Oxytocin is a neuropeptide released in the central nervous system, which is involved in a wide range of behaviors including reproduction, parental care, and pair bonding. In addition, peripheral oxytocin is important for milk ejection during nursing and uterine contractions during labor. Oxytocin is produced mainly in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. This study describes a neural circuit routing auditory information about infant vocalizations to mouse oxytocin neurons. They performed in vivo electrophysiological recordings and photometry from identified oxytocin neurons in awake maternal mice presented with pup calls. For this study, they made cell-attached and whole-cell recordings from PVN oxytocin neurons and other optically-unresponsive PVN neurons in awake head-fixed mouse dams. The dataset contains electrophysiology, behavioral, histology, and fiber photometry data. This study reveals a circuit that unlocks central oxytocin release and maternal behavior in response to pup calls.

The oxytocin market is segmented by Indication (Antepartum, Postpartum), Distribution Channel (Hospital Pharmacies, Drug Stores, Online Pharmacies), and Geography (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa, and South America). The report offers the value (in USD million) for the above segments.

Oxytocin Market Outlook

The global oxytocin market size was estimated at USD 173.5 million in 2023 and is projected to reach a valuation of approximately USD 257.4 million by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.5% during the forecast period from 2024 to 2032. This expansion is primarily driven by the increasing demand for oxytocin in various medical applications, especially in obstetrics, due to its critical role in labor induction and management of postpartum hemorrhage. The rising awareness and education about maternal health, coupled with technological advancements in healthcare, are key factors that are likely to positively impact the growth trajectory of the oxytocin market over the coming years.

The growth of the oxytocin market is largely fueled by the increasing global birth rate and the subsequent demand for effective labor induction methods. As more women seek medical assistance during childbirth, the usage of oxytocin for labor induction has seen a significant rise. This trend is further bolstered by the availability of improved healthcare infrastructure and medical personnel trained in handling childbirth procedures efficiently across various developing regions. Additionally, the increasing awareness about maternal and neonatal health prompts healthcare providers to adopt best practices in labor management, where oxytocin plays an indispensable role, thereby driving market growth.

Another growth factor contributing to the oxytocin market is the rising incidence of postpartum hemorrhage, a major cause of maternal mortality worldwide. The use of oxytocin as a uterotonic agent to control bleeding after delivery has made it an essential drug in maternity care settings. Governments and health organizations are actively promoting the use of oxytocin as a preventive measure against postpartum hemorrhage, further boosting its demand. Initiatives to enhance maternal health and reduce childbirth-related complications are crucial in ensuring the wide adoption of oxytocin, particularly in regions with high maternal mortality rates.

In addition to its role in labor management, oxytocin is also gaining recognition for its potential benefits in lactation enhancement. The hormone stimulates milk ejection in breastfeeding mothers, helping to improve breastfeeding rates and infant nutrition. With the rising emphasis on breastfeeding and infant health, the demand for oxytocin to support lactation is expected to increase, contributing to market growth. Furthermore, the ongoing research into the broader therapeutic applications of oxytocin, such as its use in treating certain psychiatric conditions, could open new avenues for market expansion.

Carbetocin Injection is emerging as a promising alternative to oxytocin in the management of postpartum hemorrhage, particularly in settings where cold chain storage is a challenge. Unlike oxytocin, Carbetocin Injection does not require refrigeration, making it highly suitable for use in low-resource settings where maintaining a cold chain is difficult. This stability under ambient conditions allows for broader distribution and accessibility, especially in rural and remote areas. Moreover, clinical studies have shown that Carbetocin Injection is as effective as oxytocin in preventing postpartum hemorrhage, offering a viable option for healthcare providers. As global health initiatives continue to focus on reducing maternal mortality, the adoption of Carbetocin Injection could play a critical role in enhancing maternal health outcomes, particularly in developing regions.

From a regional perspective, the oxytocin market is witnessing varied growth patterns. North America and Europe are prominent markets due to their advanced healthcare systems and high awareness of maternal health issues. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to exhibit the fastest growth during the forecast period, driven by a substantial rise in birth rates and improving healthcare facilities. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America are also emerging as significant markets due to increasing healthcare investments and initiatives aimed at reducing maternal mortality. Overall, the global oxytocin market is poised for steady growth, supported by multiple regional dynamics and healthcare trends.

Product Type Analysis

Within the oxytocin market, the segmentation by product type into synthetic and natural oxytocin presents a comprehensive landscape of choices available to healthcare providers. Synthetic oxy

A collection of 3 brain maps. Each brain map is a 3D array of values representing properties of the brain at different locations.

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A collection of 60 brain maps. Each brain map is a 3D array of values representing properties of the brain at different locations.

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We employed a coordinate-based meta-analysis for task-based neuroimaging literature using activation likelihood estimation (ALE), whereby, coordinates were extracted from clusters with significant differences in intranasal oxytocin versus placebo in healthy adults. Data were included for 39 fMRI studies that reported a total of 372 distinct foci in 1568 participants.

The dataset contains the files (DARE_Workfile, Empathy_Workfile) used for the analyses of the study published by Fragkaki and Cima (2019) in Psychoneuroendocrinology. The study examined the effect of oxytocin administration on empathy and emotion recognition in 100 male adolescents living in residential youth care facilities. The study had a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject design. The study included 3 sessions: screening session and two experimental sessions. In the experimental sessions, the participants received oxytocin in one session and placebo in the other session and performed the same experimental tasks on empathy and emotion recognition 30 min after administration. The order of the sprays as well as the order of the tasks were randomized using computer randomization. We performed mixed modeling to examined the effect of oxytocin on the outcome variables. The file “Documentation-ReadMe” describes the trial information, methodology, and the variables included in the datasets. The file "icu_dutch" is the Dutch version of the Inventory of callous-unemotional traits, the file ctq_dutch" is the Dutch version of the Childhood trauma questionnaire", and the file "ades_dutch" is the Dutch version of the Adolescent dissociative experiences scale.

Oxytocin Injection Market Outlook

The global oxytocin injection market size is projected to grow significantly, with an estimated value of USD 150 million in 2023, and is expected to reach USD 250 million by 2032, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 6.5%. This upward trend is primarily driven by the increasing demand for oxytocin in various medical applications, alongside advancements in pharmaceutical research and healthcare practices. Oxytocin injections are widely used in labor induction and the management of postpartum hemorrhage, which are critical aspects of maternal healthcare globally. The growing awareness regarding maternal health and the enhancement of healthcare infrastructure are pivotal growth factors contributing to the market's expansion.

A primary growth factor for the oxytocin injection market is the rising focus on maternal and child health worldwide. Governments and healthcare organizations have been investing significantly in maternal health programs to reduce maternal mortality rates, which is fostering the demand for oxytocin injections. These injections play a crucial role in reducing complications during childbirth, such as labor induction and the prevention of excessive bleeding postpartum. Furthermore, increasing awareness among healthcare providers and patients about the benefits of oxytocin has led to its widespread adoption, thereby driving market growth. Additionally, advancements in pharmaceutical formulations and delivery mechanisms have enhanced the effectiveness and safety profile of oxytocin injections, further propelling the market.

Another vital driver is the surge in research activities focusing on the broader therapeutic applications of oxytocin beyond its traditional use in obstetrics. Recent studies have suggested potential benefits of oxytocin in enhancing lactation and treating certain psychological and behavioral conditions, expanding its application scope. This has prompted pharmaceutical companies to invest in R&D to explore new formulations and delivery systems, potentially opening new avenues for market growth. Moreover, the increasing prevalence of conditions such as postpartum depression and the growing emphasis on mental health are expected to contribute to the rising demand for oxytocin injections, as ongoing research continues to uncover its multifaceted benefits.

The expanding healthcare infrastructure globally, especially in developing regions, is another crucial factor driving market growth. Countries in the Asia Pacific and Africa are witnessing significant improvements in healthcare facilities and accessibility, which is anticipated to boost the demand for essential medicines like oxytocin injections. The integration of modern healthcare practices and the establishment of maternal health programs in these regions are expected to be major contributors to market expansion. Furthermore, strategic collaborations between international organizations and local governments to improve maternal health outcomes are likely to sustain the market's growth trajectory in the coming years.

In the realm of maternal healthcare, Atosiban has emerged as a noteworthy alternative to oxytocin, particularly in the management of preterm labor. Unlike oxytocin, which is primarily used to induce labor, Atosiban acts as a tocolytic agent, helping to delay premature birth by inhibiting uterine contractions. This distinction is crucial as it provides healthcare providers with a broader range of options when addressing different maternal health scenarios. The introduction of Atosiban into the market has been met with interest, especially in regions where preterm birth rates are high, offering a complementary approach to traditional oxytocin treatments. As research continues to explore the efficacy and safety of Atosiban, its role in maternal healthcare is expected to expand, potentially influencing treatment protocols and market dynamics.

Regionally, the oxytocin injection market exhibits diverse growth patterns, with North America and Europe currently holding significant shares due to their advanced healthcare systems and robust regulatory frameworks. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the fastest growth during the forecast period, driven by increasing healthcare investments and rising awareness about maternal health. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also anticipated to contribute to the market's expansion, supported by initiatives to improve healthcare access and quality. The increasing focus on reducing maternal mortalit

The table includes 77 products with the active ingredient Oxytocin.

The global oxytocin market size is forecast to reach USD 193.02 million and estimated to expand at a CAGR of 9.3% by 2032, according to PMR.

The implementation of an institutional oxytocin checklist did not affect expert assessment of the use of oxytocin in labor. Checklist is included within the publication's appendix.

Injection Oxytocin Market Outlook

The global injection oxytocin market size was valued at approximately USD 113 million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 184 million by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 5.5% during the forecast period. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for oxytocin in labor induction and postpartum hemorrhage management, coupled with heightened awareness about maternal health across the globe. The rising incidence of childbirth complications requiring medical intervention further propels the need for oxytocin, making it a crucial pharmaceutical product in obstetric care. In addition, the continuous advancements in medical practices and the increasing number of maternity care facilities are set to bolster the market growth significantly in the coming years.

One of the major growth factors for the injection oxytocin market is the increasing birth rate in many developing and developed countries. With an ever-growing global population, the number of childbirths continues to rise, increasing the demand for effective labor management tools like oxytocin. Oxytocin's role in reducing maternal morbidity and mortality during childbirth by preventing severe postpartum hemorrhage stands out as a significant factor fueling its market demand. Additionally, the ongoing initiatives by health organizations and governments to improve maternal healthcare services further reinforce the need for oxytocin in medical practices.

Furthermore, technological advancements in drug delivery systems have positively influenced the market. These innovations have enhanced the safety and efficacy of oxytocin, thus increasing its adoption among healthcare providers. The development of more stable formulations of oxytocin that offer extended shelf life and ease of storage is also a critical factor contributing to the market's growth. Moreover, the increasing availability of oxytocin through various distribution channels, including online pharmacies, has made it more accessible, thereby widening its market reach. The integration of advanced healthcare infrastructure in emerging economies is expected to provide additional impetus to the market during the forecast period.

The increasing focus on women's health and well-being, especially regarding safe childbirth practices, has catalyzed the demand for oxytocin. There is a growing recognition of the importance of timely and appropriate medical interventions during labor to prevent complications, which has placed oxytocin at the forefront of essential maternal medications. Efforts to enhance healthcare quality and reduce maternal and infant mortality rates worldwide are further expected to drive the market. Additionally, the supportive regulatory frameworks and guidelines concerning the use of oxytocin in obstetric care play a pivotal role in shaping market dynamics, encouraging its safe and widespread utilization.

Regionally, North America and Europe are expected to hold significant market shares, driven by advanced healthcare systems, high awareness levels, and comprehensive healthcare insurance coverage that facilitates greater access to maternal care. However, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to witness the fastest growth, attributed to the large population base, increasing birth rates, and substantial improvements in healthcare infrastructure. Emerging economies in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also projected to contribute to market expansion due to increasing healthcare investments and growing focus on maternal health services.

Synthetic Oxytocin Analysis

Synthetic oxytocin is a widely used pharmaceutical formulation in obstetric care, primarily utilized for labor induction and management of postpartum hemorrhage. It is a chemically synthesized form of the naturally occurring hormone oxytocin, designed to mimic its biological effects. One significant factor driving the growth of synthetic oxytocin is its proven efficacy and safety, which have made it a preferred choice among healthcare providers globally. Additionally, synthetic oxytocin's cost-effectiveness and ease of production contribute to its widespread availability and use in various healthcare settings.

The increasing demand for synthetic oxytocin is also fueled by its ability to be standardized in terms of dosage and formulation, ensuring consistent therapeutic outcomes. This standardization reduces the variability seen with other forms of oxytocin, making it a reliable choice for medical practitioners. Moreover, synthetic oxytocin's stability and long shelf life make it a practical option for healthcar

Gain in-depth insights into Oxytocin Market Report from Market Research Intellect, valued at USD 500 million in 2024, and projected to grow to USD 1.2 billion by 2033 with a CAGR of 10.5% from 2026 to 2033.

Abstract: Affectionate touch, which is vital for mental and physical health, was restricted during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study investigated the association between momentary affectionate touch and subjective well-being, as well as salivary oxytocin and cortisol in everyday life during the pandemic. In the first step, we measured anxiety and depression symptoms, loneliness, and attitude toward social touch in a large cross-sectional online survey (N=1,050). From this sample, N=247 participants completed ecologically momentary assessments (EMA) over two days with six daily assessments by answering smartphone-based questions on affectionate touch and momentary mental state and providing concomitant saliva samples for cortisol and oxytocin assessment. Multilevel models showed that on a within-person level, affectionate touch was associated with decreased self-reported anxiety, general burden, stress, and increased oxytocin levels. On a between-person level, affectionate touch was associated with decreased cortisol levels and higher happiness. Moreover, individuals with a positive attitude towards social touch experiencing loneliness reported more mental health problems. Our results suggest that affectionate touch is linked to higher endogenous oxytocin in times of pandemic and lockdown and might buffer stress on a subjective and hormonal level. These findings might have implications for preventing mental burden during social contact restrictions.

The Oxytocin Market size was valued at USD 4.07 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 8.89 billion by 2032, exhibiting a CAGR of 11.8 % during the forecasts period. Oxytocin is a hormone and neurotransmitter known for its role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation. Produced in the brain's hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, it facilitates labor contractions during childbirth and stimulates milk ejection during breastfeeding. This hormone also influences social behaviors, promoting trust, empathy, and bonding between individuals. In medicine, synthetic oxytocin (Pitocin) is used to induce labor, manage postpartum hemorrhage, and assist in lactation. Advantages of oxytocin include its pivotal role in promoting maternal-infant bonding, aiding in reproductive health, and potentially improving social interactions and psychological well-being. Research suggests it may have therapeutic applications in disorders involving social deficits, although further studies are needed to fully understand its effects and benefits.

The global oxytocin market is projected to reach USD 1.7 billion by 2033, exhibiting a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period (2023-2033). The market growth is primarily driven by the rising prevalence of postpartum hemorrhage, induction of labor, and postpartum pain management. Additionally, increasing government initiatives and advancements in drug delivery systems are further contributing to market expansion. Regional analysis reveals that North America held the largest market share in 2022 due to the presence of established healthcare infrastructure, high healthcare expenditure, and a large patient population. The Asia Pacific region is anticipated to witness significant growth during the forecast period owing to the growing awareness about women's health, increasing healthcare spending, and the presence of a large patient pool. Key market players include JHP Pharmaceuticals, Viatris Inc (Mylan), AdvaCare Pharma, Par Pharmaceutical, Karnataka Antibiotics and Pharmaceuticals Limited (KAPL), Fresenius Kabi AG, Weefsel Pharma, Wockhardt Ltd, EVER Pharma, Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC, and Pfizer Inc. This comprehensive report delves into the dynamics of the global oxytocin market, providing valuable insights into market segmentation, growth drivers, challenges, and key industry players. With an estimated market value of USD 600 Million in 2022, the market is projected to experience significant growth over the forecast period. Recent developments include: In August 2022, Tonix Pharmaceuticals received the United States patent for intranasal Oxytocin (TNX-1900) for pain treatment. The patent, titled "Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use," claimed methods and compositions for treating pain, including that incident to migraine headaches, using intranasal magnesium-containing oxytocin formulations. This patent, excluding possible patent term extensions, is expected to provide Tonix with U.S. market exclusivity until January 2036., In May 2022, the Central government of India allowed the import of oxytocin reference standards for testing and analysis after submitting a test license issued by the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI).. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing Prevalence of Pregnancy Complications, Rising Number of Births Globally; Growing Awareness of Induced Labor and Breastfeeding. Potential restraints include: Stringent Regulations and High Cost of Oxytocin Drug. Notable trends are: Antepartum Segment is Expected to Witness Growth Over the Forecast Period.

The global oxytocin market, valued at approximately $XX million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.40% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Increasing awareness of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and its devastating consequences is leading to greater adoption of oxytocin for preventing and managing this life-threatening condition. The rising incidence of preterm labor and the consequent need for uterine contractions stimulation are further bolstering market demand. Furthermore, the expanding applications of oxytocin in inducing labor and managing postpartum bleeding contribute significantly to market growth. Growth is also spurred by increasing healthcare infrastructure development in emerging economies, particularly in Asia-Pacific and Africa, where access to essential medications like oxytocin is gradually improving. The market is segmented by indication (antepartum and postpartum use) and distribution channel (hospital pharmacies, drug stores, and online pharmacies), with hospital pharmacies currently dominating the market share due to higher prescription rates. However, the online pharmacy segment is exhibiting rapid growth due to increasing e-commerce penetration and convenience. Competitive dynamics are shaped by a mix of established pharmaceutical companies and smaller specialized players, each with unique strengths and market strategies. While the market faces challenges including stringent regulatory requirements and potential side effects associated with oxytocin use, the overall outlook remains positive due to the significant unmet medical need and ongoing research and development in this area. The major regional markets for oxytocin include North America (with the United States as the largest contributor), Europe, and Asia-Pacific. North America enjoys a significant market share due to high healthcare expenditure and advanced medical infrastructure. However, rapid growth is anticipated in the Asia-Pacific region driven by expanding healthcare access, rising birth rates, and increasing awareness of maternal health issues. The strategic initiatives by key players in expanding their product portfolios, strengthening distribution networks, and conducting focused marketing campaigns are likely to further accelerate market growth in the coming years. The consistent and increasing demand for oxytocin coupled with its crucial role in maternal health ensures a positive outlook for the market, despite the inherent challenges. Recent developments include: In August 2022, Tonix Pharmaceuticals received the United States patent for intranasal Oxytocin (TNX-1900) for pain treatment. The patent, titled "Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use," claimed methods and compositions for treating pain, including that incident to migraine headaches, using intranasal magnesium-containing oxytocin formulations. This patent, excluding possible patent term extensions, is expected to provide Tonix with U.S. market exclusivity until January 2036., In May 2022, the Central government of India allowed the import of oxytocin reference standards for testing and analysis after submitting a test license issued by the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI).. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing Prevalence of Pregnancy Complications, Rising Number of Births Globally; Growing Awareness of Induced Labor and Breastfeeding. Potential restraints include: Increasing Prevalence of Pregnancy Complications, Rising Number of Births Globally; Growing Awareness of Induced Labor and Breastfeeding. Notable trends are: Antepartum Segment is Expected to Witness Growth Over the Forecast Period.

Antepartum Oxytocin: Plays a crucial role in inducing or augmenting labor contractions when medically necessary to facilitate safe and timely childbirth.Postpartum Oxytocin: Administered after delivery to stimulate uterine involution, thereby minimizing the risk of postpartum hemorrhage and promoting faster recovery for the mother. Recent developments include: August 2022:The US patent for the painkiller intranasal oxytocin (TNX-1900) was awarded to Tonix Pharmaceuticals. Under the heading "Magnesium-Containing Oxytocin Formulations and Methods of Use," the patent sought to protect patients from pain—including migraine headaches—by employing intranasal formulations of oxytocin that contain magnesium. Tonix should have U.S. market exclusivity through January 2036 thanks to this invention, barring any potential patent term extensions., May 2020:Carbetocin Ferring, a heat-stable formulation approved by Swissmedic, is used to prevent postpartum hemorrhage in all births. This drug is the first to be approved under the new MAGHP (Marketing Authorization for Global Health Products) and Swissmedic procedures.. Notable trends are: Increasing number of difficulties during childbirth is driving the market growth.

Oxytocin Receptor Antagonists Market Outlook

The global oxytocin receptor antagonists market size is projected to grow significantly from approximately USD 200 million in 2023 to USD 350 million by 2032, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 6.5%. This growth is driven by increasing research in the field of therapeutic treatments for conditions such as preterm labor and autism spectrum disorder, as well as a rising incidence of postpartum hemorrhage. The expanding pharmaceutical research and development sector, combined with an increased focus on women's health, particularly in emerging markets, further accelerates the market's expansion over the coming years.

One of the primary growth factors for the oxytocin receptor antagonists market is the increasing prevalence of preterm labor, which remains a significant concern worldwide. The demand for effective therapeutic interventions to manage and mitigate preterm births is fueling the development and commercialization of oxytocin receptor antagonists. Advancements in pharmaceutical research have emphasized the need for drugs that can safely delay labor, thereby reducing neonatal mortality and morbidity rates. With preterm labor contributing to a substantial portion of neonatal deaths globally, there has been a marked increase in healthcare initiatives and government support for the development of innovative solutions in this space, propelling market growth.

Another substantial contributor to the market's growth is the rising awareness and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). As the understanding of ASD's complex etiology grows, researchers are exploring the role of oxytocin pathways, with receptor antagonists emerging as a potential therapeutic avenue. The identification of specific biomarkers and the development of targeted therapies are enhancing treatment protocols, thus driving demand within this market segment. Increasing investments in research to understand and develop effective treatments for ASD are creating a fertile ground for the expansion of oxytocin receptor antagonist applications, leading to steady market growth.

Additionally, the management of postpartum hemorrhage remains a critical area where oxytocin receptor antagonists are finding increased application. With postpartum hemorrhage being a leading cause of maternal mortality globally, particularly in low-resource settings, there is an urgent need for effective treatments. The pharmaceutical industry is responding with enhanced research efforts to develop more efficient and accessible formulations of oxytocin receptor antagonists. This focus not only supports market expansion but also underscores the vital role of these drugs in improving maternal health outcomes and reducing mortality rates associated with childbirth complications.

The regional outlook for the oxytocin receptor antagonists market is shaped by varying healthcare landscapes and investment levels in different parts of the world. North America holds a significant share of the market, driven by extensive research initiatives, advanced healthcare infrastructure, and a high incidence of related medical conditions. In Europe, the market is also seeing steady growth, supported by robust regulatory frameworks and a strong focus on research and development. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to witness the fastest growth rate, fueled by increasing healthcare investments, government support, and a growing focus on maternal health. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, while smaller in market size, are also expected to see gradual growth, driven by improving healthcare access and rising awareness of maternal and neonatal health issues.

Product Type Analysis

The oxytocin receptor antagonists market is categorized into two primary product types: peptide antagonists and non-peptide antagonists. Peptide antagonists are naturally occurring or synthetic peptides designed to inhibit the action of oxytocin by binding to its receptors. These antagonists are significant due to their specificity and effectiveness in blocking oxytocin's physiological effects, which are crucial in conditions such as preterm labor. The development of peptide-based drugs is propelled by ongoing research that aims to enhance their stability and bioavailability, which can potentially increase their therapeutic application and market penetration.

Non-peptide antagonists, on the other hand, represent a novel and promising area within this market. These small molecules offer advantages in terms of oral bioavailability and ease of synthesis compared to p

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Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design to compare the impacts of a single intranasal oxytocin dose on amygdala connectivity among individuals with schizophrenia (n = 22) versus healthy controls (n = 24).