Jews were the dominant religious group in the Israel-Palestine region at the beginning of the first millennia CE, and are the dominant religious group there today, however, there was a period of almost 2,000 years where most of the world's Jews were displaced from their spiritual homeland. Antiquity to the 20th century Jewish hegemony in the region began changing after a series of revolts against Roman rule led to mass expulsions and emigration. Roman control saw severe persecution of Jewish and Christian populations, but this changed when the Byzantine Empire adopted Christianity as its official religion in the 4th century. Christianity then dominated until the 7th century, when the Rashidun Caliphate (the first to succeed Muhammad) took control of the Levant. Control of region split between Christians and Muslims intermittently between the 11th and 13th centuries during the Crusades, although the population remained overwhelmingly Muslim. Zionism until today Through the Paris Peace Conference, the British took control of Palestine in 1920. The Jewish population began growing through the Zionist Movement after the 1880s, which sought to establish a Jewish state in Palestine. Rising anti-Semitism in Europe accelerated this in the interwar period, and in the aftermath of the Holocaust, many European Jews chose to leave the continent. The United Nations tried facilitating the foundation of separate Jewish and Arab states, yet neither side was willing to concede territory, leading to a civil war and a joint invasion from seven Arab states. Yet the Jews maintained control of their territory and took large parts of the proposed Arab territory, forming the Jewish-majority state of Israel in 1948, and acheiving a ceasefire the following year. Over 750,000 Palestinians were displaced as a result of this conflict, while most Jews from the Arab eventually fled to Israel. Since this time, Israel has become one of the richest and advanced countries in the world, however, Palestine has been under Israeli military occupation since the 1960s and there are large disparities in living standards between the two regions.

The total population in Palestine was forecast to continuously increase up to more than 5.4 million people by 2023. The current total population is estimated to amount to 5.48 million people in 2023, however these estimates have not yet been adjusted to account for the impact of the 2023 Israel-Hamas War.

In 1995, Israel had a Jewish population of approximately 4.5 million people, of whom approximately 1.75 million were born abroad. Over one million of these immigrants were born in Europe, with over 650,000 of these born in the former Soviet Union. Despite Poland having the largest Jewish population in the world in the pre-WWII years, the number of Polish Jewish migrants and descendents in Israel was relatively small in 1995 when compared to the USSR due to the impact of the Holocaust.

Outside of Europe, Morocco had the largest number of Jewish immigrants and descendents in Israel by 1995. Morocco had the largest Jewish population in the Muslim world when Israel was founded in 1948, with over 250,000 people. Many Moroccan Jews sought to emigrate to Israel at this time, but often faced resistance from authorities and local populations who believed the Jews would join in the fight against the Arab forces seeking to establish a Muslim state in Palestine. The government of Morocco then officially prohibited emigration to Israel after gaining independence from France in 1956, however this policy was reversed in 1961 whereby the Moroccan government began facilitating Jewish emigration to Israel in return for payments from Jewish organizations in the U.S. and Israel. By the 1970s, Morocco's Jewish population had fallen to less than 15 percent of its size in 1948.

Abstract

IPUMS-International is an effort to inventory, preserve, harmonize, and disseminate census microdata from around the world. The project has collected the world's largest archive of publicly available census samples. The data are coded and documented consistently across countries and over time to facillitate comparative research. IPUMS-International makes these data available to qualified researchers free of charge through a web dissemination system.

The IPUMS project is a collaboration of the Minnesota Population Center, National Statistical Offices, and international data archives. Major funding is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Demographic and Behavioral Sciences Branch of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Additional support is provided by the University of Minnesota Office of the Vice President for Research, the Minnesota Population Center, and Sun Microsystems.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Dwelling

UNITS IDENTIFIED: - Dwellings: Yes - Vacant units: No - Households: Yes - Individuals: Yes - Group quarters: No

UNIT DESCRIPTIONS: - Dwellings: A building or part of a building constructed for one household only, with one or more independent entrance leading to the public road without passing through another housing unit. - Households: One person or a group of persons with or without a family relationship who live in the same housing unit or part of the same housing unit, share meals, and make joint provisions of food and other essentials of living. - Group quarters: Elderly homes, orphan homes, psycho-therapy clinics and hospitals, and other collective households - Special populations: Camp residents

Universe

(1) All persons living in the Palestinian Territory on the census date, regardless of nationality, citizenship, reason of presence, and place of residence in the Palestinian Territory. (2) All Palestinians who live abroad temporarily and for less than a year whose usual place of residence is in the Palestinian Teritory (these persons are counted with their households). (3) All Palestinians who are studying abroad, regardless of the study period and length of residence abroad, and all Palestinian persons detained in Israeli jails regardless of the detention period. NOTE: Sample includes West Bank only; it excludes Gaza Strip.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Palestinian National Authority, Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics

SAMPLE DESIGN: A systematic random sample of 20 percent of households. IPUMS drew a systematic sample of every second household.

SAMPLE UNIT: household

SAMPLE FRACTION: 10%

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 455,019

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Population, Housing and Establishment Census - 2007 questionnaire, including form number 19/1 PHC

Israel IL: Refugee Population: by Country or Territory of Origin data was reported at 459.000 Person in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 495.000 Person for 2016. Israel IL: Refugee Population: by Country or Territory of Origin data is updated yearly, averaging 818.500 Person from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2017, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,541.000 Person in 2007 and a record low of 16.000 Person in 1990. Israel IL: Refugee Population: by Country or Territory of Origin data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Israel – Table IL.World Bank: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Refugees are people who are recognized as refugees under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees or its 1967 Protocol, the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, people recognized as refugees in accordance with the UNHCR statute, people granted refugee-like humanitarian status, and people provided temporary protection. Asylum seekers--people who have applied for asylum or refugee status and who have not yet received a decision or who are registered as asylum seekers--are excluded. Palestinian refugees are people (and their descendants) whose residence was Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948 and who lost their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict. Country of origin generally refers to the nationality or country of citizenship of a claimant.; ; United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Statistics Database, Statistical Yearbook and data files, complemented by statistics on Palestinian refugees under the mandate of the UNRWA as published on its website. Data from UNHCR are available online at: www.unhcr.org/en-us/figures-at-a-glance.html.; Sum;

The estimated population of the Gaza Strip for 2023 was around 2.1 million people. The Palestinian population of Gaza is relatively young when compared globally. More than half of Gazans are 19 years or younger. This is due to the comparably high fertility rate in the Gaza Strip of *** children per woman as of 2022.

Israel IL: Refugee Population: by Country or Territory of Asylum data was reported at 25,637.000 Person in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 32,946.000 Person for 2016. Israel IL: Refugee Population: by Country or Territory of Asylum data is updated yearly, averaging 6,658.000 Person from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2017, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 48,505.000 Person in 2012 and a record low of 27.000 Person in 1998. Israel IL: Refugee Population: by Country or Territory of Asylum data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Israel – Table IL.World Bank: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Refugees are people who are recognized as refugees under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees or its 1967 Protocol, the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, people recognized as refugees in accordance with the UNHCR statute, people granted refugee-like humanitarian status, and people provided temporary protection. Asylum seekers--people who have applied for asylum or refugee status and who have not yet received a decision or who are registered as asylum seekers--are excluded. Palestinian refugees are people (and their descendants) whose residence was Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948 and who lost their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict. Country of asylum is the country where an asylum claim was filed and granted.; ; United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Statistics Database, Statistical Yearbook and data files, complemented by statistics on Palestinian refugees under the mandate of the UNRWA as published on its website. Data from UNHCR are available online at: www.unhcr.org/en-us/figures-at-a-glance.html.; Sum;

This report provides maps, location data, and an initial brief analysis of the Israeli/American/GHF aid distribution compounds rapidly constructed and beginning to operate in Gaza in May of 2025. The overall geographic relation of these compounds to Gazan populations and to the infrastructures of Israeli military control of Gaza, and, also, their consistent internal architecture, all suggest their design is predominantly responsive to Israeli military strategy and tactics rather than aimed at a broad humanitarian relief intervention. As with prior reports in this series, it is rapidly written to provide real-time inputs to unfolding events. Additional data layers available upon request.

As of January 14, 2025, the UN estimated that around 1.9 million refugees are currently sheltered in school buildings operated by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA). Around ** percent of Gaza's total population has been displaced due to the ongoing conflict. This was caused by attacks of radical Islamic Hamas' attacks on Israeli territory and the consequent counterstrikes of the Israeli military. Hamas attacks on Israel on October 7, 2023 The radical Islamic Palestinian terror organization Hamas attacked Israel in the early hours of October 7, 2023, on Sabbath - the Jewish day of rest. This strategic attack from Gaza was directed towards Israeli civilians and armed forces. An estimated ***** rockets were fired by Hamas from Gaza toward Israeli targets, hitting civilian buildings and military facilities. Hamas fighters entered the Israeli territory, killing around ***** of Israeli citizens. In the weeks that followed, the Israeli military conducted an aerial bombardment and launched a ground offensive in Gaza. Humanitarian pauses allowed aid to get into Gaza, but fighting has continued since a weeklong cease-fire ended on December 1, 2023. The attacks resulted in a massive escalation of the Middle Eastern conflict, which pushed a political solution further away. The number of civilian casualties in Gaza and Israel is rising each day the conflict continues. Humanitarian situation in Gaza Following Hamas' attacks on Israel, the Israeli military responded with airstrikes against positions of Hamas in the Gaza Strip and cut the region's supply. The Israeli military warned parts of Gaza about their air strikes and urged the population to leave their houses and seek refuge in the centers. Israel isolated the Gaza Strip from the outside world and stopped the supply of electricity, food, and fuel. On October 13, 2023, Israel prompted the Palestinian population of Gaza to vacate the region of northern Gaza. Around one million of the **** million Gazans dwelled in northern Gaza in high density. About half of the Gazan population is underaged. Since the terrorist organization Hamas launched its attacks on Israeli soil on October 7, 2023, around ***** Israelis have died, and ***** have been injured. Through retaliation attacks by the Israeli armed forces against Hamas in Gaza, over 47 thousand Palestinians have died, and around 99 thousand have been injured. There were ***** confirmed Palestinians killed in the Westbank through the ongoing conflict. Hamas's attack on Israel was the deadliest so far.

Overview

This dataset is the repository for the following paper submitted to Data in Brief:

Kempf, M. A dataset to model Levantine landcover and land-use change connected to climate change, the Arab Spring and COVID-19. Data in Brief (submitted: December 2023).

The Data in Brief article contains the supplement information and is the related data paper to:

Kempf, M. Climate change, the Arab Spring, and COVID-19 - Impacts on landcover transformations in the Levant. Journal of Arid Environments (revision submitted: December 2023).

Description/abstract

The Levant region is highly vulnerable to climate change, experiencing prolonged heat waves that have led to societal crises and population displacement. Since 2010, the area has been marked by socio-political turmoil, including the Syrian civil war and currently the escalation of the so-called Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, which strained neighbouring countries like Jordan due to the influx of Syrian refugees and increases population vulnerability to governmental decision-making. Jordan, in particular, has seen rapid population growth and significant changes in land-use and infrastructure, leading to over-exploitation of the landscape through irrigation and construction. This dataset uses climate data, satellite imagery, and land cover information to illustrate the substantial increase in construction activity and highlights the intricate relationship between climate change predictions and current socio-political developments in the Levant.

Folder structure

The main folder after download contains all data, in which the following subfolders are stored are stored as zipped files:

“code” stores the above described 9 code chunks to read, extract, process, analyse, and visualize the data.

“MODIS_merged” contains the 16-days, 250 m resolution NDVI imagery merged from three tiles (h20v05, h21v05, h21v06) and cropped to the study area, n=510, covering January 2001 to December 2022 and including January and February 2023.

“mask” contains a single shapefile, which is the merged product of administrative boundaries, including Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Syria, and Palestine (“MERGED_LEVANT.shp”).

“yield_productivity” contains .csv files of yield information for all countries listed above.

“population” contains two files with the same name but different format. The .csv file is for processing and plotting in R. The .ods file is for enhanced visualization of population dynamics in the Levant (Socio_cultural_political_development_database_FAO2023.ods).

“GLDAS” stores the raw data of the NASA Global Land Data Assimilation System datasets that can be read, extracted (variable name), and processed using code “8_GLDAS_read_extract_trend” from the respective folder. One folder contains data from 1975-2022 and a second the additional January and February 2023 data.

“built_up” contains the landcover and built-up change data from 1975 to 2022. This folder is subdivided into two subfolder which contain the raw data and the already processed data. “raw_data” contains the unprocessed datasets and “derived_data” stores the cropped built_up datasets at 5 year intervals, e.g., “Levant_built_up_1975.tif”.

Code structure

1_MODIS_NDVI_hdf_file_extraction.R

This is the first code chunk that refers to the extraction of MODIS data from .hdf file format. The following packages must be installed and the raw data must be downloaded using a simple mass downloader, e.g., from google chrome. Packages: terra. Download MODIS data from after registration from: https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mod13q1v061/ or https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/search (MODIS/Terra Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 250m SIN Grid V061, last accessed, 09th of October 2023). The code reads a list of files, extracts the NDVI, and saves each file to a single .tif-file with the indication “NDVI”. Because the study area is quite large, we have to load three different (spatially) time series and merge them later. Note that the time series are temporally consistent.

2_MERGE_MODIS_tiles.R

In this code, we load and merge the three different stacks to produce large and consistent time series of NDVI imagery across the study area. We further use the package gtools to load the files in (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc.). Here, we have three stacks from which we merge the first two (stack 1, stack 2) and store them. We then merge this stack with stack 3. We produce single files named NDVI_final_*consecutivenumber*.tif. Before saving the final output of single merged files, create a folder called “merged” and set the working directory to this folder, e.g., setwd("your directory_MODIS/merged").

3_CROP_MODIS_merged_tiles.R

Now we want to crop the derived MODIS tiles to our study area. We are using a mask, which is provided as .shp file in the repository, named "MERGED_LEVANT.shp". We load the merged .tif files and crop the stack with the vector. Saving to individual files, we name them “NDVI_merged_clip_*consecutivenumber*.tif. We now produced single cropped NDVI time series data from MODIS.
The repository provides the already clipped and merged NDVI datasets.

4_TREND_analysis_NDVI.R

Now, we want to perform trend analysis from the derived data. The data we load is tricky as it contains 16-days return period across a year for the period of 22 years. Growing season sums contain MAM (March-May), JJA (June-August), and SON (September-November). December is represented as a single file, which means that the period DJF (December-February) is represented by 5 images instead of 6. For the last DJF period (December 2022), the data from January and February 2023 can be added. The code selects the respective images from the stack, depending on which period is under consideration. From these stacks, individual annually resolved growing season sums are generated and the slope is calculated. We can then extract the p-values of the trend and characterize all values with high confidence level (0.05). Using the ggplot2 package and the melt function from reshape2 package, we can create a plot of the reclassified NDVI trends together with a local smoother (LOESS) of value 0.3.
To increase comparability and understand the amplitude of the trends, z-scores were calculated and plotted, which show the deviation of the values from the mean. This has been done for the NDVI values as well as the GLDAS climate variables as a normalization technique.

5_BUILT_UP_change_raster.R

Let us look at the landcover changes now. We are working with the terra package and get raster data from here: https://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/download.php?ds=bu (last accessed 03. March 2023, 100 m resolution, global coverage). Here, one can download the temporal coverage that is aimed for and reclassify it using the code after cropping to the individual study area. Here, I summed up different raster to characterize the built-up change in continuous values between 1975 and 2022.

6_POPULATION_numbers_plot.R

For this plot, one needs to load the .csv-file “Socio_cultural_political_development_database_FAO2023.csv” from the repository. The ggplot script provided produces the desired plot with all countries under consideration.

7_YIELD_plot.R

In this section, we are using the country productivity from the supplement in the repository “yield_productivity” (e.g., "Jordan_yield.csv". Each of the single country yield datasets is plotted in a ggplot and combined using the patchwork package in R.

8_GLDAS_read_extract_trend

The last code provides the basis for the trend analysis of the climate variables used in the paper. The raw data can be accessed https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets?keywords=GLDAS%20Noah%20Land%20Surface%20Model%20L4%20monthly&page=1 (last accessed 9th of October 2023). The raw data comes in .nc file format and various variables can be extracted using the [“^a variable name”] command from the spatraster collection. Each time you run the code, this variable name must be adjusted to meet the requirements for the variables (see this link for abbreviations: https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets/GLDAS_CLSM025_D_2.0/summary, last accessed 09th of October 2023; or the respective code chunk when reading a .nc file with the ncdf4 package in R) or run print(nc) from the code or use names(the spatraster collection).
Choosing one variable, the code uses the MERGED_LEVANT.shp mask from the repository to crop and mask the data to the outline of the study area.
From the processed data, trend analysis are conducted and z-scores were calculated following the code described above. However, annual trends require the frequency of the time series analysis to be set to value = 12. Regarding, e.g., rainfall, which is measured as annual sums and not means, the chunk r.sum=r.sum/12 has to be removed or set to r.sum=r.sum/1 to avoid calculating annual mean values (see other variables). Seasonal subset can be calculated as described in the code. Here, 3-month subsets were chosen for growing seasons, e.g. March-May (MAM), June-July (JJA), September-November (SON), and DJF (December-February, including Jan/Feb of the consecutive year).
From the data, mean values of 48 consecutive years are calculated and trend analysis are performed as describe above. In the same way, p-values are extracted and 95 % confidence level values are marked with dots on the raster plot. This analysis can be performed with a much longer time series, other variables, ad different spatial extent across the globe due to the availability of the GLDAS variables.

The world's Jewish population has had a complex and tumultuous history over the past millennia, regularly dealing with persecution, pogroms, and even genocide. The legacy of expulsion and persecution of Jews, including bans on land ownership, meant that Jewish communities disproportionately lived in urban areas, working as artisans or traders, and often lived in their own settlements separate to the rest of the urban population. This separation contributed to the impression that events such as pandemics, famines, or economic shocks did not affect Jews as much as other populations, and such factors came to form the basis of the mistrust and stereotypes of wealth (characterized as greed) that have made up anti-Semitic rhetoric for centuries. Development since the Middle Ages The concentration of Jewish populations across the world has shifted across different centuries. In the Middle Ages, the largest Jewish populations were found in Palestine and the wider Levant region, with other sizeable populations in present-day France, Italy, and Spain. Later, however, the Jewish disapora became increasingly concentrated in Eastern Europe after waves of pogroms in the west saw Jewish communities move eastward. Poland in particular was often considered a refuge for Jews from the late-Middle Ages until the 18th century, when it was then partitioned between Austria, Prussia, and Russia, and persecution increased. Push factors such as major pogroms in the Russian Empire in the 19th century and growing oppression in the west during the interwar period then saw many Jews migrate to the United States in search of opportunity.

Mean injury and death rates among Palestinians and Israelis and rate ratios using yearly rate data, stratified by location from 1 May 2014 – 30 December 2023.

Abstract

The 2000 Health Survey in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (MICS2) provides reliable estimates for several indicators, which were suggested to Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) by decision makers, planners, and researchers in the field of health through a series of "User-Producer Dialogue"workshops. The survey includes also the indicators of the "End of Decade Goals Survey, MICS2" which were developed in cooperation with UNICEF, and the indicators of the "Baseline Health Survey" which were developed in cooperation with UNFPA.

The 2000 Health Survey in the West Bank and Gaza Strip was implemented on the eve of the INTIFADA in Palestine. The release of this report comes after less than three months since the beginning of the uprising. There is documented evidence that up to this time in the life of the INTIFADA, more than 100 Palestinian children have been killed and more than 3,500 are injured by the Israeli army and the Israeli settlers. International as well as local specialized agencies have indicated that hundreds of thousands of Palestinian children have been deeply affected psychologically by the events. The Israeli harsh measures and their continued aggression against the Palestinian population have left thousands of Palestinian households with no means of protection or support for their children. In view of these tragic developments, the results of this Survey could be used as a fairly good and reliable baseline to compare with when studying the impact of Israeli measures and actions against Palestinian children and households.

The Health Survey of 1996 and the Demographic Survey of 1995 were among the pioneering household surveys in the establishment phase of Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). The two surveys where complementary to each other and were designed to provide detailed accounting and baseline data and statistics on the demographic and health status of Palestinian households and individuals. An update of the health survey was deemed necessary by PCBS and the Ministry of Health in order to update the baseline data on health situation in Palestine. The current survey (the 2000 health Survey in the West Bank and Gaza Strip) comes as a timely update ofthe various indicators, which were measured by the previous surveys, and as an answer to the statistical needs of the planners within government, NGO's, and specialized international agencies which are mandated to work in Palestine. This survey is in fact a realization of a partnership, which was formulated between PCBS, Ministry of Health, UNFPA and UNICEF in order to pool the demand side on data and produce a relevant data set for various stakeholders. The survey has tried to provide estimates for many indicators within the framework of UNICEF's efforts to support countries to come up with assessment of End Decade Goals as set out by UNICEF. It also tried to come up with the baseline data, which could be used in drafting a country strategy and a CPA exercise by UNFPA. The survey has also tried to provide enough details to allow the Ministry of Health finalize its strategic plan.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Individuals
• Households

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-54 years, all children aged 5-17 years and under 5 living in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample design of the 2000 Health Survey in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (MICS) takes into account the main recommendations of UNICEF for this type of surveys.

The sample provides a subsample of household that receives health services from the Ministry of Health clinics.

The target population consists of all Palestin_ian households that usually reside in the Palestinian Territory. This type of survey concentrates on 2 subpopulations. the first one is ever-married women and aged (15-54) years. the second one is children less than 5 years.

The list of all Palestinian households has been constructed with some identification variables, after finishing the Population Census 1997 processes. The master sample was drowned to be used for different sample surveys. The master sample consists of 481-enumeration area (EA) (the average sizes about 120 households). The master sample is the sample frame of the 2000 Health Survey in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The selected EAs were divided into small units called cells (with average size of 25 households). One cell per EA was selected.

Different criteria were taken into account when sample size was determined. The level of sampling error for the main indicators was considered, the result could be published at 3 subpopulations. and 10% incomplete questionnaire was assumed. The overall sample was 272 EAs, 178 in the West Bank and 94 in Gaza Strip. The Sample cells increased to 288 cells. 194 in West Bank and 94 in Gaza Strip. The number of households in the sample was 6,349 households, 4,295 in the West Bank and 2,054 in Gaza Strip.

The sample is a stratified multi-stage random sample.

Stratification: Four levels of stratification were made: 1. Stratification by governorates. 2. Stratification by place of residence which comprised: (a) Urban (b) Rural (c) Refugee Camps 3. Stratification by classifying localities, excluding governorate capitals, into three strata based on the ownership of households within these localities of durable goods. 4. Stratification by size locality (number of households).

A compact cluster design was adopted because the sample frame was old. As mentioned above, the first sampling units were divided into small units (cells). Then one cell from each EA was randomly selected.

For that part of Jerusalem, which was annexed after 1967 war, a list of households for the EAs in the frame was completed in 1999. Therefore a compact cluster design was not used in this part, and a random of households from the EAs was selected.

First stage sampling units are the area units (EAs) in the master sample. The second stage-sampling units are cells.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaire was developed by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics after revision and adaptation of the following standard questionnaires: 1. The Health Survey questionnaire, which implemented by Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics in 1996. 2. Demographic Survey questionnaire, which implemented by Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics in 1995. 3. UNICEF questionnaire for Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS II). 4. Standard Demographic and Health survey questionnaire. 5. Other Demographic and Health Survey questionnaire (DHS).

The health survey - 2000 questionnaire consist of three main parts:

1. Household questionnaire which includes the following sections:
2. Control Sheet: which includes items related to quality control sample identification, interview schedule and interview results.
3. Household Roster: includes demographic variables such as age, sex, relation to head of household, date ofbirth and health variables such as health insurance and smoking.

4. Housing section: includes questions on housing conditions, such as water sanitation and iodized salt.

5. Women's Health questionnaire: this questionnaire was designed to collect data for all ever- married women aged less than 55 years, it consists of seven sections:

6. Reproduction.

7. Family planning.

8. Antenatal care and Breastfeeding.

9. Tetanus Toxoid Vaccination.

10. Desire of Reproduction.

11. Public Health and Health Awareness.

12. Knowledge of HIV.

13. Child Health Questionnaire: This module consists of six sections:

14. Birth Registration for children under five years.

15. Child Education for children aged 5-17 years .

16. Child Labor for children aged 5-17 years.

17. Child Health and Child Immunization for children under five years.

18. Child Ophthalmic Health for children under five years.

19. Anthropometry for children under five years.

Cleaning operations

IMPS was used in data entry. Data entry was organized in a number of files, corresponding to the main parts of the questionnaire.

A data entry template was designed to reflect an exact image of the questionnaire, and included various electronic checks: logical check, consisting checks and cross-validation. Continuously thorough checks on the overall consistency of the data files and sample allocation were sent back to the field for corrections.

Data entry started on may 18, 2000 and finished on June 8, 2000. Data cleaning and checking processes were initiated simultaneously with the data entry. Thorough data quality checks and consistency checks were carried out.

Final tabulation of results was performed using statistical package SPSS for Windows (version 8.0) and specialized health and demographic analysis programs.

Response rate

Overall 94.0% of the questionnaires were completed. 93.3% in the West Bank, and 95.5% in Gaza Strip. The response rate was about 97.7%, it was 96.9% in the West Bank and 99.3% in Gaza Strip.

Sampling error estimates

Since the data reported here are based on a sample survey and not on complete enumeration. They are subject to two main types of errors: sampling rrrors and non-sampling errors.

Sampling errors are random outcomes of the sample design, and are, therefore, easily measurable.

Non-sampling errors can occur at the various stages of the survey implementatipn in data collection and data processing, and are generally difficult to be evaluated statistically. They cover a wide range of errors, including errors resulting from non-response, sample frame

Perspective-taking is essential for improving intergroup relations. However, it is difficult to implement, especially in violent conflicts. Given that immersive virtual reality (VR) can simulate various points of view (POV), we examined whether it can lead to beneficial outcomes by promoting outgroup perspective-taking, even in armed conflicts. In two studies, Jewish-Israelis watched a 360° VR scene depicting an Israeli-Palestinian confrontation from different POVs–outgroup’s, ingroup’s while imagining outgroup perspective or ingroup’s without imagined perspective-taking. Participants immersed in the outgroup’s POV, but not those who imagined the outgroup’s perspective, perceived the Palestinians more positively than those immersed in the ingroup’s POV. Moreover, participants in the outgroup’s POV perceived the Palestinian population in general more favorably and judged a real-life ingroup transgression more strictly than those in the ingroup’s POV, even five months after VR intervention. Results suggest that VR can promote conflict resolution by enabling effective perspective-taking.

Abstract

The Jerusalem Household Social Survey 2013 is one of the most important statistical activities that have been conducted by PCBS. It is the most detailed and comprehensive statistical activity that PCBS has conducted in Jerusalem. The main objective of the Jerusalem household social survey, 2013 is to provide basic information about: Demographic and social characteristics for the Palestinian society in Jerusalem governorate including age-sex structure, Illiteracy rate, enrollment and drop-out rates by background characteristics, Labor force status, unemployment rate, occupation, economic activity, employment status, place of work and wage levels, Housing and housing conditions, Living levels and impact of Israeli measures on nutrition behavior during Al-Aqsa intifada, Criminal offence, its victims, and injuries caused.

Geographic coverage

Social survey data covering the province of Jerusalem only, the type locality (urban, rural, refugee camps) and Governorate

Analysis unit

households, Individual

Universe

The target population was all Palestinian households living in Jerusalem Governorate.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame for Jerusalem (J1 and J2) was based on the census implemented by PCBS in 2007 and consisting of enumeration areas. These enumeration areas were used as primary sampling units (PSUs) in the first stage of the sample selection.

The estimated sample size is 1,260 households responding in Jerusalem governorate.

Stratified cluster random sample with two-stages: First stage: Selection of a systematic random sample of 42 enumeration areas (24 EAs in J1 and 18 EAs in J2). Second stage: A sample of 30 responsive households from each enumeration area selected in the first stage.

Sample Strata The population was divided by: 1-Region (Jerusalem J1, Jerusalem J2) 2-Locality type (Jerusalem J1: urban, camp; Jerusalem J2: urban, rural, camp).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

A survey questionnaire the main tool for gathering information, so do not need to check the technical specifications for the phase of field work, as required to achieve the requirements of data processing and analysis, has been designed form the survey after examining the experience of other countries on the subject of social surveys, covering the form as much as possible the most important social indicators as recommended by the United Nations, taking into account the specificity of the Palestinian community in this aspect.

Cleaning operations

Phase included a set of data processing Activities and operations that have been made to the Forms to prepare her for the analysis phase, This phase included the following operations: Before the introduction of audit data: at this stage was Check all the forms using the instructions To check to make sure the field of logical data and re- Incomplete, including a second field. Data Entry: The data entry Central to the central headquarters in Al-Bireh, was organized The data entry process using the Access Program Where the form has been programmed through this program. Was marked by the program that was developed in the Device properties and features the following: The possibility of dealing with an exact copy of the form The computer screen. The ability to conduct all tests and possibilities Possible and logical sequence of data in the form. Maintain a minimum of errors Portal Digital data or errors of field work. Ease of use and deal with the software and data (User-Friendly). The possibility of converting the data to the other formula can be Use and analysis of the statistical systems Analysis such as SPSS.

Response rate

during the field work we visit 1,820 family in Jerusalem Governorate, where the final results of the interviews were as follows: The number of families who were interviewed (1,188) in Jerusalem Governorate, (715) in J1, (473) in J2.

Sampling error estimates

Accuracy of the Data

Statistical Errors Data of this survey can be affected by statistical errors due to use of a sample. Variance was calculated for the most important indicators and demonstrates the ability to disseminate results for Jerusalem governorate. However, dissemination of data by J1 and J2 area indicates values with a high variance

Non-Statistical Errors It is possible for non-statistical errors to occur at all stages of project implementation or during the collection or entry of data. These errors can be summarized as non-response errors, response errors (respondent), corresponding errors (researcher) and data entry errors. To avoid errors and reduce their impact, strenuous efforts were made in the intensive training of researchers on how to conduct interviews, the procedures that must be followed during the interview and aspects that should be avoided. Practical exercises and theory were covered during the training session. Errors gradually decreased with the accumulation of experience by the field work team, which consisted of permanent and non-permanent researchers who conduct work on every PCBS survey.

In general, non-statistical errors were related to the nature of the Social Survey of Jerusalem and can be summarized as follows: · Many households considered the specific details of the survey as interference in their private lives. · Israeli impact on Palestine (curfew and closure). · Some households thought the survey was related to social assistance or to taxes. · Hesitation by households in the Jerusalem area to supply data because they were afraid of Israeli procedures against them if they participated in a Palestinian survey or activity.

Data Processing The data processing stage consisted of the following operations: 1. Editing and coding prior to data entry: All questionnaires were edited and coded in the office using the same instructions adopted for editing in the field.
2. Data entry: At this stage, data were entered into the computer using a data entry template designed in Access. The data entry program was prepared to satisfy a number of requirements such as:
· Duplication of the questionnaires on the computer screen. · Logic and consistency check of data entered. · Possibility for internal editing of question answers. · Maintaining a minimum of digital data entry and field work errors. · User-friendly handling. · Possibility of transferring data into another format to be used and analyzed using other statistical analytic systems such as SPSS.

Data entry began on April 17, 2013 and finished on July 14, 2013. Data cleaning and checking processes were initiated simultaneously with the data entry. Thorough data quality checks and consistency checks were carried out and SPSS for Windows version 10.0 was used to perform the final tabulation of results.

Possibility of Comparison At this stage, comparison can be made for time series periods and other sources. Where the survey results were compared with the data in 2010. The data were compared with the final results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census of 2007 for Jerusalem and the results were very consistent.

Weapons used in conflict between Israelis and Palestinians during the study period.

The number of fatalities amongst the Palestinian population in the West Bank and Gaza between 2008 and September 2023 stood at ***** and the number of injured people was *******. While the majority of fatalities amongst the Palestinians were in the Gaza Strip, more than half of the injured were based in the West Bank. Hamas attacks on Israel on October 7, 2023 The radical Islamic Palestinian terror organization Hamas attacked Israel in the early hours of October 7, 2023, on Sabbath - the Jewish day of rest. This strategic attack from Gaza was directed towards Israeli civilians and armed forces. An estimated ***** rockets were fired by Hamas from Gaza toward Israeli targets, hitting civilian buildings and military facilities. Hamas fighters entered the Israeli territory, killing around ***** of Israeli citizens. In the weeks that followed, the Israeli military conducted an aerial bombardment and launched a ground offensive in Gaza. Humanitarian pauses allowed aid to get into Gaza, but fighting has continued since a weeklong cease-fire ended on December 1, 2023. The attacks resulted in a massive escalation of the Middle Eastern conflict, which pushed a political solution further away. The number of civilian casualties in Gaza and Israel is rising each day the conflict continues. Before October 2023, there had been four wars between Israel and Hamas. The current conflict is already the deadliest, and the death toll is certain to rise.

Since the terrorist organization Hamas launched its attacks on Israeli soil on October 7, 2023, around 1,200 Israelis died, and 5,431 were injured. Through retaliation attacks by the Israeli armed forces against Hamas in Gaza, 56,156 Palestinians were killed, and 132.239 were injured. As of January 2025, the number of Palestinian deaths in the West Bank was 924, due to the on going conflict. Information on the data situation Data on the number of fatalities and injuries are based on the UNOCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) reporting by both parties to the conflict. The respective data sources were named for the purpose of transparency. It must be stated that in the case of wars and other conflicts, objective data collection is almost impossible, and reports are based on estimates. At the same time, it needs to be noted that some parties to the conflict may use numbers and data selectively for their own agenda. Hamas attacks on Israel on October 7th, 2023 Before October 2023, there had been four wars between Israel and Hamas. The current conflict is already the deadliest, and the death toll is certain to rise. The new escalation of violence in the Middle East started after the militant Palestinian group Hamas attacked Israel in the early hours of October 7, 2023. An estimated 2,200 rockets were fired by Hamas from Gaza toward Israeli targets, hitting civilian buildings and military facilities. Hamas fighters entered the Israeli territory, killing around 1,200 of Israeli citizens. In the weeks that followed, the Israeli military conducted an aerial bombardment and launched a ground offensive in Gaza. Humanitarian pauses allowed aid to get into Gaza, but fighting has continued since a weeklong cease-fire ended on December 1, 2023. Operation Iron Swords and the humanitarian situation of Gaza Initially, Israel reacted to the Hamas attacks with further isolation of the Gaza Strip, cutting off the supply of electricity, fuel, and drinking water. As of November 6, 2023, water supply to parts of the Gaza Strip has been resumed. The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) summoned the Palestinians to evacuate the northern part of the Gaza Strip towards the south of Gaza in the direction of the Egyptian border. This affects around 1.93 million people out of the 2.06 million inhabitants of Gaza. According to the UN, over one million people are internally displaced inside the Gaza Strip. Some trucks with relief supplies could infrequently enter the territory via the Rafah border from Egypt. This Israeli military operation is one of the longest-lasting in Gaza, and over 6,000 bombs were already dropped by the IDF.

The footnotes in the table are represented in brackets. The first footnote does not appear in the table.Footnotes: 1 For the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) estimates, the global non-response rate (GNR) is used as an indicator of data quality. This indicator combines complete non-response (household) and partial non-response (question) into a single rate. The value of the GNR is presented to users. A smaller GNR indicates a lower risk of non-response bias and as a result, lower risk of inaccuracy. The threshold used for estimates' suppression is a GNR of 50% or more. For more information, please refer to the National Household Survey User Guide, 2011.2 Includes persons who are stateless.3 Includes persons who are stateless.4 The official name of Bolivia is Plurinational State of Bolivia.5 The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.6 Includes countries such as Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba; Falkland Islands (Malvinas); Greenland; Saint Barthélemy; Saint Martin (French part); and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.7 The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.8 The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).9 The official name of Kosovo is Republic of Kosovo.10 Known as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in the United Nations and other international bodies.11 Includes countries such as Åland Islands; Andorra; Holy See (Vatican City State); Liechtenstein; San Marino; and Svalbard and Jan Mayen Island.12 The official name of Tanzania is United Republic of Tanzania.13 The official name of Libya is Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.14 Includes countries such as Mayotte; Saint Helena; Sao Tome and Principe; and Western Sahara.15 The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.16 The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.17 West Bank and Gaza Strip are the territories referred to in the Declaration of Principles, signed by Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1993. Palestine refers to pre-1948 British mandate Palestine.18 China excludes Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region.19 The official name of North Korea is Democratic People's Republic of Korea.20 The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.21 The official name of Laos is Lao People's Democratic Republic.22 The official name of Viet Nam is Socialist Republic of Viet Nam.23 Includes countries such as British Indian Ocean Territory; Maldives; and Timor-Leste.24 Includes countries such as American Samoa; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Cook Islands; Guam; Kiribati; Marshall Islands; Micronesia, Federated States of; Nauru; Niue; Norfolk Island; Northern Mariana Islands; Palau; Pitcairn; Solomon Islands; Tokelau; Tuvalu; United States Minor Outlying Islands; Vanuatu; and Wallis and Futuna.

Not all percentages sum to equal 100 due to missing data. T1 = baseline interview. T2 = 6-month follow-up. T3 = 12-month follow-up. PCI = Palestinian Citizen of Israel. PTG = posttraumatic growth.Means, standard deviations of study variables and demographic composition of the sample.