Oxygen Analyzers for MAP Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Oxygen Analyzers for Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) market size reached USD 432 million in 2024. The market is experiencing robust momentum, expanding at a CAGR of 6.7% from 2025 to 2033. By the end of 2033, the market is forecasted to attain a value of approximately USD 783 million. This growth is primarily propelled by the rising adoption of MAP technology in food and pharmaceutical packaging, where oxygen analyzers play a critical role in ensuring product safety and shelf life. As per our latest analysis, technological advancements and stringent quality regulations are also acting as major catalysts for market expansion.

One of the primary growth drivers for the Oxygen Analyzers for MAP market is the increasing demand for extended shelf-life products in the food and beverage industry. As consumer awareness regarding food safety and quality grows, manufacturers are increasingly adopting MAP technology to prevent spoilage and maintain freshness. Oxygen analyzers are essential in this process, as they enable precise monitoring and control of oxygen levels inside packaging, which is crucial for inhibiting microbial growth and oxidation. The rise in ready-to-eat meals, perishable food exports, and the globalization of food supply chains are further intensifying the need for reliable oxygen analysis solutions. This trend is particularly pronounced in developed economies, where regulatory bodies enforce strict guidelines on packaging and food safety, thereby accelerating the adoption of advanced MAP solutions.

Another significant factor fueling the growth of the Oxygen Analyzers for MAP market is the technological innovation in sensor design and data integration. Modern oxygen analyzers are becoming increasingly compact, accurate, and user-friendly, with enhanced connectivity features such as wireless data transmission and real-time analytics. These advancements are enabling food processing companies and packaging firms to integrate oxygen monitoring seamlessly into their production lines, thereby improving operational efficiency and reducing wastage. Furthermore, the ongoing shift towards Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing is encouraging the deployment of in-line and automated oxygen analyzers, which offer continuous monitoring and instant feedback, thus ensuring consistent product quality and compliance with industry standards.

The expanding application scope of oxygen analyzers beyond food and beverage is another pivotal growth factor. In the pharmaceutical industry, MAP and oxygen analysis are crucial for maintaining the stability and efficacy of sensitive drugs and medical devices. Similarly, industrial segments such as electronics and chemicals are adopting MAP technology to protect products from oxidation and contamination during storage and transportation. The versatility of oxygen analyzers, coupled with their ability to support various packaging formats and production environments, is broadening their market appeal. Additionally, growing investments in research and development by key players are resulting in the introduction of specialized analyzers tailored for diverse applications, further driving market penetration.

The Galvanic Oxygen Analyzer is a noteworthy advancement in the field of oxygen analysis, particularly within the Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) market. This type of analyzer utilizes a galvanic cell to measure oxygen levels, offering high accuracy and reliability. Its design is particularly advantageous for applications requiring continuous monitoring, as it provides real-time data without the need for frequent calibration. The simplicity and durability of the galvanic sensor make it a preferred choice for many industries, including food packaging and pharmaceuticals, where maintaining precise oxygen levels is critical to product quality and safety. As the demand for efficient and reliable oxygen analysis solutions grows, the Galvanic Oxygen Analyzer stands out as a robust option, supporting the industry's move towards more automated and integrated quality control systems.

From a regional perspective, the Oxygen Analyzers for MAP market exhibits significant growth potential across Asia Pacific, North America, and Europe. Asia Pacific is emerging as a lucrative market, fueled by

Oxygen regime class layer in the Black Sea produced by EMODnet Seabed Habitats as an input layer for the 2016 EUSeaMap broad-scale habitat model. The map of oxygen regime classes was produced using underlying potential density anomaly at the seabed and thresholds derived from statistical analyses or expert judgement on known conditions.

Map showing the annual mean at surface of dissolved oxygen in Northern Marine Region produced from CARS2000 mean and seasonal fields 0.1 degree spaced grid. This map has been produced by CSIRO for the National Oceans Office, as part of an ongoing commitment to natural resource planning and management through the 'National Marine Bioregionalisation' project.

Confidence in the 2016 EUSeaMap Oxygen regime class layer, produced by EMODnet Seabed Habitats for the 2016 EUSeaMap broad-scale predictive habitat maps in the Black Sea.

Values are on a range from 1 (Low confidence) to 3 (High confidence).

Detailed information on the confidence assessment in Populus J. et al 2017. EUSeaMap, a European broad-scale seabed habitat map. Ifremer. http://doi.org/10.13155/49975

Set of maps showing dissolved oxygen by depth linearly interpolated from CARS2000 mean and seasonal fields to 0.1 degree spaced grid. These maps form part of a series of maps showing the variation of temperature, salinity, oxygen, silicate, phosphate, and nitrate in Australia's Oceans. Each feature in the series has been separately mapped at depths of 0, 150, 500, 1000 and 2000 metres. These maps have been produced by CSIRO for the National Oceans Office, as part of an ongoing commitment to natural resource planning and management through the 'National Marine Bioregionalisation' project.

The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) is an instrument built and operated by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The instrument uses backscattered ultraviolet radiance to infer total column ozone measurements. The data consists of daily gridded averages of total ozone covering the entire globe. The original Nimbus-7 TOMS operated from November 1978 until May 1993. Meteor-3 TOMS was launched in August 1991 and operated until December 1994.

After a gap of one and a half years, two new TOMS instruments began operation in 1996: Earth-Probe TOMS was launched on 2nd July 1996 and started to produce data on 25th July. ADEOS TOMS was launched on 17th August 1996 and started producing data on 11th Sept. The satellites were originally placed in different orbits, giving complete global coverage with the ADEOS data, while Earth-Probe had complete coverage at the poles with an increased ability to measure UV-absorbing aerosols in the troposphere. ADEOS failed in June 1997 and Earth-Probe was subsequently placed in a higher orbit to give global coverage. Earth-Probe TOMS continues to operate successfully.

Link to the data set home page: https://archive.ceda.ac.uk/

[Summary Extracted from the BADC Home Page]

Oxygen regime class layer in the Black Sea produced by EMODnet Seabed Habitats as an input layer for the 2019 EUSeaMap broad-scale habitat model. The map of oxygen regime classes was produced using underlying potential density anomaly at the seabed and thresholds derived from statistical analyses or expert judgement on known conditions.

Detailed information on the modelling process for the 2016 is found in the EMODnet Seabed Habitats technical report and its appendices (Populus et al, 2017, link in Resources). We are working on an updated report for the 2019 version.

Discover the booming food grade oxygen gas market! Learn about its $2.5 billion (estimated 2025) size, 5% CAGR growth, key drivers, restraints, and major players. Explore regional market shares and future trends in this comprehensive analysis.

The extreme anoxic environment of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau has a great impact on human and animal health. Studying the contribution rate of vegetation to the atmospheric oxygen content of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau will help to clarify the environmental effects of the changes of atmospheric oxygen content on human and animal health. The data set includes the annual average daily oxygen production of vegetation in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and the average daily contribution rate of vegetation oxygen production to near surface atmospheric oxygen content. The vegetation net primary productivity data product is used to calculate the vegetation oxygen production of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, and calculate the near surface atmospheric absolute oxygen content of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, so as to obtain the temporal and spatial distribution of the contribution rate of vegetation oxygen production to the near surface atmospheric oxygen content. The spatiotemporal distribution map of the contribution rate of vegetation oxygen production to near surface atmospheric oxygen content in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau provided by this data set is the first time, which can provide a reference for the study of the change of near surface atmospheric oxygen content in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and its environmental effects on human and animal health.

Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZs) play important roles in regulating the ocean's global carbon and nitrogen cycles. In these functionally anoxic waters, denitrifying and anammox microbes remove nitrogenous nutrients from the biosphere by transformation to biologically unavailable nitrogen gas (N2). For this project, scientists developed a new in situ profiling sensor to detect this 'excess' N2 in OMZ regions in order to quantify these N-loss processes. The new sensor incorporated recent but reliable and proven technical advances in membrane and pressure sensor technologies, and therefore its development was relatively low risk. Compared to existing, slow response sensors, the new sensor had low production cost and could easily be added to any ship's rosette CTD. Scientists' near-term goal was to demonstrate the sensor on two NOAA research vessels and begin to collect high-quality excess N2 data in OMZs to document baseline excess N2 inventories. Their long-term goal was to determine if excess N2 inventories in OMZs are increasing as a result of ocean deoxygenation. It was expected that the new sensor can be easily adapted for use on other profiling platforms (autonomous underwater vehicles, remotely operated vehicles, winched profilers, etc.) and be used more widely to study air-sea gas flux and net community metabolism. Funding for this project was provided by NOAA Ocean Exploration via its Ocean Exploration Fiscal Year 2016 Funding Opportunity.

Plant plasma membrane localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect extracellular pathogen-associated molecules. PRRs such as Arabidopsis EFR and rice XA21 are taxonomically restricted and are absent from most plant genomes. Here we show that rice plants expressing EFR or the chimeric receptor EFR::XA21, containing the EFR ectodomain and the XA21 intracellular domain, sense both Escherichia coli- and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo)-derived elf18 peptides at sub-nanomolar concentrations. Treatment of EFR and EFR::XA21 rice leaf tissue with elf18 leads to MAP kinase activation, reactive oxygen production and defense gene expression. Although expression of EFR does not lead to robust enhanced resistance to fully virulent Xoo isolates, it does lead to quantitatively enhanced resistance to weakly virulent Xoo isolates. EFR interacts with OsSERK2 and the XA21 binding protein 24 (XB24), two key components of the rice XA21-mediated immune response. Rice-EFR plants silenced for OsSERK2, or overexpressing rice XB24 are compromised in elf18-induced reactive oxygen production and defense gene expression indicating that these proteins are also important for EFR-mediated signaling in transgenic rice. Taken together, our results demonstrate the potential feasibility of enhancing disease resistance in rice and possibly other monocotyledonous crop species by expression of dicotyledonous PRRs. Our results also suggest that Arabidopsis EFR utilizes at least a subset of the known endogenous rice XA21 signaling components.

Smart Oxygen Fruit Bag Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global smart oxygen fruit bag market size in 2024 stands at USD 1.42 billion, with a robust CAGR of 8.7% expected through the forecast period. By 2033, the market is projected to reach USD 3.08 billion, reflecting the increasing demand for innovative packaging solutions that extend the shelf life of fresh produce. This growth is primarily driven by heightened consumer awareness around food waste reduction, advancements in packaging technologies, and the global push for sustainable, high-performance packaging materials.

The primary growth factor propelling the smart oxygen fruit bag market is the growing emphasis on reducing food spoilage and waste, which remains a significant concern for both consumers and retailers. Smart oxygen fruit bags are engineered with advanced materials and technologies that regulate oxygen levels inside the packaging, thereby slowing down the ripening process and extending the freshness of fruits. This capability is especially valuable for high-value and perishable fruits such as berries, grapes, and apples. The integration of oxygen-scavenging agents and intelligent sensors within these bags further enhances their effectiveness, making them an attractive solution for supply chain optimization and inventory management. As food safety and quality remain top priorities globally, the adoption of smart oxygen fruit bags is anticipated to continue its upward trajectory.

Another critical driver is the rapid advancement in material science and smart packaging technologies. The development of biodegradable and recyclable smart oxygen fruit bags addresses the dual challenge of food preservation and environmental sustainability. Manufacturers are increasingly investing in research and development to produce bags that not only maintain optimal oxygen levels but are also eco-friendly. This aligns with stringent regulatory frameworks and growing consumer demand for sustainable packaging solutions. In addition, the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) and sensor-based technologies is enabling real-time monitoring of fruit freshness and oxygen content, further enhancing the value proposition of these smart packaging solutions in the global market.

The evolving retail landscape, characterized by the expansion of e-commerce and omnichannel distribution, is also fueling market growth. Online grocery shopping has surged post-pandemic, prompting retailers to seek advanced packaging that ensures product quality during transit and storage. Smart oxygen fruit bags, with their ability to extend shelf life and preserve fruit quality, are increasingly favored by online retailers and logistics providers. Furthermore, the growing trend of premiumization in the fresh produce sector, where consumers are willing to pay a premium for higher quality and longer-lasting fruits, is amplifying the demand for innovative packaging solutions such as smart oxygen fruit bags.

Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) is gaining traction as an innovative approach in the realm of smart oxygen fruit bags. This technology involves altering the atmospheric composition inside the packaging to slow down the respiration rates of fruits, thereby extending their shelf life. By adjusting the levels of gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen, MAP creates an optimal environment that helps in maintaining the freshness and quality of produce. The integration of MAP with smart oxygen fruit bags not only enhances the preservation of high-value fruits but also aligns with the industry's shift towards sustainable and efficient packaging solutions. As consumers and retailers increasingly prioritize reducing food waste, the adoption of MAP is expected to rise, offering a competitive edge to manufacturers who can effectively incorporate this technology into their packaging offerings.

Regionally, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing market, driven by rapid urbanization, increasing disposable incomes, and a burgeoning middle-class population with a heightened focus on healthy eating and food safety. North America and Europe continue to lead in terms of technological adoption and regulatory compliance, with significant investments in sustainable packaging research. Latin America, while still nascent, is expected to witness accelerated adoption due to the region's strong

Fiber-Based MAP Trays with Oxygen Barriers Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Fiber-Based MAP Trays with Oxygen Barriers market size reached USD 1.31 billion in 2024, reflecting the rapid shift towards sustainable packaging solutions in the food industry. The market is witnessing a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.2% from 2025 to 2033, and is forecasted to achieve a value of USD 2.77 billion by 2033. This impressive growth is primarily driven by increasing consumer awareness regarding environmental sustainability, stringent regulatory measures against single-use plastics, and the rising demand for extended shelf-life packaging in the food sector. As per our latest research, the market is at the forefront of innovation, leveraging advanced barrier technologies to meet evolving industry standards and consumer preferences.

The primary growth factor propelling the Fiber-Based MAP Trays with Oxygen Barriers market is the escalating demand for eco-friendly and biodegradable packaging alternatives. As global concerns over plastic pollution intensify, food manufacturers and retailers are under mounting pressure to adopt packaging that minimizes environmental impact without compromising product safety and quality. Fiber-based trays, derived from renewable resources such as wood, bamboo, and bagasse, offer a compelling solution by providing both compostability and recyclability. The integration of oxygen barrier technologies further enhances their appeal, as these barriers effectively retard oxidation and spoilage, thereby extending the shelf life of perishable products. This dual benefit of sustainability and functionality is a significant motivator for manufacturers to transition away from conventional plastic-based MAP trays.

Another crucial growth driver is the surge in demand for packaged and convenience foods, particularly in urban centers and emerging economies. The global shift in consumer lifestyles, characterized by busier schedules and increased preference for ready-to-eat meals, has spurred the need for advanced packaging solutions that can preserve food freshness and safety over extended periods. Fiber-Based MAP Trays with Oxygen Barriers are uniquely positioned to capitalize on this trend, as they offer superior protection against oxygen ingress while supporting the food industry's sustainability goals. Furthermore, advancements in barrier coating and film technologies have enabled manufacturers to develop fiber-based trays that rival the performance of traditional plastic trays, thereby accelerating market adoption across various food segments.

Regulatory initiatives and industry standards are also playing a pivotal role in shaping the growth trajectory of the Fiber-Based MAP Trays with Oxygen Barriers market. Governments across North America, Europe, and parts of Asia Pacific are implementing stringent regulations to curb the use of single-use plastics and promote sustainable packaging practices. These regulatory frameworks are prompting food producers and retailers to seek compliant alternatives, with fiber-based MAP trays emerging as a preferred choice due to their renewable origin and reduced carbon footprint. The alignment of corporate sustainability strategies with regulatory mandates is further reinforcing market expansion, as companies strive to enhance their environmental credentials and meet evolving consumer expectations.

From a regional perspective, Europe continues to dominate the Fiber-Based MAP Trays with Oxygen Barriers market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, followed closely by North America and Asia Pacific. The European market's leadership is attributed to proactive environmental policies, high consumer awareness, and a mature retail infrastructure that supports sustainable packaging adoption. North America is witnessing significant growth, driven by similar regulatory pressures and a strong focus on food safety and quality. Meanwhile, Asia Pacific is emerging as a lucrative market, buoyed by rapid urbanization, rising disposable incomes, and increasing investments in food processing and packaging industries. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also showing promising growth potential, albeit from a smaller base, as sustainability becomes a central theme in their evolving packaging landscapes.

Material Type Analysis

The Material Type segment of the Fiber-Based MAP Trays with Oxygen Barriers m

The TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) dataset consists of daily gridded measurements of integrated column ozone, expressed in terms of the equivalent thickness the layer would have if brought to STP.

This thicknes is measured in Dobson Units (DU) where one DU is

equivalent to 0.01mm.

TOMS instruments have been flown on two satellites providing the

following temporal coverage: Nimbus-7, spanning 1st November 1978 - 6th May 1993 and Meteor-3, spanning 22nd August 1991 - 27th December 1994.

BADC holds all available data online.
Nimbus-7 data processed using software of Version 6 or greater, and all
Meteor-3 data, is stored in ASCII files.
Nimbus-7 Version 5 data is written in CDF format

All the ASCII data uses a grid with 288 longitude cells per one-degree

latitude zone.

Nimbus-7 Version 5 data uses a variable number of longitude cells

in order to give a roughly constant cell area over the globe. The number of cells ranges from 288 at the equator to 72 at the poles as follows: 0--50 deg. (288 cells), 50--70 deg. (144 cells) and 70--90 deg. (72 cells).

In the later (Version 6 onwards) Nimbus and Meteor data, groups of two

orfour cell values are repeated in order to fill the storage grid.

The TOMS instrument measures backscattered UV at 312.5, 317.5, 331.3,

339.9, 360.0 and 380.0 nm.

The first four wavelengths are sensitive to ozone while the two longer

wavelengths are used to estimate the scene reflectivity needed to derive ozone amounts.

The instrument views the whole globe once per day but ozone amounts

can only be derived for sunlit regions, ie there are no data above the winter poles.

Other experiments on the Nimbus-7 satellite:
Coastal Zone Colour Scanner - CZCS
Earth Radiation Budget - ERB
Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere - LIMS
Stratspheric Aerosol Measurement II - SAMII
Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder - SAMS
Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet - SBUV
Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer - SMMR
Temperature Humidity Infrared Radiometer - THIR

Research topic: Assembly, quality control and analysis of components of the carbon dioxide system

A wealth of recent CO₂ data has only now made it possible to develop a canonical CO₂ database. A comprehensive database would be useful for a variety of purposes, e.g., to calculate annual oceanic carbon uptake from DCO₂ maps, to determine long-term changes in the dissolved carbon concentrations, to predict future atmospheric CO₂ concentrations through modelling studies, and to develop a better understanding of the carbon cycle on a basin-wide scale. This project has two major objectives:

1. assembly of a digital database containing the carbon dioxide parameters TCO₂ (sum of carbon dioxide species in seawater), partial pressure of CO₂ in the ocean (DCO₂), total alkalinity (TA), and pH. Co-collected temperature, salinity, oxygen and nutrient data will be incorporated into the database as part of the project; and
2. development and incorporation of quality control procedures to insure the integrity of the data.

Variations of CO₂ content in surface waters are influenced by seasonal temperature cycles (changes in the solubility of carbon dioxide), mixing dynamics of ocean (deep water formation in high latitudes traps atmospheric CO₂ which is returned to the surface in upwelled waters) and the biological cycles of the sea (CO₂ is drawn down in the spring and summer by phytoplankton, and regenerated in the winter). Comparison of the results from the objectively analyzed fields showing the spatial distribution of CO₂ (objective 3) with already published nutrient (Conkright et al., 1994a), oxygen (Levitus and Boyer, 1994a), primary production (work in progress), salinity (Levitus et al., 1994b) and temperature (Levitus and Boyer, 1994c) data, will increase understanding of the processes involved in the marine biogeochemical cycle and the cycling of carbon in the oceans.

Data used to model and map pH and redox conditions in groundwater in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system, eastern USA, are documented in this data release. The models use as input data measurements of pH and dissolved oxygen concentrations at about 3000 to 5000 wells, which were compiled primarily from U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency databases. The boosted regression trees machine learning method was used to build the models. Explanatory variables (predictors) describe geology, hydrology, chemistry, physical characteristics, anthropogenic influence, metrics from a groundwater flow model, and groundwater residence times in the aquifer system. Data for four models are documented--one model for pH and one model each for the probability of dissolved oxygen less than three threshold values (0.5, 1, and 2 milligrams per liter). The data are provided in data tables and raster files, organized as follows. There is one data table for the well data used to develop all four models (well data). There is one zipped group of 10 files (one for each aquifer) for explanatory input data used to make predictions at grid points (prediction input). There are 9 zipped groups of files for model output; these include 1 zip file of predictions at grid points for each of the 4 models (prediction output), 1 zip file for combined pH and dissolved oxygen predictions (combined prediction output); and 4 zip files of uncertainty intervals for predictions for each of the 4 models (uncertainty output). Filenames for prediction input and for model output are distinguished by codes abbreviating the aquifer name and position in the vertical stack of 19 regional aquifers and confining units, as follows: Surficial aquifer, 1surf; Upper Chesapeake aquifer, 3upch; Lower Chesapeake aquifer, 5loch; Piney Point aquifer, 7pipt; Aquia aquifer, 9aqia; Monmouth - Mt. Laurel Aquifer, 11moml; Matawan aquifer, 13mtwn; Magothy Aquifer, 15mgty; Potomac-Patapsco aquifer, 17popt; Potomac-Patuxent aquifer, 19popx. The data release also contains a tif-format raster file of the prediction grid and two data tables that separately describe the explanatory variables (predictors) and their sources.

Moving 6-year analysis of Water body dissolved oxygen concentration in the Arctic Ocean, for each season in the period 1965-2017. Every year of the time dimension corresponds to the 6-year centered average for each season. Winter: December-February, Spring: March-May, Summer: June-August, Autumn: September-November. Depth range (IODE standard depths): 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, ..., 1500, 1750, 2000, 2500m. Units: umol/l. Description of DIVA analysis: The computation was done with the DIVAnd (Data-Interpolating Variational Analysis in n dimensions), version 2.6.6, using GEBCO 30sec topography for the spatial connectivity of water masses. The horizontal resolution of the produced DIVAnd maps grids is 0.1 degrees. Signal-to-noise ratio was fixed to 2.0, horizontal correlation length to 100 km, and vertical correlation length varying between 25 and 200 m. Logarithmic transformation is applied to the data prior to the analysis. Background field: the data mean value is subtracted from the data.

Bubbles of ancient air trapped in ice cores have been used to directly reconstruct atmospheric composition, and its links to Antarctic and global climate, over the last 800,000 years. Previous field expeditions to the Allan Hills Blue Ice Area, Antarctica, have recovered ice cores that extend as far back as 2.7 million years, by far the oldest polar ice samples yet recovered. These ice cores extend direct observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane concentrations and indirect records of Antarctic climate into a period of Earth's climate history that represents a plausible geologic analogue to future anthropogenic climate change. The results demonstrate a smaller glacial-interglacial variability of climate and greenhouse gases, and a persistent linkage between Antarctic climate and atmospheric carbon dioxide, between 1 and 2 million years ago. Through this project, the team will return to the Allan Hills Blue Ice Area to recover additional ice cores that date to 2 million years or older. The climate records developed from these ice cores will provide new insights into the chemical composition of the atmosphere and Antarctic climate during times of comparable or even greater warmth than the present day. Project results will help answer questions about issues associated with anthropogenic change including the relationship between temperature change and the mass balance of Antarctic ice and the relationship between atmospheric greenhouse gases and global climate change. Earth has been cooling, and ice sheets expanding, over the past ~52 million years. Superimposed on this cooling are periodic changes in Earth's climate system driven by variations in the eccentricity, precession, and obliquity of Earth's orbit around the Sun. Climate reconstructions based on measurements of oxygen isotopes in foraminiferal calcite indicate that, from ~2.8 to 1.2 million years before present (Ma), Earth's climate system oscillated between glacial and interglacial states every ~40,000 years (the "40k world"). Between 1.2-0.8 Ma and continuing to the present, the period of glacial cycles increased in amplitude and lengthened to ~100,000 years (the "100k world"). Ice cores preserve ancient air that allows direct reconstructions of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane. They also archive proxy records of regional climate, mean ocean temperature, global oxygen cycling, and the aridity of nearby continents. Studies of stratigraphically continuous ice cores, extending to 800,000 years before present, have demonstrated that atmospheric carbon dioxide is strongly linked to climate, and it is of great interest to extend the ice-core record into the 40k world. Recent discoveries of well-preserved ice dating from 1.0 to 2.7 Ma from ice cores drilled in the Allan Hills Blue Ice Area (BIA), Antarctica, demonstrate the potential to retrieve stratigraphically discontinuous old ice at shallow depths (<200 meters). This project will continue this work by retrieving new large-volume ice cores and measuring paleoclimate properties in both new and existing ice from the Allan Hills BIA. The experimental objectives are to more fully characterize fundamental properties of the climate system and the carbon cycle during the 40k world. Project results will have implications for Pleistocene climate change, and will provide new constraints on the processes that regulate atmospheric carbon dioxide, methane, and oxygen on geologic timescales. Given a demonstrated age of the ice at the Allan Hills BIA of at least 2 million years, the team will drill additional cores to prospect for ice that predates the initiation of Northern Hemisphere glaciation at the Plio-Pleistocene transition (~2.8 Ma). This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

This content comprises the raw data with the filtered data of each arc segment, Supplementary Tables 1-15 and python code used for generation map of Figure 1.

The specialty gases market for food and beverage applications is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand for high-quality and safe food products. This expanding market, estimated at $2.5 billion in 2025, is projected to achieve a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors, including the rising adoption of advanced food processing techniques, a surge in demand for processed and convenience foods, and stringent regulatory requirements emphasizing food safety and quality. The use of specialty gases like nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen in packaging, chilling, and processing enhances product shelf life, maintains freshness, and improves overall food quality. Furthermore, the growing awareness of sustainable food production practices is driving adoption of specialty gases for modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), minimizing waste and extending product shelf life. Major players, including Taiyo Nippon Sanso, Air Products, Linde, and Air Liquide, are investing heavily in research and development to enhance gas purity and introduce innovative solutions, further fueling market expansion. The segment's growth trajectory is influenced by several market trends. The increasing demand for ready-to-eat meals and convenience foods is a major contributing factor, requiring extensive use of specialty gases for preservation. Technological advancements in food processing techniques, such as high-pressure processing (HPP) and cryogenic freezing, are also creating new applications for specialty gases. However, potential restraints include fluctuations in raw material prices and the potential for stricter environmental regulations impacting gas production and transportation. The geographic distribution of the market is expected to be diverse, with North America and Europe holding significant market share due to established food processing industries and advanced technologies, while Asia-Pacific is expected to witness substantial growth due to rising disposable incomes and increasing demand for processed foods in emerging economies.