Jews were the dominant religious group in the Israel-Palestine region at the beginning of the first millennia CE, and are the dominant religious group there today, however, there was a period of almost 2,000 years where most of the world's Jews were displaced from their spiritual homeland. Antiquity to the 20th century Jewish hegemony in the region began changing after a series of revolts against Roman rule led to mass expulsions and emigration. Roman control saw severe persecution of Jewish and Christian populations, but this changed when the Byzantine Empire adopted Christianity as its official religion in the 4th century. Christianity then dominated until the 7th century, when the Rashidun Caliphate (the first to succeed Muhammad) took control of the Levant. Control of region split between Christians and Muslims intermittently between the 11th and 13th centuries during the Crusades, although the population remained overwhelmingly Muslim. Zionism until today Through the Paris Peace Conference, the British took control of Palestine in 1920. The Jewish population began growing through the Zionist Movement after the 1880s, which sought to establish a Jewish state in Palestine. Rising anti-Semitism in Europe accelerated this in the interwar period, and in the aftermath of the Holocaust, many European Jews chose to leave the continent. The United Nations tried facilitating the foundation of separate Jewish and Arab states, yet neither side was willing to concede territory, leading to a civil war and a joint invasion from seven Arab states. Yet the Jews maintained control of their territory and took large parts of the proposed Arab territory, forming the Jewish-majority state of Israel in 1948, and acheiving a ceasefire the following year. Over 750,000 Palestinians were displaced as a result of this conflict, while most Jews from the Arab eventually fled to Israel. Since this time, Israel has become one of the richest and advanced countries in the world, however, Palestine has been under Israeli military occupation since the 1960s and there are large disparities in living standards between the two regions.

The world's Jewish population has had a complex and tumultuous history over the past millennia, regularly dealing with persecution, pogroms, and even genocide. The legacy of expulsion and persecution of Jews, including bans on land ownership, meant that Jewish communities disproportionately lived in urban areas, working as artisans or traders, and often lived in their own settlements separate to the rest of the urban population. This separation contributed to the impression that events such as pandemics, famines, or economic shocks did not affect Jews as much as other populations, and such factors came to form the basis of the mistrust and stereotypes of wealth (characterized as greed) that have made up anti-Semitic rhetoric for centuries. Development since the Middle Ages The concentration of Jewish populations across the world has shifted across different centuries. In the Middle Ages, the largest Jewish populations were found in Palestine and the wider Levant region, with other sizeable populations in present-day France, Italy, and Spain. Later, however, the Jewish disapora became increasingly concentrated in Eastern Europe after waves of pogroms in the west saw Jewish communities move eastward. Poland in particular was often considered a refuge for Jews from the late-Middle Ages until the 18th century, when it was then partitioned between Austria, Prussia, and Russia, and persecution increased. Push factors such as major pogroms in the Russian Empire in the 19th century and growing oppression in the west during the interwar period then saw many Jews migrate to the United States in search of opportunity.

In 1995, Israel had a Jewish population of approximately 4.5 million people, of whom approximately 1.75 million were born abroad. Over one million of these immigrants were born in Europe, with over 650,000 of these born in the former Soviet Union. Despite Poland having the largest Jewish population in the world in the pre-WWII years, the number of Polish Jewish migrants and descendents in Israel was relatively small in 1995 when compared to the USSR due to the impact of the Holocaust.

Outside of Europe, Morocco had the largest number of Jewish immigrants and descendents in Israel by 1995. Morocco had the largest Jewish population in the Muslim world when Israel was founded in 1948, with over 250,000 people. Many Moroccan Jews sought to emigrate to Israel at this time, but often faced resistance from authorities and local populations who believed the Jews would join in the fight against the Arab forces seeking to establish a Muslim state in Palestine. The government of Morocco then officially prohibited emigration to Israel after gaining independence from France in 1956, however this policy was reversed in 1961 whereby the Moroccan government began facilitating Jewish emigration to Israel in return for payments from Jewish organizations in the U.S. and Israel. By the 1970s, Morocco's Jewish population had fallen to less than 15 percent of its size in 1948.

Palestine: People practicing Judaism as percent of the population: The latest value from is percent, unavailable from percent in . In comparison, the world average is 0.0 percent, based on data from countries. Historically, the average for Palestine from to is percent. The minimum value, percent, was reached in while the maximum of percent was recorded in .

Shared suffering can bond groups together and motivate fighting and even dying for the group leading to vicious cycles of violence while the suffering of the outgroup is routinely overlooked. But could the power of shared suffering also be harnessed to reduce tensions? Here we present evidence that a speech appealing to suffering shared by both sides in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict delivered by a professional politician in December 2023 can foster identity fusion, trust and openness to friendship towards the outgroup – Palestinians or Israelis – in a sample of Muslim and Jewish Americans (n = 159). Effects partially persisted three days after exposure to the speech. In a follow-up study we found that the same speech also increased positive attitudes towards Israelis and Palestinians in a sample of the general US population (n = 361).

As of January 14, 2025, the UN estimated that around 1.9 million refugees are currently sheltered in school buildings operated by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA). Around ** percent of Gaza's total population has been displaced due to the ongoing conflict. This was caused by attacks of radical Islamic Hamas' attacks on Israeli territory and the consequent counterstrikes of the Israeli military. Hamas attacks on Israel on October 7, 2023 The radical Islamic Palestinian terror organization Hamas attacked Israel in the early hours of October 7, 2023, on Sabbath - the Jewish day of rest. This strategic attack from Gaza was directed towards Israeli civilians and armed forces. An estimated ***** rockets were fired by Hamas from Gaza toward Israeli targets, hitting civilian buildings and military facilities. Hamas fighters entered the Israeli territory, killing around ***** of Israeli citizens. In the weeks that followed, the Israeli military conducted an aerial bombardment and launched a ground offensive in Gaza. Humanitarian pauses allowed aid to get into Gaza, but fighting has continued since a weeklong cease-fire ended on December 1, 2023. The attacks resulted in a massive escalation of the Middle Eastern conflict, which pushed a political solution further away. The number of civilian casualties in Gaza and Israel is rising each day the conflict continues. Humanitarian situation in Gaza Following Hamas' attacks on Israel, the Israeli military responded with airstrikes against positions of Hamas in the Gaza Strip and cut the region's supply. The Israeli military warned parts of Gaza about their air strikes and urged the population to leave their houses and seek refuge in the centers. Israel isolated the Gaza Strip from the outside world and stopped the supply of electricity, food, and fuel. On October 13, 2023, Israel prompted the Palestinian population of Gaza to vacate the region of northern Gaza. Around one million of the **** million Gazans dwelled in northern Gaza in high density. About half of the Gazan population is underaged. Since the terrorist organization Hamas launched its attacks on Israeli soil on October 7, 2023, around ***** Israelis have died, and ***** have been injured. Through retaliation attacks by the Israeli armed forces against Hamas in Gaza, over 47 thousand Palestinians have died, and around 99 thousand have been injured. There were ***** confirmed Palestinians killed in the Westbank through the ongoing conflict. Hamas's attack on Israel was the deadliest so far.

Context

Since 2001, Hamas militants have launched thousands of rocket and mortar attacks on Israel from the Gaza Strip as part of the continuing Arab–Israeli conflict. From 2004 to 2014, these attacks have killed 27 Israeli civilians, 5 foreign nationals, 5 IDF soldiers, and at least 11 Palestinians and injured more than 1900 people, but their main effect is their creation of widespread psychological trauma and disruption of daily life among the Israeli population.

source:

Wikipedia[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel]

Content

This dataset contains the latest rocket alerts released by the Israeli "Home Front Security". The data was aggregated in the http://tzeva-adom.com site.

The column contains date in dd/mm/yy format, time mm:hh format and the name of the area in Hebrew (And sometimes messages like:

הופעלה בישוב בעוטף עזה- ככה''נ איכון שווא which means that it's a false alarm. Those messages can be easily distinguished by the length of them.

Area sizes may differ and does not report exact coordinates.

A list of all the possible areas and messages is in a separate file.

Data is reported from 2013-2014.

Acknowledgements

Context was taken from the Wikipedia page: Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel. Data generated by the Israeli Home Front Command and was made easily accessible to developers(Many apps were created based on it. Reporting the alarm during the last conflict).

The data was aggregated at the site http://tzeva-adom.com.

Inspiration

Israel has a system called "Iron Dome" which intercepts rockets(But only from certain distance). The challenge for Israel is where those systems should be deployed and at what times. Furthermore, it will be interesting to find patterns in the times rockets were being launched, trying to see if different places were targeted in different times of day. Also, areas that were targeted at the same time find if it's possible to cluster the places into different groups of areas.

Operation "Protective Edge" took place from 8 July until 26 August 2014. After it ended, The rocket attack ended (more or less) until today(June 2017). It will be interesting to check out how the operation effects the alerts, the launching patterns, targeted areas, etc.

Though the names in this dataset are in Hebrew, no Hebrew knowledge is needed for working with this dataset. I tried to find an appropriate automatic transliteration service to English, but non of them proved useful. If anyone knows how to get them in English, even using some list from the internet of the cities names in English and their corresponding Hebrew names, I'll appreciate your contribution to the dataset's GitHub repository:

https://github.com/tomersa/tzeva_adom_dataset.git

Also, you may contact me and I'll add the changes.

Since the terrorist organization Hamas launched its attacks on Israeli soil on October 7, 2023, around 1,200 Israelis died, and 5,431 were injured. Through retaliation attacks by the Israeli armed forces against Hamas in Gaza, 61,158 Palestinians were killed, and 151,442 were injured. As of August 2025, the number of Palestinian deaths in the West Bank was 955, due to the on going conflict. Information on the data situation Data on the number of fatalities and injuries are based on the UNOCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) reporting by both parties to the conflict. The respective data sources were named for the purpose of transparency. It must be stated that in the case of wars and other conflicts, objective data collection is almost impossible, and reports are based on estimates. At the same time, it needs to be noted that some parties to the conflict may use numbers and data selectively for their own agenda. Hamas attacks on Israel on October 7th, 2023 Before October 2023, there had been four wars between Israel and Hamas. The current conflict is already the deadliest, and the death toll is certain to rise. The new escalation of violence in the Middle East started after the militant Palestinian group Hamas attacked Israel in the early hours of October 7, 2023. An estimated 2,200 rockets were fired by Hamas from Gaza toward Israeli targets, hitting civilian buildings and military facilities. Hamas fighters entered the Israeli territory, killing around 1,200 of Israeli citizens. In the weeks that followed, the Israeli military conducted an aerial bombardment and launched a ground offensive in Gaza. Humanitarian pauses allowed aid to get into Gaza, but fighting has continued since a weeklong cease-fire ended on December 1, 2023. Operation Iron Swords and the humanitarian situation of Gaza Initially, Israel reacted to the Hamas attacks with further isolation of the Gaza Strip, cutting off the supply of electricity, fuel, and drinking water. As of November 6, 2023, water supply to parts of the Gaza Strip has been resumed. The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) summoned the Palestinians to evacuate the northern part of the Gaza Strip towards the south of Gaza in the direction of the Egyptian border. This affects around 1.93 million people out of the 2.06 million inhabitants of Gaza. According to the UN, over one million people are internally displaced inside the Gaza Strip. Some trucks with relief supplies could infrequently enter the territory via the Rafah border from Egypt. This Israeli military operation is one of the longest-lasting in Gaza, and over 6,000 bombs were already dropped by the IDF.

Abstract

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 2.1 commits countries to end hunger, ensure access by all people to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year around. Indicator 2.1.2, “Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)”, provides internationally-comparable estimates of the proportion of the population facing difficulties in accessing food. More detailed background information is available at https://www.fao.org/measuring-hunger/en.

The FIES-based indicators are compiled using the FIES survey module, containing eight questions. Two indicators can be computed:
1. The proportion of the population experiencing moderate or severe food insecurity (SDG indicator 2.1.2), 2. The proportion of the population experiencing severe food insecurity.

These data were collected by FAO through the Gallup World Poll. General information on the methodology can be found here: https://www.gallup.com/178667/gallup-world-poll-work.aspx. National institutions can also collect FIES data by including the FIES survey module in nationally representative surveys.

Microdata can be used to calculate the indicator 2.1.2 at national level. Instructions for computing this indicator are described in the methodological document available in the downloads tab. Disaggregating results at sub-national level is not encouraged because estimates will suffer from substantial sampling and measurement error.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Individuals

Universe

Non-institutionalized adult population (15 years of age or older) living in households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

With some exceptions, all samples are probability based and nationally representative of the resident adult population. The coverage area is the entire country including rural areas, and the sampling frame represents the entire civilian, non-institutionalized, aged 15 and older population. For more details on the overall sampling and data collection methodology, see the World poll methodology attached as a resource in the downloads tab. Specific sampling details for each country are also attached as technical documents in the downloads tab. Exclusions: Areas with population concentrations under 1,000 people were excluded. The excluded areas represent approximately 2% of West Bank and East Jerusalem. Interviewing was not conducted in Gaza Strip. Jewish Israeli-majority areas within the West Bank and East Jerusalem are not included. Design effect: 1.25

Mode of data collection

Face-to-Face [f2f]

Cleaning operations

Statistical validation assesses the quality of the FIES data collected by testing their consistency with the assumptions of the Rasch model. This analysis involves the interpretation of several statistics that reveal 1) items that do not perform well in a given context, 2) cases with highly erratic response patterns, 3) pairs of items that may be redundant, and 4) the proportion of total variance in the population that is accounted for by the measurement model.

Sampling error estimates

The margin of error is estimated as 3.5 percentage points. By adding and subtracting this value to the result, the confidence interval at 95% level is obtained. The margin of error was calculated assuming a reported outcome of 50% (giving the maximum sampling variability for that sample size) and takes into account the design effect.

The number of fatalities amongst the Palestinian population in the West Bank and Gaza between 2008 and September 2023 stood at ***** and the number of injured people was *******. While the majority of fatalities amongst the Palestinians were in the Gaza Strip, more than half of the injured were based in the West Bank. Hamas attacks on Israel on October 7, 2023 The radical Islamic Palestinian terror organization Hamas attacked Israel in the early hours of October 7, 2023, on Sabbath - the Jewish day of rest. This strategic attack from Gaza was directed towards Israeli civilians and armed forces. An estimated ***** rockets were fired by Hamas from Gaza toward Israeli targets, hitting civilian buildings and military facilities. Hamas fighters entered the Israeli territory, killing around ***** of Israeli citizens. In the weeks that followed, the Israeli military conducted an aerial bombardment and launched a ground offensive in Gaza. Humanitarian pauses allowed aid to get into Gaza, but fighting has continued since a weeklong cease-fire ended on December 1, 2023. The attacks resulted in a massive escalation of the Middle Eastern conflict, which pushed a political solution further away. The number of civilian casualties in Gaza and Israel is rising each day the conflict continues. Before October 2023, there had been four wars between Israel and Hamas. The current conflict is already the deadliest, and the death toll is certain to rise.

Abstract

The 2000 Health Survey in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (MICS2) provides reliable estimates for several indicators, which were suggested to Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) by decision makers, planners, and researchers in the field of health through a series of "User-Producer Dialogue"workshops. The survey includes also the indicators of the "End of Decade Goals Survey, MICS2" which were developed in cooperation with UNICEF, and the indicators of the "Baseline Health Survey" which were developed in cooperation with UNFPA.

The 2000 Health Survey in the West Bank and Gaza Strip was implemented on the eve of the INTIFADA in Palestine. The release of this report comes after less than three months since the beginning of the uprising. There is documented evidence that up to this time in the life of the INTIFADA, more than 100 Palestinian children have been killed and more than 3,500 are injured by the Israeli army and the Israeli settlers. International as well as local specialized agencies have indicated that hundreds of thousands of Palestinian children have been deeply affected psychologically by the events. The Israeli harsh measures and their continued aggression against the Palestinian population have left thousands of Palestinian households with no means of protection or support for their children. In view of these tragic developments, the results of this Survey could be used as a fairly good and reliable baseline to compare with when studying the impact of Israeli measures and actions against Palestinian children and households.

The Health Survey of 1996 and the Demographic Survey of 1995 were among the pioneering household surveys in the establishment phase of Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). The two surveys where complementary to each other and were designed to provide detailed accounting and baseline data and statistics on the demographic and health status of Palestinian households and individuals. An update of the health survey was deemed necessary by PCBS and the Ministry of Health in order to update the baseline data on health situation in Palestine. The current survey (the 2000 health Survey in the West Bank and Gaza Strip) comes as a timely update ofthe various indicators, which were measured by the previous surveys, and as an answer to the statistical needs of the planners within government, NGO's, and specialized international agencies which are mandated to work in Palestine. This survey is in fact a realization of a partnership, which was formulated between PCBS, Ministry of Health, UNFPA and UNICEF in order to pool the demand side on data and produce a relevant data set for various stakeholders. The survey has tried to provide estimates for many indicators within the framework of UNICEF's efforts to support countries to come up with assessment of End Decade Goals as set out by UNICEF. It also tried to come up with the baseline data, which could be used in drafting a country strategy and a CPA exercise by UNFPA. The survey has also tried to provide enough details to allow the Ministry of Health finalize its strategic plan.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Individuals
• Households

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-54 years, all children aged 5-17 years and under 5 living in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample design of the 2000 Health Survey in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (MICS) takes into account the main recommendations of UNICEF for this type of surveys.

The sample provides a subsample of household that receives health services from the Ministry of Health clinics.

The target population consists of all Palestin_ian households that usually reside in the Palestinian Territory. This type of survey concentrates on 2 subpopulations. the first one is ever-married women and aged (15-54) years. the second one is children less than 5 years.

The list of all Palestinian households has been constructed with some identification variables, after finishing the Population Census 1997 processes. The master sample was drowned to be used for different sample surveys. The master sample consists of 481-enumeration area (EA) (the average sizes about 120 households). The master sample is the sample frame of the 2000 Health Survey in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The selected EAs were divided into small units called cells (with average size of 25 households). One cell per EA was selected.

Different criteria were taken into account when sample size was determined. The level of sampling error for the main indicators was considered, the result could be published at 3 subpopulations. and 10% incomplete questionnaire was assumed. The overall sample was 272 EAs, 178 in the West Bank and 94 in Gaza Strip. The Sample cells increased to 288 cells. 194 in West Bank and 94 in Gaza Strip. The number of households in the sample was 6,349 households, 4,295 in the West Bank and 2,054 in Gaza Strip.

The sample is a stratified multi-stage random sample.

Stratification: Four levels of stratification were made: 1. Stratification by governorates. 2. Stratification by place of residence which comprised: (a) Urban (b) Rural (c) Refugee Camps 3. Stratification by classifying localities, excluding governorate capitals, into three strata based on the ownership of households within these localities of durable goods. 4. Stratification by size locality (number of households).

A compact cluster design was adopted because the sample frame was old. As mentioned above, the first sampling units were divided into small units (cells). Then one cell from each EA was randomly selected.

For that part of Jerusalem, which was annexed after 1967 war, a list of households for the EAs in the frame was completed in 1999. Therefore a compact cluster design was not used in this part, and a random of households from the EAs was selected.

First stage sampling units are the area units (EAs) in the master sample. The second stage-sampling units are cells.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaire was developed by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics after revision and adaptation of the following standard questionnaires: 1. The Health Survey questionnaire, which implemented by Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics in 1996. 2. Demographic Survey questionnaire, which implemented by Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics in 1995. 3. UNICEF questionnaire for Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS II). 4. Standard Demographic and Health survey questionnaire. 5. Other Demographic and Health Survey questionnaire (DHS).

The health survey - 2000 questionnaire consist of three main parts:

1. Household questionnaire which includes the following sections:
2. Control Sheet: which includes items related to quality control sample identification, interview schedule and interview results.
3. Household Roster: includes demographic variables such as age, sex, relation to head of household, date ofbirth and health variables such as health insurance and smoking.

4. Housing section: includes questions on housing conditions, such as water sanitation and iodized salt.

5. Women's Health questionnaire: this questionnaire was designed to collect data for all ever- married women aged less than 55 years, it consists of seven sections:

6. Reproduction.

7. Family planning.

8. Antenatal care and Breastfeeding.

9. Tetanus Toxoid Vaccination.

10. Desire of Reproduction.

11. Public Health and Health Awareness.

12. Knowledge of HIV.

13. Child Health Questionnaire: This module consists of six sections:

14. Birth Registration for children under five years.

15. Child Education for children aged 5-17 years .

16. Child Labor for children aged 5-17 years.

17. Child Health and Child Immunization for children under five years.

18. Child Ophthalmic Health for children under five years.

19. Anthropometry for children under five years.

Cleaning operations

IMPS was used in data entry. Data entry was organized in a number of files, corresponding to the main parts of the questionnaire.

A data entry template was designed to reflect an exact image of the questionnaire, and included various electronic checks: logical check, consisting checks and cross-validation. Continuously thorough checks on the overall consistency of the data files and sample allocation were sent back to the field for corrections.

Data entry started on may 18, 2000 and finished on June 8, 2000. Data cleaning and checking processes were initiated simultaneously with the data entry. Thorough data quality checks and consistency checks were carried out.

Final tabulation of results was performed using statistical package SPSS for Windows (version 8.0) and specialized health and demographic analysis programs.

Response rate

Overall 94.0% of the questionnaires were completed. 93.3% in the West Bank, and 95.5% in Gaza Strip. The response rate was about 97.7%, it was 96.9% in the West Bank and 99.3% in Gaza Strip.

Sampling error estimates

Since the data reported here are based on a sample survey and not on complete enumeration. They are subject to two main types of errors: sampling rrrors and non-sampling errors.

Sampling errors are random outcomes of the sample design, and are, therefore, easily measurable.

Non-sampling errors can occur at the various stages of the survey implementatipn in data collection and data processing, and are generally difficult to be evaluated statistically. They cover a wide range of errors, including errors resulting from non-response, sample frame

Perspective-taking is essential for improving intergroup relations. However, it is difficult to implement, especially in violent conflicts. Given that immersive virtual reality (VR) can simulate various points of view (POV), we examined whether it can lead to beneficial outcomes by promoting outgroup perspective-taking, even in armed conflicts. In two studies, Jewish-Israelis watched a 360° VR scene depicting an Israeli-Palestinian confrontation from different POVs–outgroup’s, ingroup’s while imagining outgroup perspective or ingroup’s without imagined perspective-taking. Participants immersed in the outgroup’s POV, but not those who imagined the outgroup’s perspective, perceived the Palestinians more positively than those immersed in the ingroup’s POV. Moreover, participants in the outgroup’s POV perceived the Palestinian population in general more favorably and judged a real-life ingroup transgression more strictly than those in the ingroup’s POV, even five months after VR intervention. Results suggest that VR can promote conflict resolution by enabling effective perspective-taking.

This statistic shows the views of Jewish community members in the United States with respect to what they view as being potential problems for Israel. ** percent of respondents felt that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict posed a major problem. ** percent felt that Iran's nuclear program also posed a major problem for Israel.

Data derived from weekly public opinion polls in the Netherlands in 1989 concerning social and political issues. Samples were drawn from the Dutch population aged 18 years and older.All data from the surveys held between 1962 and 2000 are available in the DANS data collections.Background variables:Sex / age / religion / income / vote recall latest elections / party preference / level of education / union membership / professional status / < self > left-right rating / party alignment / province / degree of urbanization / weight factor.Topical variables:n8902: Justice of dividing Palestine between Jews and Palestinians / If respondent is following the news about the conflicts in Israel and the occupied territories of Palestine / Respondent's understanding for the behaviour of Israeli soldiers and/or Arabian demonstrators / Degree of trust in Arafat, the leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization.n8903: American-Libyan conflict about bringing down two Libyan fighter jets / Trust in news coverage either from the USA, or from Libya / Production of poisonous gas in Libya / Libyan help for terrorists / Respondent's interest in buying shares of the chemical company DSM < the former Dutch State Mines > / If respondent is having shares and/or debentures.n8905: Drinking alcohol and driving of a car / Importance of clean toilets in restaurants, cinemas, theatres and at work.n8908: Respondent's concern about environmental pollution / Pollution by electricity companies / Phosphates / Pollution by cars and lorries / Means of conveyance when respondent is going to work or going for shopping / Distance between home and work and accessibility by public transport.n8911: Membership of NATO / Expected success of Gorbachow in the modernization of Russia / Influence of the modernization of Russia on Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland / Withdrawal of Russian and American troops from respectively East-European countries and West-European countries / Reunification of East- and West-Germany / Disarmament proposals of Gorbachow / Cruise missiles.n8912: Respondent's opinion about the foundation of the "Vrouwen Partij" < Women's Political Party > / Voting intention on the "Vrouwen Partij" < Women's Political Party > at the first Parliamentary Elections to come.n8916: Elections European Parliament, voting intention, political party preference / Whether Salman Rushdie's novel "Satanic verses" should be on sale in Dutch bookshops / Demonstrations of Moslems against "Satanic Verses", in the Netherlands as well as abroad / Adaptation of foreigners at the Dutch society.n8919: Products, habits, customs, and various ways of spending leisure time which are on or out of fashion.n8921: Elections European Parliament, party preference / Voting intention coming Dutch parliamentary elections / Party preference parliamentary elections, first and second preference / Respondent's knowledge of electoral programs / Preferred prime-minister after coming elections / Coalition preference after coming elections / Having a car / Tax-deductible travelling expenses.n8922: Elections European Parliament, voting intention, political party preference / Party preference coming Dutch parliamentary elections / Party preference parliamentary elections, first and second preference / Preferred prime-minister after coming elections / Preferred coalition after coming elections / Having a car / Tax-deductible travelling expenses.n8923: Elections European Parliament / Voting intention and political party preference.n8924: Elections European Parliament / Voting intention and political party preference.n8925: Having voted at the recent Elections for the European Parliament / Voting intention coming Dutch parliamentary elections / Voting on the party leader of a political party or having preference for one of the other candidates / Virtues and vices of the party leaders of the major political parties, PvdA, CDA, VVD, D66 / Party preference at coming Parliamentary elections / Party preference parliamentary elections, first and second choice.n8926: Feelings about people from other nations / Knowledge about the second World War / Sources of knowledge about the second world war / Own interest in what happened during the second World War / Particular situations occurred to grandparents, parents or respondent himself or herself < prisoner of war, resistance, war industry etc. > / Willingness to fight for the Netherlands / Chance of a conflict that might burst into a third world war / Justification of existence of NATO.n8927: Feelings about people from other nations / Knowledge about the second World War / Sources of knowledge about the second world war / Own interest in what happened during the second World War / Particular situations occurred to grandparents, parents or respondent himself or herself < prisoner of war, resistance, war industry etc. > / Willingness to fight for the Netherlands / Chance of a conflict that might burst into a third world war / Justification of...

As part of the 2014 Operation Protective Edge, the Israeli military campaign in Gaza lasted ** days, in which they attacked targets of Hamas and other terror groups. On October 7, 2023, the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) initiated Operation Iron Swords as a reaction to Hamas’s terror attacks on Israeli soil. During the terror attacks, Hamas fired around ************** rockets on Israeli territories within a few hours and killed hundreds of Israelis close to the Gazan border. Approximately ***** Israelis have died during this ongoing military action. Within the Gaza Strip, over *********** people were killed, and more than *** million people have fled their homes and are internally displaced.

IntroductionThis study presents findings from a cross-sectional household survey conducted among Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied West Bank to assess the reported prevalence of human rights violations committed by various potential perpetrators.MethodsWe used a context-specific tool developed from the ground up using qualitative methods to enhance our understanding of what Palestinians consider to be human rights violations. This tool aligns with our conceptualization of potential perpetrators, which includes the family, the community, the Palestinian Authority, and the Israeli military occupier and colonizer of Palestinian land.ResultsOverall, as many as 60% of participants reported being exposed to one or more human rights violations, with the most frequently reported being restrictions on mobility, safety, freedom, and the exercise of political rights. Regression analysis revealed that women were more likely to report violations perpetrated by the family compared to men, whereas men were more likely to report violations by the Palestinian Authority and the Israeli military occupier. Palestinians living in Area C, fully controlled by Israel and where illegal Israeli settlements on confiscated Palestinian land are located, had higher odds of reporting experiences of general human rights violations, alongside those committed by the Israeli military occupier, the Palestinian Authority, and the family. Participants with lower educational levels and those from poorer backgrounds had higher odds of reporting human rights violations by all offenders.DiscussionThis study underscores the importance of considering the family and community as potential human rights perpetrators and highlights the significance of using mixed methods in research to ground findings in participant experiences. Particularly during wartime, as violence permeates daily life, the combination of violations from family, community, government, and military occupiers is likely to be synergistic, exacerbating the experienced suffering and making life increasingly difficult to endure. This may also lead to significant negative impacts on health, whether physical or mental, as health is fundamentally a social and political construct.

Average monthly demolished structures and displaced Palestinians in the West Bank during the study period.

Descriptive statistics of the outcome variables by condition (Study 1).

Woman (88 years old, born 1912, from Beit Sahour) interviewed by Shireen Qumsieh on 27 November 1998. She discusses the following: starvation during World War I; al-Husseini told people not to sell their property to Jewish settlers but Jews would beat people who refused to sell their land; how bad the war between Britain and the Ottoman Empire was; ‘seferberlik’ (Ottoman military conscription); people used to search horse dung for bits of barley to eat; under the British Mandate people were forced to sell their houses to foreigners without knowing that it was for Jewish settlers. Original audio recording: cassette tape. Transcript: summary. In the original collection at Bethlehem University this cassette tape was categorised as File 11 of Box 8. This fileset exists as part of the Ottoman Empire and the World War I collection within the Bethlehem University Oral History Project of the Planet Bethlehem Archive.