis showed the coefficient (t-ratio) of associated factors, including having a trade agreement with China at −7.1587 (−38.7960), pharmaceutical products tariffs at 0.2930 (7.7920), cultural distance from China at 0.5995 (7.1274), the overseas registration status of Chinese patent medicines at 2.3608 (13.6945), and the presence of TCM institutions at 6.1643 (16.1009).ConclusionsThe export value of traditional Chinese medicinal products from 2013 to 2022 showed an overall upward trend. However, the export structure remained suboptimal. Stochastic frontier analysis and trade inefficiency analysis revealed the relevance of associated factors to the export value. Based on the above results, we recommend six measures to optimize the export structure and enhance the international recognition of traditional Chinese medicinal products.

The China cosmetic surgery market, valued at $1.58 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by rising disposable incomes, increasing awareness of aesthetic procedures, and a growing preference for non-invasive treatments. The market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 11.40% from 2025 to 2033 indicates significant expansion potential. Key drivers include the increasing popularity of minimally invasive procedures like Botox and dermal fillers, fueled by social media influence and a desire for youthful appearances. The burgeoning middle class is a significant factor, with more individuals seeking aesthetic enhancements to boost self-confidence and social standing. Technological advancements in laser and radiofrequency devices are also contributing to market growth, offering safer and more effective treatments. While regulatory hurdles and potential risks associated with certain procedures could act as restraints, the overall market trajectory remains positive. The segment breakdown reveals a strong demand across various applications, including skin resurfacing, body contouring, and hair removal, with hospitals, clinics, and beauty centers being major end-users. The competitive landscape is dynamic, with both established international players and domestic companies vying for market share. The continued expansion of the market hinges on factors such as consumer confidence, evolving aesthetic trends, and the development of innovative technologies. The market's segmentation offers valuable insights into specific growth areas. The non-energy-based device segment, particularly botulinum toxin and dermal fillers, is likely to dominate due to their ease of application and increasing consumer acceptance. However, the energy-based device segment, encompassing laser, radiofrequency, and ultrasound technologies, is also poised for significant growth, propelled by advancements that improve efficacy and reduce downtime. Geographically, China's major metropolitan areas are expected to be key drivers of market expansion. Further research into consumer preferences, emerging technologies, and regulatory changes will be crucial for a more comprehensive understanding of the market's future trajectory. The increasing focus on safety and efficacy will necessitate stringent regulatory compliance and transparent communication with consumers to mitigate potential risks and maintain market trust. Recent developments include: In August 2021, Vitalorga entered the Chinese medical aesthetic device market through a strategic partnership with Changzhou Institute of Medical Materials (CIMM). The collaboration brought together the European technology and safety standards of Vitalorga with CIMM's 37-year experience in local Chinese production., In August 2021, the CIRS group announced the launch of China CosIng, a Chinese Cosmetic Ingredient Regulatory Database that allows domestic and overseas cosmetic companies and ingredient suppliers to quickly search whether a cosmetic ingredient or substance is listed in the latest version of the Inventory of Existing Cosmetic Ingredients in China (IECIC 2021 edition) and whether it is listed among the restricted or prohibited cosmetic products in the Chinese market.. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing Obese Population, Increasing Awareness Regarding Aesthetic Procedures and Rising Adoption of Minimally Invasive Devices; Technological Advancements in Devices. Potential restraints include: Increasing Obese Population, Increasing Awareness Regarding Aesthetic Procedures and Rising Adoption of Minimally Invasive Devices; Technological Advancements in Devices. Notable trends are: Dermal Fillers and Aesthetic Threads Expected to Account for Major Market Share Over the Forecast Period.

In December 2019, novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) hit Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and spread to the rest of China and overseas. The emergence of this virus coincided with the Spring Festival Travel Rush in China. It is possible to estimate the total number of COVID-19 cases in Wuhan, by 23 January 2020, given the cases reported in other cities/regions and population flow data between Wuhan and these cities/regions. We built a model to estimate the total number of COVID-19 cases in Wuhan by 23 January 2020, based on the number of cases detected outside Wuhan city in China, with the assumption that cases exported from Wuhan were less likely underreported in other cities/regions. We employed population flow data from different sources between Wuhan and other cities/regions by 23 January 2020. The number of total cases in Wuhan was determined by the maximum log likelihood estimation and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) weight. We estimated 8 679 (95% CI: 7 701, 9 732) as total COVID-19 cases in Wuhan by 23 January 2020, based on combined source of data from Tencent and Baidu. Sources of population flow data impact the estimates of the total number of COVID-19 cases in Wuhan before city lockdown. We should make a comprehensive analysis based on different sources of data to overcome the bias from different sources.

Business indicators, economic policy signals (traffic lights and overall assessment scores)

Collect the data of the cross-strait transportation of Kinmen, Matsu, and Xiamen, including Kinmen-Xiamen, Quanzhou-Matsu, and Fujian.

The number of Chinese students going abroad for study reached ******* in 2024, roughly the same figure as in 2019. The number of students going overseas had fallen to only 451,000 in 2020 due to the Coronavirus pandemic and it took four years to recover to the previous level again. Motivations for overseas study In China, some of the best universities are public universities which get most of their support from the government. Although the number of institutions for higher education and students enrolled in universities inside China have increased significantly in the last few years, the pathways to gaining admission to good universities are still limited. For most people, the national exam “Gaokao” remains the only way to enter a good public university. Therefore, there are students studying abroad to avoid the national exam and to gain admission to a better ranked university. For some study programs, overseas institutions are better equipped and can provide more international academic environment. These qualities attract a lot of Chinese scholars. People who have studied abroad are considered to have a global insight and better language skills, which makes them more competitive in China’s recruitment market. Financing for overseas study Developed countries and regions are still the most popular destinations for Chinese students studying abroad. In some countries, Chinese students have already become an important funding source for their local universities. English-speaking countries including the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia are the leading destinations among them. The United States have since long attracted the largest share of Chinese students, but in recent years more and more Chinese students preferred to study in the United Kingdom instead. However, since students studying abroad are not all from extremely wealthy families, non-English speaking countries where the universities charge less in tuition fees are becoming increasingly popular. While most students from China were self-funded, relying on their parents' support, the number of students who were state scholarship recipients had been increasing over the years.

In 2018, students from *** different countries and regions were studying in China. The highest number of students came from South Korea amounting to ******, while only ****** students came from the United States. International students in ChinaThe total number of foreign students in China increased steadily over recent years and reached more than ******* in 2018. That was roughly double as much as ten years ago and made China one of the leading host destinations for international students. Looking at their origins in terms of global regions reveals that by far the largest share of students come from Asia, while the Americas and Europe together accounted for only slightly more than ** percent of all students in 2018. While the share of students from Western countries has been shrinking steadily in recent years, more and more students from Asia and Africa were attracted to study in China. Regarding the United States, the figures interestingly not only decreased in relation to other regions, but also in total numbers. In contrast, students particularly from Africa are increasingly able and willing to study in China, and numbers from countries participating in China's Belt and Road Initiative displayed the highest growth rates over recent years. Student situationRegarding the financial situation of international students in China, most of them were either self-funded or receiving a scholarship from foreign institutions. However, the number of students supported by the Chinese government increased considerably over the last ten years, with a growing number of scholarships granted to students from developing countries. Preferred universities for study were either located in the two most developed cities Beijing and Shanghai, or in the eastern and southern coastal regions of China.

In 1800, the population of the territory that makes up present-day Thailand was approximately 4.7 million people. As part of the kingdom of Siam, the population of Thailand would grow gradually through the 19 th century, with much of the population growth being driven by Chinese emigration from southern Qing China into Siam, in search of work and refuge from instability in their home country. This migrant influx would continue throughout the century, with estimates suggesting that the Chinese population in Siam grew from 230,000 in 1825, to over 792,000 in 1910; by 1932, over 12 percent of the population in modern-day Thailand was ethnically Chinese. Migration from China would see another surge under the reign of Vajiravudh, as the "Warlord era" in China, after the fall of the Qing dynasty, would see entire families of Chinese immigrants arriving in Thailand. While immigration would slow in later years, Chinese-Thai would remain a significant demographic in Thailand’s population, both as one of the largest overseas Chinese populations, and accounting for an estimated 11-14 percent of the total Thailand population in 2012.

Population growth would slow somewhat in the 1930s, as several rebellions and coups, paired with a rise in anti-Chinese sentiment in the country, would result in a sharp decline in immigration to the country. In the years following the Second World War, the population of Thailand would begin to grow rapidly, following a wave of urbanization and a significant increase in standard of living throughout the country. As a result, the population of Thailand would rise from approximately 20 million in 1950, to just under 63 million by the turn of the century just 50 years later. This population growth would slow somewhat as the country would continue to modernize in the 2000s, and in 2020, it is estimated that just under 70 million people live in Thailand.